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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A

Boundary between ICF and ECF
-Contains contents of cell or “what is cell vs. what is not”
-Controls what passing in/out
-Role in Structural Support
-Establish Membrane Protentional
-Separate ions
-Inside cell = more negative.

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2
Q

Majority of Membrane is…

A

98% lipid
75% of that is Phospholipid

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3
Q

Plasma membrane is made of…

A

Parts:
-Phospholipid
-Membrane Proteins

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4
Q

Phospholipid is made of…

A

Glycerol
Phosphate head
Fatty Acid Tail
Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
Cholesterol

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5
Q

Glycerol

A

Linking portion(molecule) of the head

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6
Q

Phosphate head

A

Charge Present, making it hydrophilic
The top of the head, part with the charge.

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7
Q

Fatty Acid Tail

A

Chains of Hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic/lipid soluble

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8
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Phosphate Head-Toward ECG/ICF
Hydrophobic tail region is sandwiched between the phosphate heads
Maximizes Hydrophobic/philic interactions
Organization of molecules prevents hydrophilic molecules from easily crossing the membrane.
Cell membrane can self seal punctures/use vesicle blebbing/formation to pinch off.

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9
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Phospholipids and other molecules embedded in the membrane are able to laterally shift.

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

-27 carbon, 4 ring structure, is a lipid
-fills gaps within middle of phosphate bi layer
-Permeable to water
- Less gaps=less water sneaking through
-Fluidity
-reduced ability for phospholipids to shift around.

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11
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Structure: Integral-Embedded in membrane(all the way through)
Peripheral-Not embedded all the way through

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12
Q

Function of Membrane Proteins

A

Anchoring proteins-stabilize cell/Attach C.M. to other structures
Transport proteins-Channels/pumps(ATP/ASC)
receptors-bind and respond ligand
enzymes-catalyze chemical reactions
recognition-self cell vs. foeign cells.

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13
Q

Cell membrane physiology

A

Selectively permeable
-Semi Permeable
-Regulates what can and cant come through

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14
Q

What can come through?

A

Lipophilic molecules
Usually Water
(w/out help) large hydrophilic molecules
Ion(tiny hydrophilic atoms aren’t able to cross)

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15
Q

What is movement restricted on?

A

Size, electrical charge, Molecule shape, lipid solubility.

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16
Q

Why are cells small?

A

Cell size is limited by surface area

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17
Q

What happens as cell size increases

A

Surface area increases, volume increases

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18
Q

Why does it’s SA increase

A

Need more surface area because increase in materials that cross

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19
Q

Why does volume increase

A

Increase in metabolism, increase in distance

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20
Q

Therefore…

A

-As cell size increases, there needs to be proportional to or greater than the increase in cell volume
-Cell size is limited to manageable size, Increased organism size due to increase cell number

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways to move across a membrane?

A

Active/Passive Transport

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22
Q

Passive Process

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Random Movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Brownian Movement (diffusion)

A

Molecules are in constant movement, random due to thermal energy.

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25
Q

Solute

A

Any substance dissolved in a solution

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26
Q

Solvent

A

What stuff is dissolved in

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27
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Moment of particles down a concentration gradient

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28
Q

Why isn’t simple diffusion in living systems

A

Gradients need to be healthy, energy input to move particles, and conditions are always changing.

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29
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across membrane

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30
Q

Tonicity

A

Relative solute concentrations of 2 fluids
Predicts H2O movements.

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31
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pulling pressure due to non-diffusible solutes

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32
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Same solute concentration
No net movement of H2O

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33
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Higher Solute Concentration (Lower H20 Concentration)

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34
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Lower Solute concentration (Higher H20 Concentration)

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35
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pushing pressure due to the volume of H2O

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36
Q

Equilibrium

A

No Net movement of H2O
Osmotic Pressure is equal and opposite to hydrostatic pressure.

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37
Q

Hypotonic vs. Hypertonic vs. Isotonic

A

Net movement of H2O in, Net movement out, and net movement out and in.

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38
Q

Crenation

A

Cells shrink, net movement of H2O is out

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39
Q

Hemolysis

A

Red blood cells burst with H2O

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40
Q

Passive Transport-Facilitated Diffusion

A

Faster than simple diffusion, Protein mediated transport, Requires no ATP. Particles go down the concertation gradient.

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41
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement against the concentration gradient. Protein Mediated, requires ATP

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42
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Transport involves vesicles, Requires ATP, Pinching off or merging of membrane.

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43
Q

Exocytosis vs Endocytosis

A

The moment of particles out vs in through Vesicular transport.

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44
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A

Communication/Coordination, Sensory, Integration, Motor

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45
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A

CNS(Brain/Spinal Cord) vs PNS(All nerves outside the CNS.

