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Phys. > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In which phase of the myocyte (contractile cells) action potential are potassium (K+) gated channels and calcium (Ca+2) channels open simultaneously?

Select one:

a.Phase 0.

b.Phase 4.

c.Phase 3.

d.Phase 2.

A

D. Phase 2

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2
Q

What option is TRUE regarding Phase 4 of the SA nodal cells’ action potential?

Select one:

a.Sodium (Na+) ions entering the cell.

b.Voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) ions opening.

c.A decrease in the flow of chloride (Cl-) ions across the cell membrane.

d.Potassium (K+) ions entering the cell.

A

a.Sodium (Na+) ions entering the cell.

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3
Q

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the:

Select one:

a. P wave.

b. QRS complex.

c. T wave.

d. ST segment.

A

b. QRS complex.

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4
Q

Regarding the action potential of the SA node, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Select one:

a. In the action potential of the SA node, there is a long plateau of depolarization.

b. The repolarization of the SA node action potential is produced by the opening of sodium (Na+) channels.

c. The SA node can spontaneously generate action potentials, but needs neural input from the ANS to spontaneously undergo action potentials.

d. Phase 0 involves the opening of calcium (Ca2+) channels.

A

d. Phase 0 involves the opening of calcium (Ca2+) channels

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5
Q

Which of the following best describes PHASE 0 of the SA node action potential?
Select one:

a. Potassium (K+) ions entering the cell.

b. Sodium (Na+) ions entering the cell.

c. Potassium (K+) ions exiting the cell.

d. Voltage gated calcium (Ca+) ions opening.

A

d. Voltage gated calcium (Ca+) ions opening.

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6
Q

All of the options are features of action potentials in cardiac muscle, except?

Select one:

a. Calcium (Ca2+) enter the myocyte during phase 03 of the action potential.

b. Action potentials in the contractile myocytes and non-contractile myocytes are different.

c. Gap junctions play a vital role in the formation of action potentials in contractile myocytes.

d.The action potentials of cardiac muscle have longer duration (time) than skeletal muscle action potentials.

A

a. Calcium (Ca2+) enter the myocyte during phase 03 of the action potential.

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7
Q

Regarding cardiac muscle cells (contractile cells), which of the following occurs during Phase 0 of the action potential?

Select one:

a. Opening of the potassium (K+) voltage gated channels.

b. Opening of the calcium (Ca2+) voltage gated channels.

c.Closing of the calcium (Ca2+) voltage gated channels.

d.Opening of the sodium (Na+) voltage gated channels.

A

d.Opening of the sodium (Na+) voltage gated channels.

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8
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of the gap junction in cardiac muscle tissue?
Select one:

a. Gap junctions allow cations to enter the myocardial cell from the extracellular fluid.

b.Gap junctions generate pacemaker potentials.

c.Gap junctions hold two myocytes together.

d.Gap junctions allow cations to enter a myocyte directly from other myocytes.

A

d.Gap junctions allow cations to enter a myocyte directly from other myocytes.

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9
Q

Which phase(s) does/are the potassium (K+) voltage gated ion channels open in the myocyte (contractile cell) action potential?

Select one:
a. Phase 1 and 4.

b. Phase 0 and 3.

c. Phases 1 and 3.

d. Phases 1, 2 and 3.

A

d. Phases 1, 2 and 3.

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10
Q

What term represents the parasympathetic nervous system’s effect on the conduction velocity in the heart?
Select one:

a. Negative chronotropic.

b. Positive chronotropic.

c. Negative dromotropic.

d. Negative inotropic.

e. Positive inotropic.

f. Positive dromotropic.

A

c. Negative dromotropic.

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11
Q

Which option would be accurate regarding a negative dromotrophic effect?

a. An extended T Wave

b. An increased PR Interval

c.An decreased P wave

d.A decreased QT Interval

A

b. An increased PR Interval

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12
Q

The magnitude of the tension developed by myocardial cells is proportional to the loss of intracellular potassium (K+) concentration?
Select one:

a. True.

b. False.

A

b. False.

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13
Q

What term represents the sympathetic nervous system’s effect on the contraction strength in the myocytes?
Select one:

a. Negative chronotropic.

b. Positive chronotropic.

c. Negative dromotropic.

d. Negative inotropic.

e. Positive dromotropic.

f. Positive inotropic.

A

f. Positive inotropic.

