Final Flashcards
0
Q
Define Isometric
A
Muscle contraction without joint motion, there is NO change in muscle length
1
Q
When doing a Postural Evaluation for Scoliosis what do you look for?
A
- Rib hump
- unequal shoulder height
- unequal pelvic height
- lateral curvature of spine
2
Q
Define Isotonic
A
Muscle contraction with joint motion, change in muscle length
- concentric
- eccentric
3
Q
Define Isokinetic
A
Muscle contraction at a fixed velocity of movement. Must be hooked up to a machine.
4
Q
Define Concentric Contraction
A
Isotonic contraction causing the muscle to shorten and the muscle attachments to move closer together.
Moving against gravity
5
Q
Define Eccentric Contraction
A
Isotonic contraction causing the muscle to lengthen and the muscle attachments to move further apart.
Moving in the same direction of gravity
6
Q
Define Agonist
A
The Prime Mover
A muscle or muscle group that causes the motion.
7
Q
Define Antagonist
A
A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist.
8
Q
Define Kinesiology
A
The study of movement. Utilizes principals of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.
9
Q
Define Kinetics
A
Forces causing movement
10
Q
Define Kinematics
A
Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system.
11
Q
Define Anatomical Position
A
Human body standing in the upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of body with the palms facing forward.
12
Q
Define Fundamental Position
A
Same as anatomical except the palms of the hands face the sides of the body.
13
Q
What are the 3 types of joints and what type of movements are associated with each and give example?
A
- Synarthrosis: slight or no movement: suture of skull
- Amphiarthrosis: a little amount of movement: symphysis pubis
- Diarthrosis: freely moving: elbow
14
Q
What are the 4 types of classifications for Diarthodial joints, define and give example?
A
- Nonaxial: linear motion occurring secondary to another motion: intercarpals
- Uniaxial: angular motion occurring in 1 plane around 1 axis: hinge or pivot: elbow
- Biaxial: motion occurs in 2 different axes: condyloid or saddle: wrist
- Triaxial: motion occurs in all 3 axes: ball-and-socket: hip
15
Q
Define muscle Stablizer
A
A muscle or muscle group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently.
16
Q
Define Neutralizer
A
A muscle or muscle group that prevents unwanted motion.
17
Q
Define Synergist
A
A muscle or muscle group that assists another muscle to enhance a particular motion.
18
Q
What nerve is associated with Dorsiflexion?
A
Deep Peroneal
19
Q
What nerve is associated with plantar flexion?
A
Tibial nerve
20
Q
The Sciatic nerve runs where?
A
Down the back of the leg
21
Q
The Femoral nerve runs where?
A
Down the front of the leg
22
Q
What is the most common bone in the hand to fracture?
A
Scaphoid
23
Q
How would you isolate the Soleus to make sure it was not injured?
A
Flex knees and then ask patient to bring their heel off the ground and come up on their toes
24
How would you isolate the Gastrocnemius to make sure it was not injured?
Knee extension and then ask patient to lift their heels off ground and come up on their toes
25
If your shoulder is moving the the transverse plain what action is it doing?
Horizontal Adduction/Abduction
26
If you are unable to Supinate then what motions would you use to compensate for this inability?
Should ER and Adduction
27
If you are unable to Pronate then what motions would you use to compensate for this inability?
Shoulder IR and Abduction
28
What is the name of the curve that is opposite of the Scoliosis curve?
Compensatory Curve
29
If there is equal force from both your Flexor Carpi Radialis and Extensor Carpi Radialis what motion will occur at the wrist?
Radial Deviation: Abduction
30
If there is equal force from both your Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Extensor Carpi Ulnaris what motion will occur at the wrist?
Ulnar Deviation: Adduction
31
What are the 3 phases of Gait and what % is spent at each phase?
Stance- 60%
Swing- 40%
Double Limb Support- 20%
32
If a question is asked about "hyperextension of the toes by 20*" what phase of gait is it referring to?
Toe Off
33
If you have tight hip flexors what will happen to your normal gait pattern?
It will shorten
34
Define Antalgic
Painful gait
35
If a patient has Antalgic gait of their right foot what would they present with during gait?
