Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys. > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone will inhibit gastric secretions and motility?

a.Cholecystokinin.

b.Histamine.

c.Serotonin.

d.Gastrin.

A

a.Cholecystokinin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestive enzymes are produced by which salivary cells?

a.Myoepithelial and serous cells.

b.Ductal and serous cells.

c.Myoepithelial cells

d.Serous cells.

e.Ductal cells.

f.Mucous and serous cells.

A

d.Serous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What option is TRUE of salvia?

a.It is a hypertonic solution.

b.Secreted from two salivary glands.

c.Has proteases within it to start chemical digestion.

d.Parasympathetic nervous system is the predominant stimulation for its secretion.

A

d.Parasympathetic nervous system is the predominant stimulation for its secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All options are true regarding the function of the stomach, except?

a.Absorption of proteins.

b.Food storage.

c.Chemical digestion.

d.Mechanical digestion.

A

a.Absorption of proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loss of mucous cell function can lead to damage of the epithelial layer of the stomach’s mucosa.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hormone will stimulate gastric function?

a.Somatostatin.

b.Gastrin.

c.Cholecystokinin.

d.Secretin.

A

b.Gastrin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

All the options are true regarding gastric regulation, except?

a.The gastric phase leads to the majority of HCl secretion.

b.The enterogastric reflex stimulates the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.

c.The cephalic phase will stimulate HCl production via the CN IV Trigeminal Nerve.

d.The intestinal phase ultimately decreases gastric function.

A

c.The cephalic phase will stimulate HCl production via the CN IV Trigeminal Nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of the bicarbonate - hydrogen ion ATPase pump is vital for proper production of HCl.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cell of the stomach mucosa produces intrinsic factor?

a.Chief cells.

b.Mucous cells.

c.Neuroendocrine cells

d.Parietal cells.

A

d.Parietal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All of the options are true regarding the mucosa layer of the GI tract, except?

a.The lamina propria allows for the majority of absorption.

b.Goblet cells are interspersed among the epithelial cells.

c.The enteroendocrine cells secrete various hormones that influence GI regulation.

d.Contains three layers.

A

a.The lamina propria allows for the majority of absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What statement is FALSE regarding bile?

a.Mostly composed of water.

b.All of the options are true.

c.Bilirubin is reabsorbed and re-used by the liver.

d.Bile salts are reabsorbed and re-used by the liver.

A

c.Bilirubin is reabsorbed and re-used by the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine dependent upon cholecystokinin?

a.It stimulates the parietal cells allowing for mechanical digestion to occur.

b.It stimulates the motility and peristalsis within the small intestine.

c.It stimulates pancreas and gallbladder function.

d.None of the options are accurate.

A

c.It stimulates pancreas and gallbladder function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What statement is TRUE regarding the small intestine?

a.The intestinal crypts assist with lipid absorption.

b.All of the options are false.

c.The brush border of the lamina propria has digestive enzymes.

d.For glucose to be absorbed into the enterocytes, it requires calcium.

A

b.All of the options are false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

All of the options are true regarding the small intestine, except?

a.Micelles are absorbed by enterocytes.

b.Water soluble vitamins are dependent upon bile salts for absorption.

c.Micelle formation is dependent upon bile.

d.Fat soluble vitamins are packaged into chylomicrons for absorption.

A

b.Water soluble vitamins are dependent upon bile salts for absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SLGT1 cotransporter requires energy for glucose to be absorbed into the enterocyte’s apical side.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All of the options are needed for the absorption of lipids, except?

a.Gallbladder function.

b.Pancreatic function.

c.Gastrin function.

d.All of the options are needed of lipid absorption.

e.Lymphatic system function.

A

c.Gastrin function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the small intestine?

a.Calcium absorption requires lipids for proper absorption.

b.Cholecystokinin released by the gallbladder will stimulate the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.

c.Digestive enzymes are released from the pancreas and are found on the brush border of the enterocytes.

d.Gastrin stimulates small intestine motility.

A

c.Digestive enzymes are released from the pancreas and are found on the brush border of the enterocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This type of cell assists with the protection against pathogens in the small intestine?

a.Enteroendocrine cells.

b.Paneth cells.

c.Enterocytes.

d.Goblet cells.