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14
Q

What option best represents what would happen if the SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Calcium ATPase) pump stopped working?

Select one:

a.Phase 0 of the action potential would be disrupted.

b.The muscle contraction process would last longer.

c. It would lead to an increase of potassium (K+) ions in the ICF.

d.The crossbridge formation would be disrupted.

A

b.The muscle contraction process would last longer.

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15
Q

In cardiac muscle tissue (contractile cells), potassium (K+) voltage gated channels open and return the cell membrane potential to its RMP in which phase(s) of the action potential.

Select one:

a.Phase 4.

b. Phase 0.

c. Phases 1, 2, 3.

d. Phases 3, 4.

A

c. Phases 1, 2, 3.

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle cells undergo contraction in which phase(s) of the action potential?
Select one:

a. Phase 3 and 4.

b. Phase 1 and 2.

c. Phase 3.

d. Phase 2.

A

d. Phase 2.

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17
Q

What best describes the role of the Purkinje fibers?

Select one:

a. Spontaneously depolarizes to generate action potentials.

b. Transmits the action potential down the interventricular septum.

c. Slows the conduction velocity of the action potential down.

d. Transmits the action potential to the lateral walls of the ventricle myocardium.

A

D. Transmits the action potential to the lateral walls of the ventricle myocardium.

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18
Q

Drugs that increase the heart rate are classified as:
Select one:

a. Negative chronotropic.

b. Negative inotropic.

c. Positive chronotropic.

d. Positive inotropic.

A

c. Positive chronotropic.

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19
Q

The role of troponin in cardiac muscle cell contraction is:

Select one:

a.To bind calcium (Ca2+) ions.

b.None of the options are accurate.

c. To bind the myosin head allowing the cross bridge formation to occur.

d. To pump calcium (Ca2+) ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

a.To bind calcium (Ca2+) ions.

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20
Q

On an EKG, the atrial repolarization wave is visible:
Select one:

a. True.

b. False.

A

b. False.

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21
Q

The PR Interval represents:

a. Atrial depolarization

b.Signal conduction through the AV node

c.Ventricular reploarization

d.Ventricle contraction

A

b.Signal conduction through the AV node

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of the gap junction in cardiac muscle tissue?
Select one:

a.Gap junctions allow cations to enter a myocyte directly from other myocytes.

b.Gap junctions generate pacemaker potentials.

c.Gap junctions allow cations to enter the myocardial cell from the extracellular fluid.

d.Gap junctions hold two myocytes together.

A

a.Gap junctions allow cations to enter a myocyte directly from other myocytes.

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23
Q

Drugs that increase the heart rate are classified as:
Select one:

a.Positive chronotropic.

b.Negative inotropic.

c.Negative chronotropic.

d.Positive inotropic.

A

a.Positive chronotropic.

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24
Q

Choose the correct conductive pattern of the cardiac conduction system.

Select one:

a.SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Bundle branches - Purkinje fibers.

b.SA node - Bundle of His - Bundle branches - AV node - Purkinje fibers.

c.SA node - Purkinje fibers - Bundle of His - Bundle branches - AV node.

d.AV node - SA node - Purkinje fibers - Bundle Branches - Bundle of His.

A

a.SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Bundle branches - Purkinje fibers.

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25
Q

All of the options are features of action potentials in cardiac muscle, except?

Select one:

a.Gap junctions play a vital role in the formation of action potentials in contractile myocytes.

b.Calcium (Ca2+) enter the myocyte during phase 03 of the action potential.

c.The action potentials of cardiac muscle have longer duration (time) than skeletal muscle action potentials.

d.Action potentials in the contractile myocytes and non-contractile myocytes are different.

A

B. Calcium (Ca2+) enter the myocyte during phase 03 of the action potential.

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26
Q

Which option represents when phase 2 of the action potential is occurring within the ventricles?

a.T Wave

b.PT Segment

c.QRS Complex

d.ST Segment

A

d.ST Segment

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle cells undergo contraction in which phase(s) of the action potential?
Select one:

a. Phase 2.

b. Phase 1 and 2.

c. Phase 3 and 4.

d. Phase 3.

A

a. Phase 2.

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28
Q

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the:
Select one:

a. P wave.

b. ST segment.

c. T wave.

d. QRS complex.

A

d. QRS complex.

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29
Q

During cardiac muscle relaxation, calcium (Ca2+) ions are pumped from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ECF.
Select one:

a. False.

b. True.

