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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Structural/Functional unit that makes up organisms

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1
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Small, Older, No Nucleus, No Membrane-Bound Organelles.

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Multicellular, Membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus, evolved from Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Characteristics of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Have DNA, Ribosomes, and Plasma Membranes

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Different genes turned on and off to establish function and structure.

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5
Q

Rough ER Function

A

Protein synthesis, specially to cell or outside of it.

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6
Q

Polysome Function

A

Linked by MRNA, Make cytoplasmic proteins

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7
Q

Free Ribosomes Function

A

No Function

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8
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

The idea that Eukaryotes come from prokaryotes,
Evidence: different DNA in mitochondria and Chloroplast/x2 membrane of bacterial and host.
How? Infolded membrane, increased size, engulfing other prokaryotes without digesting them.

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton Structure/function

A

Structure: Protein(Filamentous) + Interact/Connect with other structures
Function: Movement/Stabilizing of Cell
*Prokaryotes don’t need it b/c they have less organelles/cell wall determines shape.

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10
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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11
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells, similar in structure, function, embryological origin

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12
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Lines Surface, forms all 3 layers

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13
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Support, forms from mesoderm

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14
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Generate Movement

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15
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Ability to communicate

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16
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Lines surfaces (Internal and External(Protection)) + Forms glands (Downgrowth of Epithelia)

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17
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A

Littler Intercellular Material, Tight cell junctions, Avascular, and Polar

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18
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

A

Simple (1 Layer) Vs. Stratified (>1 Layer)
Flat=Squamous, Square=Cuboidal, Tall=Columnar

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19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Controls permeability(Diffusion/Filtration)
Reduces Friction
Secretion(Mucus)

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20
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Absorption(Movement of Molecules)
Secretion
Limited Protection

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21
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Secretion via Goblet cells(Mucus)
Absorption via Microvilli(Increase SA)
Protection
Movement via Cilia

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22
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Protection(Reproductive/Respiratory)
Secretion-Goblet cells
Movement via Cilia

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23
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Very protective
Dry Vs. Wet

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24
Q

Connective Tissue General Concepts

A

Most abundant, most variation, lots of intercellular material, no contract with outside environment.

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25
Q

Composition of Connective Tissue

A

Cells: Fibroblasts-Make tissue
Fibers/Proteins-Collagen(Long, thick, and strong) and Elastin(Thin, branched and stretchy)
Ground substance: Carbs and Minerals

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26
Q

Dense Regular Tissue

A

Attachment/Stabilization
Made of Tendons(Attach muscles to bones) and Ligaments(Attach 2 bones.
Very strong in 1 direction

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27
Q

Dense irregular Tissue

A

Strength in multiple directions
Avascular
Packed with collagen

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27
Q

Loose (areolar) C.T.

A

Keeps organs aligned/Separated
Vascular
Cells: Fibroblasts/Cytes

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28
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Store Energy, Absorb Shock, insulation, Vascular

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29
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Protection
Shock Absorption
Model for bone development
On ends of bones
avascular

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30
Q

Compact Bone

A

Structure and Protection

31
Q

Muscle tissue general characteristics

A

Specialized for constriction
Generates movement
Cell: Muscle Fiber
Little intercellular material
vascular

32
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Striated due to actin/myosin
Long striated fibers
Voluntary
Multinucleated

33
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Striated
Branched Cells
Involuntary
Single Nucleus
Intercalated Disks(Connect membrane)

34
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated
Tapered cells
Involuntary
Single nucleus

35
Q

Nervous tissue Characteristics

A

Rapidly Sense internal/external environment
Carry electrical signals
Process information and Reponses.

36
Q

Nervous tissue parts

A

Neuron, Axon, Dendrite, Neuroglia, and soma

37
Q

Tissue Repair steps

A

1.) Damaged/dead cells releases histamine, heptamine, phosphate glanous(increase blood flow)
2.) Inflammation: Increased blood flow will result in swelling, redness, heat, and pain
3.) Regeneration and repair: use new similar cells or scar tissue to fix tissue

38
Q

What happens to tissue repair if your older?

