Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is Active Insufficency?

A

When a muscle reaches a point where is cannot shorten any further.

Muscle is being stretched over 1 joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the difference between the Agonist and the Antagonist ?

A

The Agonist is the prime mover. It is the muscle the causes the motion.

The Antagonist is the muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Passive Insufficency?

A

When a muscle reaches a point where it cannot be elongated any further without damage to the muscle fibers.

Muscle is stretched over 2 joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the tenodesis action of a muscle? What does is mean?

A

Tenodesis: incorporates passive insufficiency to create movement.

Ex. Finger flexors and extensions are used to make a grip with your hand. This helps certain spinal cord injured patients able to learn how to feed themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the C1 (atlas) vertebrae

A
  • No body or spinous process

- Allows skull to articulate for head flexion and extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the C2 (axis) vertebrae

A

-Has the Dens or Odontoid process on it the articulates with the atlas and allows the head to rotate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the Cervical vertebrae

A
  • Small body
  • Spinous process points straight back
  • Transverse foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Spinous process point down

- Transverse processes articulate with the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Body is wider than it is thick

- Spinous process is thick and broad and points straight out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Open Kinetic Chain?

A

When the distal segment moves freely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Closed Kinetic Chain?

A

When the distal segment is fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If the trunk is moving on the pelvis what kind of chain movement is that?

A

Open Kinetic Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If the pelvis is moving on the trunk what kind of chain is that?

A

Closed Kinetic Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What motion will give you the most anterior tilt of the pelvis?

A

Sitting in a chair bending forward to touch your toes

Doing 2 different moves together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Muscle Spindle?

A

Specialized fibers interspersed throughout the muscle

It triggers the stretch reflex for a “quick stretch”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?

A

Used in a slow, long maintained stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A quick stretch is an example of what?

A

Muscle spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A slow, long maintained stretch is an example of what?

A

GTO- Golgi Tendon Organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 types of joints and their type of movement?

A
  • Synarthodial: NO movement
  • Amphiarthrodial: SMALL movement
  • Diarthrodial: FREELY moveable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 6 types of Diarthodial joints? Type of movement, degree of freedom, example

A
  • Hinge: permits flex/ext, 1 degree freedom, elbow & knee
  • Pivot: permits rotation, 1 degree freedom, atlas & axis, radius & ulna
  • Condyloid: principle movement is flex/ext but does allow some abd/add, 2 degrees freedom, wrist
  • Saddle: convex/concave surface meeting, 2 degrees freedom, carpal/metacarpal of thumb
  • Plane: permits gliding btw 2 or more bones; 2 degrees freedom, carpals
  • Ball and Socket: 3 degrees freedom, hip & shoulder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

Refers to the movement of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Arthorkinematics?

A

Refers to the movement of joint surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 Accessory Motions?

A

Rolling: ball rolling across the floor
Gliding/sliding: ice skate of ice
Spinning: head of radius spinning on the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Rule of Convex on Concave?

A

When a CONVEX bone moves on a CONCAVE bone you will get rolling and gliding in OPPOSITE directions.

When you move a CONCAVE bone on a CONVEX bone you will get rolling and gliding in the SAME direction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do Ligaments do?

A

Connect bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do Tendons do?

A

Connect muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does Bursa do?

A

Reduces friction, synovial membrane lines sac with fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Aponeurosis and Fascia?

A

Broad tendinous sheath that may serve as an attachment for a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilages? Where are they found?

A
  • Hyaline: found at the end of bones that provide a smooth surface.
  • Fibrocartilage: usually found in weight bearing joints as shock absorbers, ex. discs & meniscus
  • Elastic: flexable, ex: ear & nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the Cancellous bone and what is the Compact bone?

A
  • Cancellous: SPONGY, found at the distal region of the bone

- Compact: HARD rigid dense outer and middle part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 5 types of bone and an example of each?

A 
Long: tibia, fibula, radius, ulna
Short: carpals, tarsals
Flat: scapula, sternum
Irregular: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
Sesmoid: patella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle arrangement in muscles?

A

Parallel-fiber end and Oblique-fibered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 4 types of Parallel-fibered muscles?