A

b. True.

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30
Q

The P wave of the electrocardiogram represents:
Select one:

a.Depolarization of the atria.

b.Repolarization of the atria.

c.Depolarization of the ventricles.

d.Depolarization of the AV node.

A

a.Depolarization of the atria.

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31
Q

The Cardiac Conduction System leads to coordinated muscle contraction in the heart so that the right side of the heart contracts then the left side contracts.

a.True

b.False

A

b.False

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32
Q

What is true about isovolumetric contraction?
Select one:

a. Only the semilunar valves are closed.

b. Causes the increase of end diastolic volume.

c. The pressure in the ventricle increases, but the volume of blood stays the same.

d. The volume of blood increases slowly.

A

c. The pressure in the ventricle increases, but the volume of blood stays the same.

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33
Q

What happens during atrial systole?
Select one:

a. Two of the options are correct.

b. The atria contract pumping blood into the ventricles.

c. The atrioventricular valves close.

d. The atria fill up with blood.

A

b. The atria contract pumping blood into the ventricles.

34
Q

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pump out by the atria and ventricles during one contraction?
Select one:

a. True

b. False

A

b. False

35
Q

What produces the S1 heart sounds?

Select one:

a. Atrioventricular valves closing.

b. Semilunar valves closing.

c.Atrial systole.

d. Semilunar valves opening.

A

a. Atrioventricular valves closing.

36
Q

What portion of the ECG would be most accurate and associated with isovolumetric relaxation?
Select one:

a. P wave.

b. QRS complex.

c. PR segment.

d. T wave.

A

d. T wave.

37
Q

What statement is true regarding blood flow through the heart and body?

Select one:

a.The left atrium contracts prior to the right atrium.

b. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.

c. The right atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit.

d. Blood in the left ventricle is deoxygenated.

A

b. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.

38
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle starts when:

Select one:

a.Atrioventricular valves open.

b.Semilunar valves close.

c.Semilunar valves open.

d. Atrioventricular valves close.

A

b.Semilunar valves close.

39
Q

What option is true?

Select one:

a. Atrial diastole is associated with the T wave on the ECG.

b. The QRS complex is directly associated with the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.

c. S1 heart sound is generated during ventricular systole.

d. Semilunar valves close at the beginning of ventricle systole.

A

c. S1 heart sound is generated during ventricular systole.

40
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) is measured:
Select one:

a.Right before isovolumetric contraction.

b.Right before isovolumetric relaxation.

c.Ventricle diastole.

d.Atrial systole.

A

a.Right before isovolumetric contraction.

41
Q

What part of the heart or body would have deoxygenated blood?

Select one:

a. Pulmonary arteries.

b. Left ventricle.

c.Pulmonary veins.

d.Aorta.

A

a. Pulmonary arteries.

42
Q

What is true of positive inotropic agents?

Select one:

a.They will increase end-systolic volume (ESV).

b.They will increase end-diastolic volume (EDV).

c.They will decrease end-diastolic volume (EDV).

d.They will decrease end-systolic volume (ESV).

A

d.They will decrease end-systolic volume (ESV).

43
Q

What option is accurate of increased hypertension (increase afterload)?

Select one:

a.Decreased end-diastolic volume (EDV).

b.Increased end-systolic volume (ESV).

c.Two of the options are correct.

d.Increased stroke volume.

A

b.Increased end-systolic volume (ESV).

44
Q

What option is accurate for a negative chronotropic agent/stimulation?

Select one:

a.Cardiac output will increase.

b.Two of the options are accurate.

c.End diastolic volume (ESV) will increase.

d.Cardiac output will decrease.

A

b.Two of the options are accurate.

45
Q

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the proportional relationship between which of the following pairs?

Select one:

a.Stroke volume and cardiac output.

b.Systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume.

c.End-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume.

d.The blood volume in the atria and stroke volume.

A

c.End-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume.

46
Q

If end-systolic volume (ESV) increases, more stretch will be placed on the myocardial cells (sarcomeres) causing them to contract more forcefully.

Select one:

a.False.

b.True.

A

a.False.

47
Q

All of the options are accurate regarding the Frank-Starling law, except?

Select one:

a.It relates to preload concepts associated with the ventricles.

b.It will influence stroke volume.

c.It will influence end diastolic volume (EDV).

d.All of the options true. None are False.

A

c.It will influence end diastolic volume (EDV).