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46
Q

Components of peripheral NS

A

Sensory(Afferent/carry info toward CNS) and Motor(Efferent/carry info away from CNS)

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47
Q

Components of the Afferent division of PNS

A

Special Sensory(senses), Somatic Sensory(skin/muscles), Visceral Sensory(smooth/cardiac muscle).

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48
Q

Components of the Peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic Motor(carry from sensory to effectors, voluntary, skeletal muscle), Autonomic Nervous System

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49
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Involuntary(Cardiac, smooth, glands). Encompasses the Enteric, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic systems

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50
Q

Enteric N.S.

A

G.I Tract(gut)-secretions and mailability

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51
Q

Sympathetic N.S.

A

Stimulating effect, stress response, uses norepinephrine

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52
Q

Parasympathetic N.S

A

Relaxing Effect, Rest and Repair, counter balances SNS. Uses Aceytlcholine

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53
Q

Cell Types of N.S.

A

Neurons/Neuroglia

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54
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support Cells, Surround Neurons, Non-excitable, more sophisticated you are, more neuroglia

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55
Q

Characteristics of Neurons

A

Longevity, Amitotic(no cell division), High Metabolic rate(constant o2 and glucose), Excitable to then become conductive of electric impulses, secretory

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56
Q

Myelinated Axons

A

Bundles of neuron Processes

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57
Q

Tract Vs. Nerve

A

CNS vs. PNS

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58
Q

Unmyelinated structure of Neuron

A

groups of cell bodies

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59
Q

Nucleus vs. ganglion

A

CNS v. PNS

60
Q

Dendrites

A

Collecting Info, 80 to 90 percent of SA of neuron, highly branched

61
Q

Dendritic spines

A

many fine processes of the dendrites

62
Q

Cell body

A

Perikaryon(Grey Matter), Nucleus, Axon Hillock

63
Q

Perikaryon

A

Nissl Bodies, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton

64
Q

Axon

A

Initial Segment(attaches to axon hillock), Axon collaterals, Telodendrion, Synaptic Knobs

65
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Most common, used neurotransmitters. Allow for communication within different cell types

66
Q

Within the chemical synapse

A

Presynaptic cell-neuron sending message
Synaptic Cleft-small gap that separates pre and post
Postsynaptic cell-receives message, contains receptors

67
Q

Structural classifications of neurons

A

Anaxonic, Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar

68
Q

Anaxonic

A

Small, all process look the same, without axons, found in brain/sensory organs

69
Q

Unipolar

A

Dendrites/axons merge to create 1 long process, neuron cell body is to one side

70
Q

Bipolar

A

2 processes, 1 dendrite and axon, seperated by cell body, uncommon but found in eye and ear

71
Q

Multipolar

A

most common, lots of dendrites, single axon, all motor neurons

72
Q

functional Classifications of neurons

A

Sensory(Afferent)-Monitor the environment
Motor(efferent)-carry impulses from CNS,
Interneurons(Association)-distribute sensory info to different parts of brain

73
Q

Neuroglia cell types(CNS)

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells

74
Q

Astrocyte

A

Maintain blood-brain barrier
Create 3D framework for CNS
Repair damaged neural tissue
Guide Neuron Development
Control interstitial environment

75
Q

Microglia

A

Migrate through neural tissue, Perform phagocytosis(bacteria removal and other debris with infection to N.S. increases microglia)

76
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Warp around axons to form myelin sheath.
White matter and increases speed

77
Q

White vs. Grey matter of CNS

A

White: Deeper in brain, superficial in S.C. Myelinated axons
Grey: unmyelinated, opposites of above.

78
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line tissues within brain/spinal corn
Form ependyma, produced and circulates cerebral spinal fluid

79
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Function

A

Acts as a cushion, Buoys CNS, and contributes to chemical stability

80
Q

Resorption of CSF

A

Arachnoid Villi-Finger like extension of the arachnoid membrane that extend into the Dural sinus
Dural Sinus-Where the dura splits into to regions
Jugular Veins-gets returned in blood

81
Q

Neuroglia of PNS

A

Schwann Cells-Surround axons
Satellite Cells-surround cell bodies

82
Q

Schwann cells

A

Forms myelin sheath
Perform Phagocytosis
Form neurilemma(cytoplasm and nucleus of most Schwann cells, aids in regrowth of cells)
Also help repair torn Axons

83
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround cell body within ganglia
Regulate environment around neuron

84
Q

Structure of nerve

A

C.T. layers within nerve that provide mechanical protections

85
Q

Epineurium

A

C.T. that surrounds entire nerve

86
Q

Perinerurium

A

C.T. that surrounds a bundle of axons

87
Q

Endoneurium

A

C.T. that surrounds an individual axon.