A

Stap
Fusiform
Rhomboidal
Triangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are strap muscles?

A

Long and thin with fibers running the entire length.

Ex. Rectus Abdominis, Sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Fusiform muscles?

A

Shaped like a spindle, wider in the middle and tapered at the ends

Ex. Biceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Rhombodial muscles?

A

Four sided, usually flat, with broad attachments

Ex. Rhomboids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Triangular muscles?

A

Flat and fan-shaped

Ex. Pectoralis Major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a Unipennate muscle?

A

Have a series of short fibers attached along a central tendon on one side. Look like a one sided feather.

Ex. Tibialis posterior, Semimembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a Bipennate muscle?

A

Have fibers attached along a central tendon on both sides. Look like a common feather.

Ex. Rectus Femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a Multipennate muscle?

A

Have many fibers with oblique fibers in between. Look like a feather with 2 heads.

Ex. Deltoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define Cocontraction?

A

Simultaneous contraction go both the Agonist and the Antagonist.

41
Q

Define Stabilizer

A

A muscle or muscle group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently.

Ex. Abdominals

42
Q

Define Neutralizer

A

A muscle or muscle group that prevents unwanted motion.

43
Q

Define Synergist

A

A muscle or muscle group that assists another muscle to enhance a particular motion.

Work together to do one movement or action.

44
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?

A
  • Isometric: Muscle contraction without joint motion, no change in muscle length
  • Isotonic: Muscle contraction with joint motion, change in muscle length.
    • Concentric & Eccentric
  • Isokinetic: Muscle contraction at a fixed velocity of movement with accommodating resistance, can only be done on a machine to a set speed.
45
Q

What is a Concentric muscle contraction?

A

Working AGAINST gravity

When the muscle shortens and the muscle attachments move closer together.

46
Q

What is an Eccentric muscle contraction?

A

Working WITH gravity

Causes the muscle to lengthen and the muscle attachments to move farther apart.

47
Q

Class 1 lever

A

F____________R
A

Ex. Tilting of head (only Class 1)

48
Q

Class 2 lever

A

F_____R______
A

Ex. Eccentric muscle contraction

49
Q

Class 3 lever

A

R______F______
A

Ex. Concentric muscle contraction

50
Q

What makes up the Axial skeleton?

A

Head, thorax and trunk

51
Q

What makes up the Appendicular skeleton?

A

The extremities

52
Q

Define Epiphysis

A

Area at the end of each bone.

Called the Epiphyseal plate during growth.

Made up of cancellous bone covered by compact bone.

53
Q

Define Diaphysis

A

Main shaft of the bone.

Compact bone surrounding the marrow cavity

54
Q

Define Metaphysis

A

Flared part at each end of the bone

55
Q

Define Medullary Canal

A

Hollow center of the diaphysis that contains marrow

56
Q

Define Endosteum

A

Membrane that lines the medullary canal

Contains osteoclasts

57
Q

Define Periosteum

A

Thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the joint surfaces

Contains nerves and blood vessels

58
Q

Nonaxial

A

Irregular

Linear motion occurring secondarily to other motion.

Ex. Intercarpals

59
Q

Uniaxial

A

Hinge or Pivot

1 degree of freedom

Angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis

Ex. Elbow

60
Q

Biaxial

A

Condyloid or Saddle

2 degrees of freedom

Motion occurs in 2 different axes

Ex. Wrist

61
Q

Triaxial

A

Ball and Socket

3 degrees of freedom

Motion occurs in all 3 axes

Ex. Hip or shoulder

62
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower segments

63
Q

What is the axis of a movement made in the transverse plane?

A

Vertical or longitudinal axis (runs through joint from top to bottom)

Ex. Rotation or pronation/supination

64
Q

Frontal Plain

A

Divides the body into front and back

66
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left

67
Q

What is the axis of a movement made in the sagittal plane?

A

Frontal axis (runs through joint from side to side)

Ex. Flexion/extension

68
Q

What is a Primary Curve?

A

Kyphotic: The curve you have when you are born.

The forward bend of the thoracic and sacral spine

69
Q

What is a Secondary Curve?

