Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the 6 functions of bones?

Answer 1

Support and shape, Movement, Protection, Storage of Minerals, Storage of Lipids, Blood cell production

Question 2

In the storage of minerals, what are the minerals?

Answer 2

Calcium and Phosphate.

Question 3

What does Calcium do?

Answer 3

It helped with nervous and muscular system function

Question 4

What does Phosphate do?

Answer 4

Hardens bone, along with energy processing, its a component of nucleic acid, and modulates protein activity.

Question 5

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

Answer 5

Bone, Cartilage, and Tendons/Ligaments

Question 6

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 6

Hyalin, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

Question 7

What is the difference between the 3?

Answer 7

Elastic has the least collagen and more elastin, fibro has the most cartilage and is the strongest, which help it resist compression, and Hyaline is the median, but the most commonly found.

Question 8

What are tendons made of?

Answer 8

They are cords of dense, regular Connective tissue

Question 9

What is the function of tendons

Answer 9

Tendons: Connects muscles to bone to provide movement and stability

Question 10

What is the function of ligaments

Answer 10

Connect bone to bone for stability

Question 11

What are some examples of ligaments?

Answer 11

The MCL, ACL, PCL, and LCL of the knee

Question 12

How is the skeleton broken up?

Answer 12

Into the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton, which are the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage vs. the pectoral girdle and arms, and the pelvic girdle and legs.

Question 13

What are the 6 categories of bones?

Answer 13

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid, and Wormian bones

Question 14

What classifies a long bone?

Answer 14

Longer then they are wide, slender, and muscles are connected.

Question 15

What classifies a short bone?

Answer 15

Roughly the same width and lenght

Question 16

What classifies and flat bone?

Answer 16

Thin, parralell surfaces, protecting underlying organs.

Question 17

What classifies a irregular bone?

Answer 17

Complex shape

Question 18

What classifies a sesamoid bone?

Answer 18

They look like sesame seeds, and forms within a tendon due to friction

Question 19

What classifies a Wormian bone?

Answer 19

It is a subset of flat bones, it is the suture bone, and in the middle of the suture.

Question 20

Is the bone an organ?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

Answer 21

Spongy and compact bone

Question 22

What are some of the traits of compact bone?

Answer 22

They are parallel osteons with haversian systems.
They have alot of strength in 1 direction, allowing them to withstand compression
In long bones, its superficial, in flat bones its both superficial and deep.

Question 23

What are the parts of compact bone?

Answer 23

Haversian systems, Haversian canals, lamellae, canaliculi, Osteocytes within lacunae, and perforating(volkmann’s canal)

Question 24

What are lamellae?

Answer 24

Rings of tissue that form each osteon

Question 25

What are canaliculi

Answer 25

They are the canal or tunnel between the lacunae and central canal

Question 26

What is the common name for perforating?

Answer 26

Blood vessel

Question 27

What is spongy bone?

Answer 27

It is the framework of structures and trabecular

Question 28

What is spongy bone made of?

Answer 28

Spongy bone is made of a single osteon that is irregularly arranged, not random!

Question 29

How does spongy bone have strenght?

Answer 29

In a variety of directions

Question 30

What are the parts of spongy bone?

Answer 30

Trabeculae, Lamellae, Osteocytes within Lacunae, Canaliculi, and Red bone marrow.

Question 31

how does spongy bone grow

Answer 31

Outward

Question 32

What does the osteon lack in spongy bone?

Answer 32

A central canal

Question 33

What is the periosteum?

Answer 33

It is the superficial layer of the bone

Question 34

What 2 things make up the periosteum

Answer 34

The fiberous and cellular layers

Question 35

What is the endosteum

Answer 35

it is the cellular layer (incomplete) with the same cells.

Question 36

Osteoprogenitor cells do what?

Answer 36

Make bone

Question 37

Osteoclasts do what?

Answer 37

Break down bone

Question 38

What is the epiphysis and the diaphysis?

Answer 38

Epiphysis is the end of the bone and the diaphysis is the middle portion of the bone

Question 39

What does the diaphysis contain?

Answer 39

Itis hollow, with yellow bone marrow *it has red bone marrow in the center

Question 40

What are the 4 bone cells?

Answer 40

Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.

Question 41

Which one of these is a category of connective tissue stem cells

Answer 41

Osteoprogenitor cells.

Question 42

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 42

Osteogenesis

Question 43

What do osteocytes do?

Answer 43

They are mature bone cells and perform bone maintinence

Question 44

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 44

They break down bone through remolding and are derived from monocytes

Question 45

To perform homoeostasis in bones, what must be true?

Answer 45

The osteoblast must balance with osteoclasts

Question 46

Osteoporosis is

Answer 46

When the breakdown of bone is faster then systhesis

Question 47

Fibro dysplasia ossification progressive

Answer 47

When more bone is made then recycles, turning muscles into bone

Question 48

Are osteoblasts immature or mature bone cells?

Answer 48

Immature

Question 49

What are some features of osteoblasts?

Answer 49

Large nucleus and cytoplasm, with cytoplasmic processes, and a mitochondria and rough er.

Question 50

What is collagen synthesis?

Answer 50

The formation of collagen

Question 51

What is collagen?

Answer 51

It si a organic material, that forms the base that mineral crystals build on and is very strong.

Question 52

Calcification is...

Answer 52

The inorganic mineral salts that make bones hard.

Question 53

With osteoclasts, what are the two surfaces?

Answer 53

The resorptive surface, which is bone tissue and the ruffled boarder which is part of the osteoclasts.

Question 54

What is the clear zone?

Answer 54

It is on either side of the resorptive surface/ruffled boarder

Question 55

What is the vesicular region?

Answer 55

The region containing the enzymes and acid

Question 56

Are the resorptive surface, ruffled boarder, clear zone, and vesicular region in or outside of the cell?

Answer 56

Inside

Question 57

What is outside of the cell?

Answer 57

The focal decalcification and the extracellular digestion

Question 58

What is the focal decalcification?

Answer 58

Carbonic acid makes ph go down and softens the bone, making it lose calcium

Question 59

What is extracellular digestion?

Answer 59

Hydrolytic enzymes digest and break down collagen.

Question 60

What are the two forms of ossification?

Answer 60

Intermembranous and enchondral

Question 61

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 61

Bone forms within fibrous connective tissue membrane, which is how flat and sesamoid bones form.

Question 62

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 62

bone replaces hyalin model, which is how long and short bones are created.