88
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

89
Q

Enlargements of Spinal Cord

A

Regions of spinal cord that are thicker, correspond to limb innervation

90
Q

Plexi

A

Interlacing networks of nerves/groups of nerves join. Highway anaology

91
Q

Conus meddris

A

Tapered end of the spinal cord

92
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Collection of lumbar, sacral, coccygeal spinal nerve

93
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Connective strain that anchors Spinal Cord to coccygeal vertebrae

94
Q

Lumbar puncture(Spinal taps)

A

inject medications, measure pressure of CSF.

95
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membrane that surrounds spinal cord and brain

96
Q

Pia mater

A

deepest, Loose Ct, adhere to brain and S.C.

97
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

loose ct/epithelium, arachnoid trabeculae.

98
Q

Sub arachnoid space

A

spaces between arachnoid traberolae filled with CSF.

99
Q

Dura Mater

A

Dense Irregular C.T

100
Q

White matter in Spinal Cord

A

Superficial Phospholips , ascending and descending tracts with funiculi.

101
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Sensory motor complex

102
Q

Grey Matter of Spinal Cord

A

deep, soma, dendrites, unmylinated axons

103
Q

Deticulate ligament

A

anchor pia mater to dura mater on R/L sides prevents twisting.

104
Q

Chordate Characteristics

A

Post anal tail, Pharyngeal gilalites pouches
Notocord, Dorsal Tubular nerve cord.

105
Q

Cerebrum

A

What makes you, you

106
Q

Sensation

A

Receptors collect info, convert info into electrical signal relayed to bring via afferent neurons

107
Q

Perception

A

at the brain, awareness of change in environment, interneurons

108
Q

Receptors/Transucers

A

convert 1 form of energy to another

109
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptor

110
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

111
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

physical distortion

112
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Specific chemicals

113
Q

Photorecpetors

A

light

114
Q

Hearing/Equilibrium

A

Mechanoreceptors

115
Q

Vision

A

Phptorecpetor

116
Q

Olfaction(Smell) and Gustation(Taste)

A

Chemoreceptors

117
Q

Parts of the ear

A

Inner, outer and middle ear

118
Q

Auricle/Pinna

A

Protect opening to external auditory meatus
Flaps of elastic cartilage covered by flesh
Provides directional sensitivty

119
Q

External Auditory meatus

A

Tube like passageway into temporal bone
direct sound waves to typanic membrane
Ceruminous glands-makes earwax
Has hair

120
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Boundary between external ear and middle ear
Thin, semi transparent sheet
Very flexible and vibrates at sound frequencies

121
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

Smallest bones in body with synarial joints.
Vibrates after the tympanic membrane and amplify sound
Malleus/Hammer
Incus/Anvil
Stapes/Stir up

122
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

when contracted, stiffens tympanic membrane

123
Q

Stapedius muscle

A

when contracted, stiffens the oval window

124
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connects middle ear to pharynxes
able to equalize air pressure

125
Q

Oval Window

A

boundary between middle and inner ear
Also vibrates with sound waves.

126
Q

Otitis median

A

Middle ear infection, comes from allergies and viruses, swelling of estuarian tube

127
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

senses rotational acceleration

128
Q

Vestibule

A

Sense head position and linear acceleration

129
Q

Cochlea

A

Senses sound

130
Q

Round Window

A

Dissipate sound

131
Q

Boney Labyrinth

A

Uses the perilymph, which is fluid between the the 2 layers

132
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Uses the endolymph, or the fluid inside it’s own membrane

133
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Physical deformation of cell transduced to electrical impulse

134
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hair like extensions

135
Q

Kinocilium

A

The longest stereocilia

136
Q

Direction of mechanical stimulation

A

Towards the kinocilium, higher rate of action potential and vice versa.

137
Q

Scala Vestibule

A

Filed with perilymph

138
Q

Vestibular membrane

A

separates vestibular duct from cochlear ducts

139
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Filled with endolymph

140
Q

basilar membrane

A

Separates cochlear from tympanic duct

141
Q

Scala tympani

A

Final duct

142
Q

Hir cells of Corti

A

Arranged in 4 rows, 16,000 of them

143
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

stereocilia embedded in membrane

144
Q

Cochlear nerve

A

Merge with vestibular nerve, become cranial nerve #8

145
Q

Amplitude

A

Volume or loudness, due to increased rate of Action potential and wavelenght intensity

146
Q

Frequency or Pitch

A

It the number of waves in a given time frame, Higher pitched cross near oval window, while lower ones cross at the end

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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