48
Q

When sarcomeres are stretched to their optimal level, what option is accurate?

Select one:

a.End-systolic volume (ESV) volume will increase.

b.The myocytes will contract more forcefully.

c.End-diastolic volume (EDV) volume will increase.

d.Two of the options are accurate.

A

b.The myocytes will contract more forcefully.

49
Q

If there was a second-degree Mobitz type II heart block that occasionally led to the loss of the QRS complex on the ECG, how would that affect end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

Select one:

a.It wouldn’t directly affect end-diastolic volume (EDV).

b.Increase end-diastolic volume (EDV).

c.Decrease end-diastolic volume (EDV).

d.End-diastolic volume (EDV) would almost be at zero.

A

a.It wouldn’t directly affect end-diastolic volume (EDV).

50
Q

All of the options will increase cardiac output, except?

Select one:

a.Increased myocardium contractility.

b.Peripheral resistance.

c.Increase end diastolic volume (EDV).

d.Increased venous return.

A

b.Peripheral resistance.

51
Q

All of the options are variables that influence stroke volume, except?

Select one:

a.Venous blood return to the heart.

b.Stretch placed on the sarcomeres.

c.All of the options affect stroke volume.

d.Resistance in the blood vessels.

A

c.All of the options affect stroke volume.

52
Q

What option is accurate regarding the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle cell contraction?

a.Cardiac muscle contraction only involves myosin, actin, and tropomyosin.

b.Only skeletal cells have T-tubules and a sarcoplasmic reticulum.

c.The rush of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm from the extracellular fluid is only necessary for cardiac muscle contraction.

d.Cardiac and skeletal muscles are both dependent upon gap junctions for action potential propagation.

A

c.The rush of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm from the extracellular fluid is only necessary for cardiac muscle contraction.

53
Q

The QRS complex/wave is associated with Phase 0 of the atrial myocyte action potentials.

a.False.

b.True.

A

a.False.

54
Q

If a medication caused a negative dromotropic effect on the heart, it would increase the PR interval.

a.True.

b.False.

A

a.True.

55
Q

What option is TRUE regarding gap junctions?

a.None of the options are true.

b. They assist in holding the cardiac muscle cells together.

c. They are only found in the nodal cells of the myocardium.

d.Once activated by binding cations, they open voltage gated channels.

A

a.None of the options are true.

56
Q

All of the options are variables necessary for a sinus rhythm, except?

a.All of the options are variables necessary for a sinus rhythm.

b.Activation of the myocardium must occur in the correct sequence.

c.SA nodal impulses must occur regularly at a rate of 60-100 impulses per minute.

d.The action potential must originate in the SA node.

A

a.All of the options are variables necessary for a sinus rhythm.

57
Q

Which phase or phases of the myocyte action potential is a vital component of myocyte contraction?

a.Phase 0.

b.Phase 3.

c.Phase 1, 3.

d.Phase 2.

e. Phase 1, 2, 3.

f. Phase 4.

g. Phase 1, 2.

h. Phase 1.

A

d.Phase 2.

58
Q

If a medication extended phase 2 of the myocyte action potential, it could be referred to as:

a.Positive dromotropic.

b.Positive inotropic.

c.Positive chronotropic.

d.Negative dromotropic.

e.Negative chronotropic.

f.Negative inotropic.

A

b.Positive inotropic.

59
Q

This portion of the EKG is associated with ventricular repolarization?

a.P wave.

b.S-T segment.

c.QRS complex (wave)

d. T wave.

A

d. T wave.

60
Q

Phase 2 of the ventricular myocyte action potential activity would correlate with what portion of the EKG?

a. PR interval.

b. ST segment.

c. It is actually hidden on the EKG.

d. T wave.

e.QRS complex (wave).

f.PQ segment.

A

b. ST segment.

61
Q

What option is TRUE regarding action potentials in the myocardium of the heart?

a.Both nodal cells and myocytes have stable resting membrane potential.

b.Only nodal cell action potentials start with a slow depolarization phase that is spontaneous.

c.Phase 0 in both the nodal cells and myocytes have calcium ions rush into the cell.

d.Only myocytes (contractile cells) undergo action potentials.

A

b.Only nodal cell action potentials start with a slow depolarization phase that is spontaneous.

62
Q

A positive chronotropic effect on the heart would increase its muscle contractility force.

a.False.

b.True.

A

a.False.