A

Lordosis: These develops when you start to sit up straight and walk.

This is in your cervical and lumbar spines

70
Q

What is the function of the Cerebrum?

A

Motor planning occurs here when you are doing a new activity

-Consists of the frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal lobes

71
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Gray matter of the cerebrum

Serves as a data bank and stores info

Can initiate voluntary LEARNED movements

72
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Controls equilibrium and balance

73
Q

What is the function of the Brain Stem?

A

Controls posture

74
Q

Afferent neurons send what kind of info and what direction?

A

Sensory towards the brain

75
Q

Efferent neurons send what kind of info and what direction?

A

Motor away from the brain

76
Q

Dendrites do what with impulses?

A

Receive them

77
Q

Axons do what with impulses?

A

Transmit them away

78
Q

What do small motor units use?

A

Use few muscle fibers and more nerve fiber during a motion.

Ex. Fine movement in facial muscles and in hands

79
Q

What do large motor units use?

A

More muscle fibers and less nerve fibers in a movement.

Ex. Heavy lifting with less fine movements. Walking up stairs

80
Q

What are the 4 principal plexuses?

A

Cervical
Brachial: everything in the arms
Lumbar: upper leg and pelvis
Sacral: lower leg

81
Q

What is the breakdown of the path of the plexuses?

A

Robert Taylor Drinks Coffee Black=

Roots
Trunks
Division
Cords
Branches
82
Q

Most common plexuses seen by PTAs?

A

Brachial

83
Q

Where are the Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) found?

A

Proximal to the Anterior Horn of the CNS

84
Q

Where are the Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) found?

A

At or distal to the Anterior horn of the PNS

85
Q

What are the signs of an UMN?

Paralysis
Muscle Atrophy 
Reflexes 
Babinski Reflex
Clonus
A 
Paralysis: Spasticity
Muscle Atrophy: Not significant 
Reflexes: Hyperreflexia (increased response) 
Babinski Reflex: Present
Clonus: Present
86
Q

What are the signs of a LMN lesion?

Paralysis
Muscle Atrophy 
Reflexes 
Babinski Reflex
Clonus
A 
Paralysis: Flaccid (no tone)
Muscle Atrophy: Marked (no muscle)
Reflexes: Hyporeflexia (small response or none) 
Babinski Reflex: Absent
Clonus: Absent
87
Q

Define Linear motion

A

All parts of an object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.

88
Q

Define Rectilinear motion

A

Movement occurs in a straight line

89
Q

Define Curvilinear motion

A

Movement occurs in a curved path.

90
Q

How many ribs do we have? How many are True, False and Floating? What attaches the ribs to the sternum?

A

We have 12 Ribs

True: 7
False: 3
Floating: 2

Coastal Cartilage

91
Q

Anterior (ventral) Horn

A

Motor- Efferent

92
Q

Posterior (dorsal) Horn

A

Sensory- Afferent

93
Q

What is a Posterior Pelvic Tilt

A

Is accompanied with trunk FLEXION and slight hip extension

Ex. Butt comes forward

94
Q

What is an Anterior Pelvic Tilt?

A

Is accompanied with trunk EXTENSION and hip flexion

Ex. Butt pushes backwards

95
Q

If you have tight low back extensors and tight hip flexors what kind of pelvis tilt is that?

A

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

96
Q

If you flex your abdomen and have tight hamstrings the what kind of pelvic tilt is this?

A

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

97
Q

What is the axis of a movement made in the frontal plane?

A

Sagittal axis (runs through joint from front to back)

Ex. Abduction/adduction

98
Q

Define Effort Force?

A

Amount of force needed to move a load

99
Q

Define Reverse Action

A

A muscle that can move its point of origin towards its point of insertion. Muscles usually move their insertion towards their origin.

Ex. Gluteus Maximus

100
Q

What is the difference between an Intrafusal and Extrafusal fiber?

A

Intra: are scattered throughout the muscle in clusters. They tell the Extrafusal to contract. SENSORY

Extra: are skeletal muscle fibers that surround the Intrafusal. They contract. MOTOR.

Kinesiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions