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Kinesiology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is Active Insufficency?

A

When a muscle reaches a point where is cannot shorten any further.

Muscle is being stretched over 1 joint.

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1
Q

What is the difference between the Agonist and the Antagonist ?

A

The Agonist is the prime mover. It is the muscle the causes the motion.

The Antagonist is the muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist.

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2
Q

What is Passive Insufficency?

A

When a muscle reaches a point where it cannot be elongated any further without damage to the muscle fibers.

Muscle is stretched over 2 joint.

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3
Q

What is the tenodesis action of a muscle? What does is mean?

A

Tenodesis: incorporates passive insufficiency to create movement.

Ex. Finger flexors and extensions are used to make a grip with your hand. This helps certain spinal cord injured patients able to learn how to feed themselves.

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4
Q

Describe the C1 (atlas) vertebrae

A
  • No body or spinous process

- Allows skull to articulate for head flexion and extension

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5
Q

Describe the C2 (axis) vertebrae

A

-Has the Dens or Odontoid process on it the articulates with the atlas and allows the head to rotate.

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6
Q

Describe the Cervical vertebrae

A
  • Small body
  • Spinous process points straight back
  • Transverse foramen
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7
Q

Describe the Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Spinous process point down

- Transverse processes articulate with the ribs

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8
Q

Describe the Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Body is wider than it is thick

- Spinous process is thick and broad and points straight out

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9
Q

What is Open Kinetic Chain?

A

When the distal segment moves freely

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10
Q

What is Closed Kinetic Chain?

A

When the distal segment is fixed

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11
Q

If the trunk is moving on the pelvis what kind of chain movement is that?

A

Open Kinetic Chain

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12
Q

If the pelvis is moving on the trunk what kind of chain is that?

A

Closed Kinetic Chain

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13
Q

What motion will give you the most anterior tilt of the pelvis?

A

Sitting in a chair bending forward to touch your toes

Doing 2 different moves together

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14
Q

What is a Muscle Spindle?

A

Specialized fibers interspersed throughout the muscle

It triggers the stretch reflex for a “quick stretch”

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?

A

Used in a slow, long maintained stretch

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16
Q

A quick stretch is an example of what?

A

Muscle spindle

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17
Q

A slow, long maintained stretch is an example of what?

A

GTO- Golgi Tendon Organ

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of joints and their type of movement?

A
  • Synarthodial: NO movement
  • Amphiarthrodial: SMALL movement
  • Diarthrodial: FREELY moveable
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19
Q

What are the 6 types of Diarthodial joints? Type of movement, degree of freedom, example

A
  • Hinge: permits flex/ext, 1 degree freedom, elbow & knee
  • Pivot: permits rotation, 1 degree freedom, atlas & axis, radius & ulna
  • Condyloid: principle movement is flex/ext but does allow some abd/add, 2 degrees freedom, wrist
  • Saddle: convex/concave surface meeting, 2 degrees freedom, carpal/metacarpal of thumb
  • Plane: permits gliding btw 2 or more bones; 2 degrees freedom, carpals
  • Ball and Socket: 3 degrees freedom, hip & shoulder
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20
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

Refers to the movement of bones

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21
Q

What is Arthorkinematics?

A

Refers to the movement of joint surfaces.

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22
Q

What are the 3 Accessory Motions?

A

Rolling: ball rolling across the floor
Gliding/sliding: ice skate of ice
Spinning: head of radius spinning on the humerus

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23
Q

What is the Rule of Convex on Concave?

A

When a CONVEX bone moves on a CONCAVE bone you will get rolling and gliding in OPPOSITE directions.

When you move a CONCAVE bone on a CONVEX bone you will get rolling and gliding in the SAME direction.

