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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Structural/Functional unit that makes up organisms

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1
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Small, Older, No Nucleus, No Membrane-Bound Organelles.

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Multicellular, Membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus, evolved from Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Characteristics of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Have DNA, Ribosomes, and Plasma Membranes

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Different genes turned on and off to establish function and structure.

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5
Q

Rough ER Function

A

Protein synthesis, specially to cell or outside of it.

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6
Q

Polysome Function

A

Linked by MRNA, Make cytoplasmic proteins

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7
Q

Free Ribosomes Function

A

No Function

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8
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

The idea that Eukaryotes come from prokaryotes,
Evidence: different DNA in mitochondria and Chloroplast/x2 membrane of bacterial and host.
How? Infolded membrane, increased size, engulfing other prokaryotes without digesting them.

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton Structure/function

A

Structure: Protein(Filamentous) + Interact/Connect with other structures
Function: Movement/Stabilizing of Cell
*Prokaryotes don’t need it b/c they have less organelles/cell wall determines shape.

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10
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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11
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells, similar in structure, function, embryological origin

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12
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Lines Surface, forms all 3 layers

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13
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Support, forms from mesoderm

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14
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Generate Movement

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15
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Ability to communicate

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16
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines surfaces (Internal and External(Protection)) + Forms glands (Downgrowth of Epithelia)

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17
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A

Littler Intercellular Material, Tight cell junctions, Avascular, and Polar

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18
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

A

Simple (1 Layer) Vs. Stratified (>1 Layer)
Flat=Squamous, Square=Cuboidal, Tall=Columnar

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19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Controls permeability(Diffusion/Filtration)
Reduces Friction
Secretion(Mucus)

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20
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Absorption(Movement of Molecules)
Secretion
Limited Protection

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21
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Secretion via Goblet cells(Mucus)
Absorption via Microvilli(Increase SA)
Protection
Movement via Cilia

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22
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Protection(Reproductive/Respiratory)
Secretion-Goblet cells
Movement via Cilia

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23
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Very protective
Dry Vs. Wet

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24
Connective Tissue General Concepts
Most abundant, most variation, lots of intercellular material, no contract with outside environment.
25
Composition of Connective Tissue
Cells: Fibroblasts-Make tissue Fibers/Proteins-Collagen(Long, thick, and strong) and Elastin(Thin, branched and stretchy) Ground substance: Carbs and Minerals
26
Dense Regular Tissue
Attachment/Stabilization Made of Tendons(Attach muscles to bones) and Ligaments(Attach 2 bones. Very strong in 1 direction
27
Dense irregular Tissue
Strength in multiple directions Avascular Packed with collagen
27
Loose (areolar) C.T.
Keeps organs aligned/Separated Vascular Cells: Fibroblasts/Cytes
28
Adipose Tissue
Store Energy, Absorb Shock, insulation, Vascular
29
Hyaline Cartilage
Protection Shock Absorption Model for bone development On ends of bones avascular
30
Compact Bone
Structure and Protection
31
Muscle tissue general characteristics
Specialized for constriction Generates movement Cell: Muscle Fiber Little intercellular material vascular
32
Skeletal Muscle
Striated due to actin/myosin Long striated fibers Voluntary Multinucleated
33
Cardiac Muscle
Striated Branched Cells Involuntary Single Nucleus Intercalated Disks(Connect membrane)
34
Smooth muscle
Nonstriated Tapered cells Involuntary Single nucleus
35
Nervous tissue Characteristics
Rapidly Sense internal/external environment Carry electrical signals Process information and Reponses.
36
Nervous tissue parts
Neuron, Axon, Dendrite, Neuroglia, and soma
37
Tissue Repair steps
1.) Damaged/dead cells releases histamine, heptamine, phosphate glanous(increase blood flow) 2.) Inflammation: Increased blood flow will result in swelling, redness, heat, and pain 3.) Regeneration and repair: use new similar cells or scar tissue to fix tissue
38
What happens to tissue repair if your older?
higher risk for damage, decreased ability to repair, increased rates of cancer
39
Integumentary System
Largest system, 16% of body weight, composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands.
40
What is the functions of Skin
Synthesis of Chemicals(Vitamin d3) Temperature regulation(Adipose insulation, Vasoconstriction to retain heat, vasodilation to release heat, Sweat Gland activity) Excretion of waste from body Protection via cornification(conversion of cells to harder substance) and Melanin(Pigment resists UV light) Detection
41
Epidermis
Superficial, made of dry stratified squamous epithelium, Made of keratinocytes, 30-50 layers, 15-30 days to replace.
42
Dermis
Deeper with Connective tissue
43
Which layer do figure prints come from
Dermis, from dermal papillae and epidermal pegs.
44
Hypodermis
Deep to dermis, gradual change to adipose/areolar. Function is to insulate, shock absorber, hold skin to other structures, chemical synthesis.
45
Stratum Corneum
3/4 of epithelium, flat dead cells with keratin, between 15-30 layers, exposed, water resistance, blister, calluses, sheds.
46
Stratum Lucidum
Present in thick skin only, flat, dense cells with keratin
47
Stratum Granulasum
Dark layer 3-5 layers Cells are dying Keratin interlocks with molecules
48
Stratum Spinosum
Lokes spiny 10ish layers dendrite/Langerhans cells immune cells protect from microorganisms
49
Stratum basele
1 layer, deepest sits on basement membrane cell division keratinocytes and melanocytes make keratin and melanin.
50
Keratinocytes
15-30 days to move through Keratinization: Formation of Keratin Cornification: cells and tissue become hard
51
Thick vs. Thin Skin
5 layers vs. 4 layers palms and soles Thick epithelium/Thin dermis vs. Thin Epidermis/Thick dermis
52
Melanin
Made of Eumelanin brown/Black and pheomelanin
53
Melanocytes
Make melanin
54
Melanosomes
Pinch off as little pockets of melanin
55
Skin Cancer
DNA mutations from UV light, uncontrolled cell division
56
Albinism
genetic, no melanin
57
Vitiligo
depigmentation
58
Cyanosis
Reduced Blood flow gives a blue color
59
Pallor
Reduced blood flow give a pale color
60
Jaundice
Yellowish color from liver failure
61
Erythema
increased blood flow gives a red appearance
62
Hemoglobin
In blood, give red color
63
Carotine
Yellow color
64
Papillary Layer
Loose C.T. Anchors epidermis to dermis Vascular with capillaries
65
Reticular layer
Dense irregular C.T. Collagen and elastin
66
Hair (Function/Color)
Protection, reduce glare, reduce heat loss, prevent dirt and debris from face. Color comes from eumelanin black and brown and pheomelanin.
67
Sebaceous Gland Function
Releases sebum(wax, oil, cell debris) Conditions skin Reduces H2O loss Antibacterial/Fungal Overproduction=Acne
68
Sweat Glands
Eccrine+Apocrine
69
Eccrine Gland
Open to surface, all over, sweat is water, responds to heat stress
70
Apocrine gland
Only in armpits/genitals, open to hair follicles, responds to emotional stress. Variations: Mammary gland(Milk) and Ceruminous Gland(Earwax)
71
Fingernail parts
Nail plate, Nail root, Nailbed/Cuticle, Lunula
72
Nail Plate
Nail itself
73
Nail root
covered by epithelium
74
Nail bed/cuticle
Epithelium around nail plate
75
Lunula
Cells are dividing, the white part of the nail.
76
ABCDE of Melanoma
Asymmetry, Boarder, Color, Diameter, and Evolving

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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