They would spend less time on the stance phase of their right foot due to pain.
36
What are defining features of gait with Parkinson's Disease?
Festering or shuffling gait
Once they start moving it is hard for them to slow down and are at risk for falls
37
If someone has uncoordinated gait patterns what is that referring to?
Ataxic gait pattern
38
If a patient presents with a cris-crossed gait pattern what is the referred to as?
Scissoring gait pattern
39
What muscle contracts to slows the foot down in gait?
Hamstrings
40
What is the main function of the Hamstrings?
Eccentrically contract
41
What muscles is involved in locking the knee?
Popliteus
42
What is the most common way to sprain your ankle?
Inversion and plantar flexion
43
If your right leg is at Toe Off where would your left leg be?
Heel Strike
44
If your left leg is flat on the floor where would your right leg be?
Mid swing
45
If you have a knee injury caused from it being bent to the inside what would you tear?
MCL and Medial Meniscus
46
If you have a knee injury caused from it being bent to the outside what would you tear?
LCL ONLY
47
During normal gait at which phase do you reach maximum knee flexion?
Toe Off to Mid Swing
48
During normal gait at which phase do you reach maximum hip flexion?
Heel Strike
49
If you have an ASIS Posterior Tilt which direction would you be rotated?
Posteriorly
50
If you have an ASIS Anterior Tilt which direction would you be rotated?
Anteriorly
51
How would you stretch just the Soleus, Gastrocnemius and Hamstrings individually?
Soleus: flex knee
Gastrocnemius: ex knee and dorsiflexion
Hamstring: flex hip and ex knee
52
What muscle contracts to slows the foot down in gait?
Hamstrings
53
What is the main function of the Hamstrings?
Eccentrically contract
54
What muscles is involved in locking the knee?
Popliteus
55
What is the most common way to sprain your ankle?
Inversion and plantar flexion
56
If your right leg is at Toe Off where would your left leg be?
Heel Strike
57
If your left leg is flat on the floor where would your right leg be?
Mid swing
58
If you have a knee injury caused from it being bent to the inside what would you tear?
MCL and Medial Meniscus
59
If you have a knee injury caused from it being bent to the outside what would you tear?
LCL ONLY
60
During normal gait at which phase do you reach maximum knee flexion?
Toe Off to Mid Swing
61
During normal gait at which phase do you reach maximum hip flexion?
Heel Strike
62
If you have an ASIS Posterior Tilt which direction would you be rotated?
Posteriorly
63
If you have an ASIS Anterior Tilt which direction would you be rotated?
Anteriorly
64
How would you stretch just the Soleus, Gastrocnemius and Hamstrings individually?
Soleus: flex knee
Gastrocnemius: ex knee and dorsiflexion
Hamstring: flex hip and ex knee
65
Define Passive Insufficency
When a muscle reaches a point where it cannot be elongated any further without damage to the muscle fibers.
Stretches over 2 or more joints
66
Define Active Insufficiency
When a muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any further.
Stretched over 1 joint
67
Define Tenodesis
Incorporates passive insufficiency to create movement
68
What is passive insufficiency of the finger flexors?
Tenodesis
69
What happens at the shoulder/arm/elbow when you reach behind you and touch the opposite scapula?
IR, extension, adduction, elbow flexion
70
How do you achieve the most anterior tilt of the pelvis?
When sitting in a chair and bending forward to reach your toes.
71
If you want to put the max pressure on the front of your discs what position would you be in?
Sitting in a chair reaching to your toes
72
How does the trunk and pelvis move in OKC and CKC?
OKC: trunk moves on the pelvis
CKC: pelvis moves on the trunk
73
Define Osteokinematics
Refers to the movement of the bones. Normal ROM
74
Define Arthorkinematics
Refers to the movement of joint surfaces.
75
What are the accessory motions?
Rolling
Gliding
Spinning
76
What is the Rule of Convex on Concave?
A Convex bone moves on a Concave bone in OPPOSITE directions.
A Concave bone moves on a Convex bone in the SAME direction.
77
What is each part of the brain responsible for?
- Cerebrum: motor planning occurs=doing new activities
- Basal Ganglia: stores data and initiates voluntary learned movements
- Cerebellum: corrects balance
- Brain Stem: posture
78
What kind of impulses does the Anterior and Posterior horn transmit?
Anterior (AS) Afferent & Sensory
Posterior (ME) Efferent & Motor
79
What are the 3 types of Inspiration?
- quiet
- deep
- forced
80
What are the 2 types of Expiration?
- quiet
| - forced
81
What muscles are involved in Quiet Inspirtaion?
Diaphragm
| External intercostal
82
What muscles are involved in Forced Inspiration?
Levator scapula
Upper traps
Rhomboids
Pec minor
83
What muscles are involved in Quiet Expiration?
Relaxed external intercostals and diaphragm
| Gravity
84
What muscles are involved in Forced Expiration?
```
Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominals
Obliques
Serratus posterior inferior
Quadratus Lumborum
```
85
Define Step Length
Linear distance between 2 consecutive points of contact of opposit limbs.
Heel left - heel right
86
Define Stride length
Heel strike on one foot to heel strike on same foot
87
Define Stance Phase
Initial acceptance to final weight bearing
Some part of foot is in contact with ground
88
Define Swing Phase
Instant when foot leaves the ground to instant just before heel strike
89
What activity must you be doing if you are in No Stance Phase?
Jogging/running
90
What are the 5 Traditional Stance Phases?
1. Heel strike
2. Foot flat
3. Mid stance
4. Heel off
5. Toe off
91
What are the 5 RLA Stance Phases?
1. Initial contact
2. Loading response
3. Mid stance
4. Terminal
5. Preswing
92
What is the difference between the Traditional Stance and RLA Stance Phases?
Traditional: refers to points in time
RLA: refers to lengths of time or periods of time
93
What is the most common accessory muscle used in patients that suffer from COPD?
Sternocleidomastoid
94
If you have a claw hand deformity what nerve was affected?
Ulnar nerve
95
If you have an ape hand deformity what nerve is affected?
Medial nerve
96
If you have a drop wrist deformity what nerve is affected?
Radial nerve
97
What does the ulnar,medial and radial nerve supply?
Ulnar: little finger and 1/2 of ring finger
Medial: thumb, index, middle and 1/2 of ring finger
Radial: all extensors
98
What muscles make up the Thenar Eminance?
Flexor Policis Brevis
Abd Policis Brevis
Opponens Pollicis
99
What makes up the Hypothenar Eminance?
Flexor digiti minimi
Abd digiti minimi
Opponens digit minimi
100
During a lateral pelvic tilt the leg that crosses under your body is considered in what position?
Adducted
101
If your patient is standing upright and you notice their head is positioned extremely forward what would you want to stretch on them?
Sternocleidomastoid
Stretch to the opposite sides
102
If your patient is standing upright and you notice their head is tucked back and tilted up what would you want to stretch on them?
Chin flexion and forward head bend
103
Cervical extension and flexion occurs at which joint?
Atlantoaxial joint
104
Where does head rotation occur?
C1 and C2
105
What muscle is weak on a patient that is "rocking" or a patient that has tredenburgs?
Rocking: weak gluteus Maximus
Trendenburg: weak gluteus Medius
106
What ligament is on the inside of the ankle?
Deltoid
107
What ligament is the most common to sprain?
Anterotalofibular
108
If you are going to stretch the quads as a dynamic stabilizer what ligament would be affected?
Posterior cruciate
109
If you are doing a side sit up which obliques will pull to the same side and which to the opposite?
Same side: external obliques
| Opposite side: internal obliques
110
What causes an increased lordosis? Anterior pelvic tilt?
Tight hip flexors
| Tight low back
111
What causes a flat back or posterior pelvic tilt?
Tight abs
| Tight hamstrings
112
What causes a patella tracking problem?
A lateral pull or shift
Patella femoral syndrome
113
Define the Lumbopelvic Rhythm
Describes the open chain in the hip, pelvis, and lumbar spine where the coordinated activity of the segments produces a larger ROM than might be available to one segment alone
114
How do you measure the Q Angle? What is the normal * for men and women?