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24
What do Ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone
25
What do Tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
26
What does Bursa do?
Reduces friction, synovial membrane lines sac with fluid.
27
What are Aponeurosis and Fascia?
Broad tendinous sheath that may serve as an attachment for a muscle
28
What are the 3 types of Cartilages? Where are they found?
- Hyaline: found at the end of bones that provide a smooth surface. - Fibrocartilage: usually found in weight bearing joints as shock absorbers, ex. discs & meniscus - Elastic: flexable, ex: ear & nose
29
What is the Cancellous bone and what is the Compact bone?
- Cancellous: SPONGY, found at the distal region of the bone | - Compact: HARD rigid dense outer and middle part
30
What are the 5 types of bone and an example of each?
``` Long: tibia, fibula, radius, ulna Short: carpals, tarsals Flat: scapula, sternum Irregular: vertebrae, sacrum, mandible Sesmoid: patella ```
31
What are the 2 types of muscle arrangement in muscles?
Parallel-fiber end and Oblique-fibered
32
What are the 4 types of Parallel-fibered muscles?
Stap Fusiform Rhomboidal Triangular
33
What are strap muscles?
Long and thin with fibers running the entire length. Ex. Rectus Abdominis, Sternocleidomastoid
34
What are Fusiform muscles?
Shaped like a spindle, wider in the middle and tapered at the ends Ex. Biceps
35
What are Rhombodial muscles?
Four sided, usually flat, with broad attachments Ex. Rhomboids
36
What are Triangular muscles?
Flat and fan-shaped Ex. Pectoralis Major
37
What is a Unipennate muscle?
Have a series of short fibers attached along a central tendon on one side. Look like a one sided feather. Ex. Tibialis posterior, Semimembranous
38
What is a Bipennate muscle?
Have fibers attached along a central tendon on both sides. Look like a common feather. Ex. Rectus Femoris
39
What is a Multipennate muscle?
Have many fibers with oblique fibers in between. Look like a feather with 2 heads. Ex. Deltoid
40
Define Cocontraction?
Simultaneous contraction go both the Agonist and the Antagonist.
41
Define Stabilizer
A muscle or muscle group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently. Ex. Abdominals
42
Define Neutralizer
A muscle or muscle group that prevents unwanted motion.
43
Define Synergist
A muscle or muscle group that assists another muscle to enhance a particular motion. Work together to do one movement or action.
44
What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?
- Isometric: Muscle contraction without joint motion, no change in muscle length - Isotonic: Muscle contraction with joint motion, change in muscle length. * Concentric & Eccentric - Isokinetic: Muscle contraction at a fixed velocity of movement with accommodating resistance, can only be done on a machine to a set speed.
45
What is a Concentric muscle contraction?
Working AGAINST gravity When the muscle shortens and the muscle attachments move closer together.
46
What is an Eccentric muscle contraction?
Working WITH gravity Causes the muscle to lengthen and the muscle attachments to move farther apart.
47
Class 1 lever
F____________R A Ex. Tilting of head (only Class 1)
48
Class 2 lever
F_____R______ A Ex. Eccentric muscle contraction
49
Class 3 lever
R______F______ A Ex. Concentric muscle contraction
50
What makes up the Axial skeleton?
Head, thorax and trunk
51
What makes up the Appendicular skeleton?
The extremities
52
Define Epiphysis
Area at the end of each bone. Called the Epiphyseal plate during growth. Made up of cancellous bone covered by compact bone.
53
Define Diaphysis
Main shaft of the bone. Compact bone surrounding the marrow cavity
54
Define Metaphysis
Flared part at each end of the bone
55
Define Medullary Canal
Hollow center of the diaphysis that contains marrow
56
Define Endosteum
Membrane that lines the medullary canal Contains osteoclasts
57
Define Periosteum
Thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the joint surfaces Contains nerves and blood vessels
58
Nonaxial
Irregular Linear motion occurring secondarily to other motion. Ex. Intercarpals
59
Uniaxial
Hinge or Pivot 1 degree of freedom Angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis Ex. Elbow
60
Biaxial
Condyloid or Saddle 2 degrees of freedom Motion occurs in 2 different axes Ex. Wrist
61
Triaxial
Ball and Socket 3 degrees of freedom Motion occurs in all 3 axes Ex. Hip or shoulder
62
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower segments