A

higher risk for damage, decreased ability to repair, increased rates of cancer

39
Q

Integumentary System

A

Largest system, 16% of body weight, composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands.

40
Q

What is the functions of Skin

A

Synthesis of Chemicals(Vitamin d3)
Temperature regulation(Adipose insulation, Vasoconstriction to retain heat, vasodilation to release heat, Sweat Gland activity)
Excretion of waste from body
Protection via cornification(conversion of cells to harder substance) and Melanin(Pigment resists UV light)
Detection

41
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial, made of dry stratified squamous epithelium, Made of keratinocytes, 30-50 layers, 15-30 days to replace.

42
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper with Connective tissue

43
Q

Which layer do figure prints come from

A

Dermis, from dermal papillae and epidermal pegs.

44
Q

Hypodermis

A

Deep to dermis, gradual change to adipose/areolar. Function is to insulate, shock absorber, hold skin to other structures, chemical synthesis.

45
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

3/4 of epithelium, flat dead cells with keratin, between 15-30 layers, exposed, water resistance, blister, calluses, sheds.

46
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Present in thick skin only, flat, dense cells with keratin

47
Q

Stratum Granulasum

A

Dark layer
3-5 layers
Cells are dying
Keratin interlocks with molecules

48
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Lokes spiny
10ish layers
dendrite/Langerhans cells
immune cells
protect from microorganisms

49
Q

Stratum basele

A

1 layer, deepest
sits on basement membrane
cell division
keratinocytes and melanocytes make keratin and melanin.

50
Q

Keratinocytes

A

15-30 days to move through
Keratinization: Formation of Keratin
Cornification: cells and tissue become hard

51
Q

Thick vs. Thin Skin

A

5 layers vs. 4 layers
palms and soles
Thick epithelium/Thin dermis vs. Thin Epidermis/Thick dermis

52
Q

Melanin

A

Made of Eumelanin brown/Black and pheomelanin

53
Q

Melanocytes

A

Make melanin

54
Q

Melanosomes

A

Pinch off as little pockets of melanin

55
Q

Skin Cancer

A

DNA mutations from UV light, uncontrolled cell division

56
Q

Albinism

A

genetic, no melanin

57
Q

Vitiligo

A

depigmentation

58
Q

Cyanosis

A

Reduced Blood flow gives a blue color

59
Q

Pallor

A

Reduced blood flow give a pale color

60
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish color from liver failure

61
Q

Erythema

A

increased blood flow gives a red appearance

62
Q

Hemoglobin

A

In blood, give red color

63
Q

Carotine

A

Yellow color

64
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Loose C.T.
Anchors epidermis to dermis
Vascular with capillaries

65
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular C.T.
Collagen and elastin

66
Q

Hair (Function/Color)

A

Protection, reduce glare, reduce heat loss, prevent dirt and debris from face. Color comes from eumelanin black and brown and pheomelanin.

67
Q

Sebaceous Gland Function

A

Releases sebum(wax, oil, cell debris)
Conditions skin
Reduces H2O loss
Antibacterial/Fungal
Overproduction=Acne

68
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Eccrine+Apocrine

69
Q

Eccrine Gland

A

Open to surface, all over, sweat is water, responds to heat stress

70
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Only in armpits/genitals, open to hair follicles, responds to emotional stress.
Variations: Mammary gland(Milk) and Ceruminous Gland(Earwax)

71
Q

Fingernail parts

A

Nail plate, Nail root, Nailbed/Cuticle, Lunula

72
Q

Nail Plate

A

Nail itself

73
Q

Nail root

A

covered by epithelium

74
Q

Nail bed/cuticle

A

Epithelium around nail plate

75
Q

Lunula

A

Cells are dividing, the white part of the nail.

76
Q

ABCDE of Melanoma

A

Asymmetry, Boarder, Color, Diameter, and Evolving

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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