The line from the ASIS to the mid patella and the mid patella to the tibial Tuberosity.
Men: 10*
Women: 15-20*
115
What does it mean if your patient has a Q Angle that is greater or lessor?
Greater: Genu Valgus: knock knee
Lesser: Genu Varus: bow legs
116
Define Postural Sway
The body's way to get continuous feedback. This keeps your circulation moving.
117
In postural sway if you start to fall backwards what happens at the ankles? If you start to fall forwards? If you have to take a step to keep your balance?
Backwards: dorsiflexion
Forward: plantar flexion
Step: stepping
118
In normal gait what * of hip flex and knee flex do you need?
Hip: 25*
Knee: 60*
119
Laying supine you start at 180* and bring your arm to 90* what is happening? From 90* to 0*?
180-90: shoulder extensors concentrically
| 90-0: shoulder flexors eccentrically
120
Define Agonist and Antagonist
Agonist: muscles doing the work
Antagonist: opposite muscle
121
Scoliosis is named by which curve?
The convex curve
122
If you raise your arm above your head what happens at the scapula? Lowering your arm?
Raise: UR and elevation
Lower: DR and depression
123
Which vertebrae articulate with each 12 ribs?
Thoracic vertebrates
124
Characteristics ab each vertebrae?
```
C1: no body
C2: dens
Cervical: transverse process
Thoracic: rib articulation, spinous process points inferior
Lumbar: body is wider than it is tall
```
125
What is the Scapulothoracic Rhythm?
2:1 ratio of the GH to scapula motion
0-30*: GH moves ONLY
30-90*: GH moves additional 30* and scapula moves initial 30*
90-180*: GH moves another 60* and scapula another 30*
GH: 120* total mm
Scapula: 60* total mm
126
If your have hip contractors what happens to your gait pattern? Tight hamstrings?
It shortens
It shortens
127
What is the insertion of the biceps Femoris?
Head of fibula
128
What are the bones of the hand?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
| Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
129
What are the power grips and what are the precision grips?
```
Power:
Cylindrical
Spherical
Hook
Lateral Prehension (side to side)
```
```
Precision:
Pad to pad
Tip to tip
Lateral Prehension ( pad to side)
Plate grip
```
130
What grip doesn't involve the use of your palm?
Spherical
131
What grip is the most precise?
Tip to tip
132
What grip is an example of holding a key?
Precision grip: lateral Prehension: pad to side
133
If you are moving your Radiocarpal muscles in the Sagittal plane what mm is occurring? In the frontal plane?
Sagittal: flex/ext, frontal axis
Frontal: deviation, Sagittal axis
134
What type of stress does the MCL prevent? LCL prevent ?
MCL: prevents Valgus stress
LCL: prevent Varus stress
135
What is the dynamic stabilizer of the MCL? LCL?
Located on same side as ligament
MCL: Pes Anserine (semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius)
LCL: IT band, biceps Femoris
136
What is the dynamic stabilizer of the ACL? PCL?
ACL: hamstrings (pull back to stabilize)
PCL: quads (push forward to stabilize)
137
The ACL prevents what mm? PCL?
ACL: prevents anterior translation of the tibia on femur.
PCL: prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur.
138
How would you stretch the following muscles: Serratus Anterior, Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae?
Serratus Anterior: retract, DR
Rhomboids: protract, UR
Levator: depress, UR
139
What muscle prevents the winging of the scapula? What nerve?
Serratus Anterior, long thoracic nerve
140
What does the Common Peroneal nerve innervate?
It innervates the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and the short head of the biceps femoris muscles.
141
Define cadence
Amount of steps per minute
142
What are the * of knees, ankle, toes at heel strike and heel off (hip)?
Heel strike:
Knee: 0*
Ankle: neutral
Toes: 0*
```
Heel off:
Hip: 0*
Knee: 35-40*
Ankle: 20* PF
Toes: 50-60 hyperextension
```
143
If you damaged your Deep Peroneal nerve what would you loose?
Dorsiflexion so you would have foot slap