63
Q

All of the options directly influence the contraction force of the myocardium, except?

a.SERCA pump

b.ST segment

c.Sodium-Calcium exchanger.

d.Phase 2 of the myocyte action potential.

A

b.ST segment

64
Q

Which phase of the nodal cell action potential is related to the spontaneous depolarization?

a. Phase 4.

b.Phase 2.

c.Phase 3.

d.Phase 0.

e.Phase 1.

f.Nodal cells do not undergo spontaneous depolarization.

A

a. Phase 4.

65
Q

Which phase or phases of the myocyte action potential allow for potassium ions to rush out of the cell?

a.Phase 3.

b.Phase 1, 2, 3.

c.Phase 0, 3.

d.Phase 1.

e.Phase 4.

f.Phase 0.

g.Phase 2.

h.Phase 1, 3.

A

b.Phase 1, 2, 3.

66
Q

What component is not necessary for cardiac muscle relaxation?

a.Calcium ATPase pump on the sarcolemma

b.Ryanodine pump

c.SERCA pump

d.Sodium-Calcium exchanger

A

b.Ryanodine pump

67
Q

Which option summarizes the Frank-Starling mechanism most accurately?

a.Increased venous returns causes a negative dromotropic effect.

b.Increased end diastolic volume causes an increased stretch on the sarcomeres of the myocytes leading to a more force contraction force.

c.Decreased end systolic volume leads to a more forceful contraction of the ventricular myocytes.

d.Increased end diastolic volume causes increased released of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

b.Increased end diastolic volume causes an increased stretch on the sarcomeres of the myocytes leading to a more force contraction force.

68
Q

Only inotropic and chronotropic stimuli will directly influence cardiac output, dromotropic will not.

a.True.

b.False.

A

b.False.

69
Q

Ventricular systole occurs due to what phase of the action potential?

a.Phase 0.

b.Phase 4.

c. Phases 0, 1, 2.

d.Phase 2.

e.Phase 3.

f.Phase 1.

A

d.Phase 2.

70
Q

What is associated with isovolumetric relaxation of the cardiac cycle?

a.Closure of the AV valves.

b.Systole of the ventricles.

c.None of the options are associated with isovolumetric relaxation.

d.Filling of the ventricles.

e.Diastole of the atria.

A

c.None of the options are associated with isovolumetric relaxation.

71
Q

All of the options would affect stroke volume, except?

a.Peripheral resistance in the circuits.

b.All of the options affect stroke volume.

c.End diastolic volume.

d.Positive dromotropic.

e. Venous return to the heart.

A

b.All of the options affect stroke volume.

72
Q

In general, increasing end systolic volume (ESV) will lead to increased cardiac output?
a.False.

b.True.

A

a.False.

73
Q

End diastolic volume of the ventricles is measured during what portion of the cardiac cycle?

a.Right before the AV valves open.

b.Right after isovolumetric relaxation occurs.

c.Atrial systole.

d.Right before isovolumetric contraction occurs.

A

d.Right before isovolumetric contraction occurs.

74
Q

End systolic volume should always be higher than end diastolic volume.

a.True.

b.False.

A

b.False.

75
Q

All of the options would increase cardiac output, except?

a.Positive chronotropic stimulus.

b.Increased end systolic volume (ESV).

c.Increased ST segment on an ECG.

d.Increased end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

b.Increased end systolic volume (ESV).

76
Q

A positive chronotropic stimulus will increase stroke volume and cardiac output.

a.True.

b.False.

A

a.True.

77
Q

To increase stroke volume, the body could increase the length of phase 2 of the action potential in the myocytes.

a.True.

b.False.

A

a.True.

78
Q

The S2 heart sound is associated with what portion of the ECG?

a.T wave.

b.P wave.

c.QRS complex.

d.PQ segment.

A

a.T wave.

79
Q

Isovolumetric contraction is associated with what portion of the ECG?

a. P wave.

b. T wave.

c. ST segment.

d. PR interval.

e.QRS complex.

f.
PQ segment.

A

c. ST segment.

80
Q

Ejection fraction would increase if end systolic volume (ESV) increases?

a.True.

b.False.

A

b.False.

81
Q

A negative inotropic stimulus on the heart will have what effect?

a.Increased cardiac output.

b.Decreased stroke volume.

c.Increased end systolic volume.

d.Two of the options are correct.

A

d.Two of the options are correct.

Phys. (8 decks)

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