63
What is the axis of a movement made in the transverse plane?
Vertical or longitudinal axis (runs through joint from top to bottom) Ex. Rotation or pronation/supination
64
Frontal Plain
Divides the body into front and back
66
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left
67
What is the axis of a movement made in the sagittal plane?
Frontal axis (runs through joint from side to side) Ex. Flexion/extension
68
What is a Primary Curve?
Kyphotic: The curve you have when you are born. The forward bend of the thoracic and sacral spine
69
What is a Secondary Curve?
Lordosis: These develops when you start to sit up straight and walk. This is in your cervical and lumbar spines
70
What is the function of the Cerebrum?
Motor planning occurs here when you are doing a new activity -Consists of the frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal lobes
71
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
Gray matter of the cerebrum Serves as a data bank and stores info Can initiate voluntary LEARNED movements
72
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Controls equilibrium and balance
73
What is the function of the Brain Stem?
Controls posture
74
Afferent neurons send what kind of info and what direction?
Sensory towards the brain
75
Efferent neurons send what kind of info and what direction?
Motor away from the brain
76
Dendrites do what with impulses?
Receive them
77
Axons do what with impulses?
Transmit them away
78
What do small motor units use?
Use few muscle fibers and more nerve fiber during a motion. Ex. Fine movement in facial muscles and in hands
79
What do large motor units use?
More muscle fibers and less nerve fibers in a movement. Ex. Heavy lifting with less fine movements. Walking up stairs
80
What are the 4 principal plexuses?
Cervical Brachial: everything in the arms Lumbar: upper leg and pelvis Sacral: lower leg
81
What is the breakdown of the path of the plexuses?
Robert Taylor Drinks Coffee Black= ``` Roots Trunks Division Cords Branches ```
82
Most common plexuses seen by PTAs?
Brachial
83
Where are the Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) found?
Proximal to the Anterior Horn of the CNS
84
Where are the Lower Motor Neurons (LMN) found?
At or distal to the Anterior horn of the PNS
85
What are the signs of an UMN? ``` Paralysis Muscle Atrophy Reflexes Babinski Reflex Clonus ```
``` Paralysis: Spasticity Muscle Atrophy: Not significant Reflexes: Hyperreflexia (increased response) Babinski Reflex: Present Clonus: Present ```
86
What are the signs of a LMN lesion? ``` Paralysis Muscle Atrophy Reflexes Babinski Reflex Clonus ```
``` Paralysis: Flaccid (no tone) Muscle Atrophy: Marked (no muscle) Reflexes: Hyporeflexia (small response or none) Babinski Reflex: Absent Clonus: Absent ```
87
Define Linear motion
All parts of an object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.
88
Define Rectilinear motion
Movement occurs in a straight line
89
Define Curvilinear motion
Movement occurs in a curved path.
90
How many ribs do we have? How many are True, False and Floating? What attaches the ribs to the sternum?
We have 12 Ribs True: 7 False: 3 Floating: 2 Coastal Cartilage
91
Anterior (ventral) Horn
Motor- Efferent
92
Posterior (dorsal) Horn
Sensory- Afferent
93
What is a Posterior Pelvic Tilt
Is accompanied with trunk FLEXION and slight hip extension Ex. Butt comes forward
94
What is an Anterior Pelvic Tilt?
Is accompanied with trunk EXTENSION and hip flexion Ex. Butt pushes backwards
95
If you have tight low back extensors and tight hip flexors what kind of pelvis tilt is that?
Anterior Pelvic Tilt
96
If you flex your abdomen and have tight hamstrings the what kind of pelvic tilt is this?
Posterior Pelvic Tilt
97
What is the axis of a movement made in the frontal plane?
Sagittal axis (runs through joint from front to back) Ex. Abduction/adduction
98
Define Effort Force?
Amount of force needed to move a load
99
Define Reverse Action
A muscle that can move its point of origin towards its point of insertion. Muscles usually move their insertion towards their origin. Ex. Gluteus Maximus
100
What is the difference between an Intrafusal and Extrafusal fiber?
Intra: are scattered throughout the muscle in clusters. They tell the Extrafusal to contract. SENSORY Extra: are skeletal muscle fibers that surround the Intrafusal. They contract. MOTOR.

Kinesiology (13 decks)

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