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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A

Boundary between ICF and ECF
-Contains contents of cell or “what is cell vs. what is not”
-Controls what passing in/out
-Role in Structural Support
-Establish Membrane Protentional
-Separate ions
-Inside cell = more negative.

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2
Q

Majority of Membrane is…

A

98% lipid
75% of that is Phospholipid

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3
Q

Plasma membrane is made of…

A

Parts:
-Phospholipid
-Membrane Proteins

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4
Q

Phospholipid is made of…

A

Glycerol
Phosphate head
Fatty Acid Tail
Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
Cholesterol

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5
Q

Glycerol

A

Linking portion(molecule) of the head

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6
Q

Phosphate head

A

Charge Present, making it hydrophilic
The top of the head, part with the charge.

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7
Q

Fatty Acid Tail

A

Chains of Hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic/lipid soluble

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8
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Phosphate Head-Toward ECG/ICF
Hydrophobic tail region is sandwiched between the phosphate heads
Maximizes Hydrophobic/philic interactions
Organization of molecules prevents hydrophilic molecules from easily crossing the membrane.
Cell membrane can self seal punctures/use vesicle blebbing/formation to pinch off.

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9
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Phospholipids and other molecules embedded in the membrane are able to laterally shift.

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

-27 carbon, 4 ring structure, is a lipid
-fills gaps within middle of phosphate bi layer
-Permeable to water
- Less gaps=less water sneaking through
-Fluidity
-reduced ability for phospholipids to shift around.

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11
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Structure: Integral-Embedded in membrane(all the way through)
Peripheral-Not embedded all the way through

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12
Q

Function of Membrane Proteins

A

Anchoring proteins-stabilize cell/Attach C.M. to other structures
Transport proteins-Channels/pumps(ATP/ASC)
receptors-bind and respond ligand
enzymes-catalyze chemical reactions
recognition-self cell vs. foeign cells.

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13
Q

Cell membrane physiology

A

Selectively permeable
-Semi Permeable
-Regulates what can and cant come through

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14
Q

What can come through?

A

Lipophilic molecules
Usually Water
(w/out help) large hydrophilic molecules
Ion(tiny hydrophilic atoms aren’t able to cross)

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15
Q

What is movement restricted on?

A

Size, electrical charge, Molecule shape, lipid solubility.

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16
Q

Why are cells small?

A

Cell size is limited by surface area

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17
Q

What happens as cell size increases

A

Surface area increases, volume increases

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18
Q

Why does it’s SA increase

A

Need more surface area because increase in materials that cross

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19
Q

Why does volume increase

A

Increase in metabolism, increase in distance

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20
Q

Therefore…

A

-As cell size increases, there needs to be proportional to or greater than the increase in cell volume
-Cell size is limited to manageable size, Increased organism size due to increase cell number

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways to move across a membrane?

A

Active/Passive Transport

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22
Q

Passive Process

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Random Movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Brownian Movement (diffusion)

A

Molecules are in constant movement, random due to thermal energy.

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25
Solute
Any substance dissolved in a solution
26
Solvent
What stuff is dissolved in
27
Simple Diffusion
Moment of particles down a concentration gradient
28
Why isn't simple diffusion in living systems
Gradients need to be healthy, energy input to move particles, and conditions are always changing.
29
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across membrane
30
Tonicity
Relative solute concentrations of 2 fluids Predicts H2O movements.
31
Osmotic Pressure
Pulling pressure due to non-diffusible solutes
32
Isotonic Solution
Same solute concentration No net movement of H2O
33
Hypertonic Solution
Higher Solute Concentration (Lower H20 Concentration)
34
Hypotonic Solution
Lower Solute concentration (Higher H20 Concentration)
35
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pushing pressure due to the volume of H2O
36
Equilibrium
No Net movement of H2O Osmotic Pressure is equal and opposite to hydrostatic pressure.
37
Hypotonic vs. Hypertonic vs. Isotonic
Net movement of H2O in, Net movement out, and net movement out and in.
38
Crenation
Cells shrink, net movement of H2O is out
39
Hemolysis
Red blood cells burst with H2O
40
Passive Transport-Facilitated Diffusion
Faster than simple diffusion, Protein mediated transport, Requires no ATP. Particles go down the concertation gradient.
41
Active Transport
Movement against the concentration gradient. Protein Mediated, requires ATP
42
Vesicular Transport
Transport involves vesicles, Requires ATP, Pinching off or merging of membrane.
43
Exocytosis vs Endocytosis
The moment of particles out vs in through Vesicular transport.
44
Functions of the Nervous System
Communication/Coordination, Sensory, Integration, Motor
45
Components of the Nervous System
CNS(Brain/Spinal Cord) vs PNS(All nerves outside the CNS.
46
Components of peripheral NS
Sensory(Afferent/carry info toward CNS) and Motor(Efferent/carry info away from CNS)
47
Components of the Afferent division of PNS
Special Sensory(senses), Somatic Sensory(skin/muscles), Visceral Sensory(smooth/cardiac muscle).
48
Components of the Peripheral nervous system
Somatic Motor(carry from sensory to effectors, voluntary, skeletal muscle), Autonomic Nervous System
49
Autonomic Nervous system
Involuntary(Cardiac, smooth, glands). Encompasses the Enteric, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic systems
50
Enteric N.S.
G.I Tract(gut)-secretions and mailability
51
Sympathetic N.S.
Stimulating effect, stress response, uses norepinephrine
52
Parasympathetic N.S
Relaxing Effect, Rest and Repair, counter balances SNS. Uses Aceytlcholine
53
Cell Types of N.S.
Neurons/Neuroglia
54
Neuroglia
Support Cells, Surround Neurons, Non-excitable, more sophisticated you are, more neuroglia
55
Characteristics of Neurons
Longevity, Amitotic(no cell division), High Metabolic rate(constant o2 and glucose), Excitable to then become conductive of electric impulses, secretory
56
Myelinated Axons
Bundles of neuron Processes
57
Tract Vs. Nerve
CNS vs. PNS
58
Unmyelinated structure of Neuron
groups of cell bodies
59
Nucleus vs. ganglion
CNS v. PNS
60
Dendrites
Collecting Info, 80 to 90 percent of SA of neuron, highly branched
61
Dendritic spines
many fine processes of the dendrites
62
Cell body
Perikaryon(Grey Matter), Nucleus, Axon Hillock
63
Perikaryon
Nissl Bodies, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton
64
Axon
Initial Segment(attaches to axon hillock), Axon collaterals, Telodendrion, Synaptic Knobs
65
Chemical synapse
Most common, used neurotransmitters. Allow for communication within different cell types
66
Within the chemical synapse
Presynaptic cell-neuron sending message Synaptic Cleft-small gap that separates pre and post Postsynaptic cell-receives message, contains receptors
67
Structural classifications of neurons
Anaxonic, Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar
68
Anaxonic
Small, all process look the same, without axons, found in brain/sensory organs
69
Unipolar
Dendrites/axons merge to create 1 long process, neuron cell body is to one side
70
Bipolar
2 processes, 1 dendrite and axon, seperated by cell body, uncommon but found in eye and ear
71
Multipolar
most common, lots of dendrites, single axon, all motor neurons
72
functional Classifications of neurons
Sensory(Afferent)-Monitor the environment Motor(efferent)-carry impulses from CNS, Interneurons(Association)-distribute sensory info to different parts of brain
73
Neuroglia cell types(CNS)
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells
74
Astrocyte
Maintain blood-brain barrier Create 3D framework for CNS Repair damaged neural tissue Guide Neuron Development Control interstitial environment
75
Microglia
Migrate through neural tissue, Perform phagocytosis(bacteria removal and other debris with infection to N.S. increases microglia)
76
Oligodendrocytes
Warp around axons to form myelin sheath. White matter and increases speed
77
White vs. Grey matter of CNS
White: Deeper in brain, superficial in S.C. Myelinated axons Grey: unmyelinated, opposites of above.
78
Ependymal Cells
Line tissues within brain/spinal corn Form ependyma, produced and circulates cerebral spinal fluid
79
Cerebrospinal Fluid Function
Acts as a cushion, Buoys CNS, and contributes to chemical stability
80
Resorption of CSF
Arachnoid Villi-Finger like extension of the arachnoid membrane that extend into the Dural sinus Dural Sinus-Where the dura splits into to regions Jugular Veins-gets returned in blood
81
Neuroglia of PNS
Schwann Cells-Surround axons Satellite Cells-surround cell bodies
82
Schwann cells
Forms myelin sheath Perform Phagocytosis Form neurilemma(cytoplasm and nucleus of most Schwann cells, aids in regrowth of cells) Also help repair torn Axons
83
Satellite Cells
Surround cell body within ganglia Regulate environment around neuron
84
Structure of nerve
C.T. layers within nerve that provide mechanical protections
85
Epineurium
C.T. that surrounds entire nerve
86
Perinerurium
C.T. that surrounds a bundle of axons
87
Endoneurium
C.T. that surrounds an individual axon.
88
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs: 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
89
Enlargements of Spinal Cord
Regions of spinal cord that are thicker, correspond to limb innervation
90
Plexi
Interlacing networks of nerves/groups of nerves join. Highway anaology
91
Conus meddris
Tapered end of the spinal cord
92
Cauda Equina
Collection of lumbar, sacral, coccygeal spinal nerve
93
Filum Terminale
Connective strain that anchors Spinal Cord to coccygeal vertebrae
94
Lumbar puncture(Spinal taps)
inject medications, measure pressure of CSF.
95
Meninges
Protective membrane that surrounds spinal cord and brain
96
Pia mater
deepest, Loose Ct, adhere to brain and S.C.
97
Arachnoid Mater
loose ct/epithelium, arachnoid trabeculae.
98
Sub arachnoid space
spaces between arachnoid traberolae filled with CSF.
99
Dura Mater
Dense Irregular C.T
100
White matter in Spinal Cord
Superficial Phospholips , ascending and descending tracts with funiculi.
101
Dorsal Horn
Sensory motor complex
102
Grey Matter of Spinal Cord
deep, soma, dendrites, unmylinated axons
103
Deticulate ligament
anchor pia mater to dura mater on R/L sides prevents twisting.
104
Chordate Characteristics
Post anal tail, Pharyngeal gilalites pouches Notocord, Dorsal Tubular nerve cord.
105
Cerebrum
What makes you, you
106
Sensation
Receptors collect info, convert info into electrical signal relayed to bring via afferent neurons
107
Perception
at the brain, awareness of change in environment, interneurons
108
Receptors/Transucers
convert 1 form of energy to another
109
Nociceptors
Pain receptor
110
Thermoreceptors
Temperature
111
Mechanoreceptors
physical distortion
112
Chemoreceptors
Specific chemicals
113
Photorecpetors
light
114
Hearing/Equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors
115
Vision
Phptorecpetor
116
Olfaction(Smell) and Gustation(Taste)
Chemoreceptors
117
Parts of the ear
Inner, outer and middle ear
118
Auricle/Pinna
Protect opening to external auditory meatus Flaps of elastic cartilage covered by flesh Provides directional sensitivty
119
External Auditory meatus
Tube like passageway into temporal bone direct sound waves to typanic membrane Ceruminous glands-makes earwax Has hair
120
Tympanic membrane
Boundary between external ear and middle ear Thin, semi transparent sheet Very flexible and vibrates at sound frequencies
121
Auditory Ossicles
Smallest bones in body with synarial joints. Vibrates after the tympanic membrane and amplify sound Malleus/Hammer Incus/Anvil Stapes/Stir up
122
tensor tympani muscle
when contracted, stiffens tympanic membrane
123
Stapedius muscle
when contracted, stiffens the oval window
124
Eustachian Tube
Connects middle ear to pharynxes able to equalize air pressure
125
Oval Window
boundary between middle and inner ear Also vibrates with sound waves.
126
Otitis median
Middle ear infection, comes from allergies and viruses, swelling of estuarian tube
127
Semicircular Canals
senses rotational acceleration
128
Vestibule
Sense head position and linear acceleration
129
Cochlea
Senses sound
130
Round Window
Dissipate sound
131
Boney Labyrinth
Uses the perilymph, which is fluid between the the 2 layers
132
Membranous labyrinth
Uses the endolymph, or the fluid inside it's own membrane
133
Mechanoreceptors
Physical deformation of cell transduced to electrical impulse
134
Stereocilia
Hair like extensions
135
Kinocilium
The longest stereocilia
136
Direction of mechanical stimulation
Towards the kinocilium, higher rate of action potential and vice versa.
137
Scala Vestibule
Filed with perilymph
138
Vestibular membrane
separates vestibular duct from cochlear ducts
139
Cochlear duct
Filled with endolymph
140
basilar membrane
Separates cochlear from tympanic duct
141
Scala tympani
Final duct
142
Hir cells of Corti
Arranged in 4 rows, 16,000 of them
143
Tectorial Membrane
stereocilia embedded in membrane
144
Cochlear nerve
Merge with vestibular nerve, become cranial nerve #8
145
Amplitude
Volume or loudness, due to increased rate of Action potential and wavelenght intensity
146
Frequency or Pitch
It the number of waves in a given time frame, Higher pitched cross near oval window, while lower ones cross at the end

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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