A

b.Paneth cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If there was damage to the lamina proper of the small intestine, what option would be accurate?

a.Absorption of chylomicrons would be impaired.

b.Small intestine motility would be impaired.

c.Absorption of carbohydrates would be impaired.

d.None of the answers are accurate.

A

a.Absorption of chylomicrons would be impaired.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

All of the options are needed for the absorption of carbohydrates, except?

a.All of the options are necessary for carbohydrate absorption.

b.Sodium-potassium ATPase pump within the enterocyte

c.Gallbladder function.

d.Pancreatic function.

A

c.Gallbladder function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A

-Serosa
-Muscularis Externa
-Submucosa
-Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Serosa Layer (Content/Function)

A

-Connective Tissue
-Holds the GI tract in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Muscularis Externa (Content/Function)

A

-2 layers of muscle
-digestion (mechanical/chemical) and motility of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Submucosa (Content/Function)

A

-Nerves, Blood Vessels, Lymphatic
-Has submucosal glands that release digestive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mucosa (3 Layers)

A

-Epithelial
-Lamina Propria
-Muscularis Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Contents/Functions of Lamina Propria

A

-Goblet Cells: Mucus
-Enteroendocrine: Hormones
-MALT: Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

IgA, H2O, Electrolytes, mucus (majority), lysosome, digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Functions of saliva

A

-Forms bolus
-Cleaning/hydrates mouth
-Inhibits bacterial growth
-Digestions of starch and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Types of gastric epithelial mucosal cells & what they secrete

A

-Goblet Cells: Mucus
-Enteroendocrine: Hormones
-Parietal Cells: HCL and intrinsic factor
-Chief Cells: Pepsinogen
-Stem Cells: Regenerate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Influence of different neuroendocrine cells on gastric function

A

-Serotonin: + (Enterochromaffin Cells)
-Gastrin: + (G Cells)
-Somatostain: - (Delta Cells)
-Histamine: + (Enterochromaffin-Like Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Phases of Gastric Regulation

A

-Cephalic
-Gastric
-Intestinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Cephalic phase of gastric regulation controls _______% of all HCl secretion

A

30-40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What stimuli affect the Cephalic phase of gastric regulation?

A

Smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing, thought of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cephalic: Mechanisms of HCl secretion

A

-Vagus Nerve Stimulation @ Enteric NS (secretes HCl)
-Vagus nerve stimulation of G-Cells->Gastrin->Parietal cells->HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The gastric phase of gastric regulation accounts for ____% of total HCL secretion in response to a meal

A

60

36
Q

Gastric: Mechanisms for HCL secretion

A
  1. Stretching of the stomach: Vagus Stimulation->Parietal (Direct)/Gastrin->Patietal (Indirect)
  2. Protein Ingestion: G cells->Gastrin->Increased HCl and pepsinogen
  3. Release of Histamine from ECL cells (via gastrin)
37
Q

The intestinal phase of gastric regulation accounts for ____ % of HCl production

A

10

38
Q

In the intestinal phase, the _______ determines the rate of gastric emptying

A

Duodenum

39
Q

Chyme is initially ______ but as more chyme enters it becomes ______

A

Stimulatory; Inhibitory

40
Q

As more chyme enters and becomes inhibitory this reflex is triggered?

A

Enterogastric reflex

41
Q

What does the Enterogastric reflex do?

A

-Sends - signals to: enteric NS & medulla (-PS/+S)
-+ duodenal neuroendocrine cells to secrete: Secretin and CCK

42
Q

Secretin functions

A

-Responds to low pH levels by increasing bicarbonate
-This increases pH and H+ ions

43
Q

Functions of CCK

A

-Pancreas +: Release of digestive enzymes
-Gallbladder +: Contraction
- gastric secretion/motility/emptying (-)

44
Q

Pathway of bilirubin metabolism

A

RBC->Spleen->Albumin->Bilirubin-Liver->Bile->Small intestine->Urobillogen->4 Pathways

45
Q

Functions of bile salts

A

-Emulsify lipids
-Form micelles

46
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

Movement of bile acid salt molecules from the liver to the small intestine and back to the liver

47
Q

Possible pathways of urobillogen

A

-Excretion of feces (80%)
-Urine Excretion (2%)
-Enterohepatic circulation (18%)

48
Q

Portions of the enteric nervous system are found in the mucosa and submucosa.

A

False

49
Q

What type of salivary gland cells are responsible for creating the hypotonic state of saliva?

a.Acinar cells.

b.Myoepithelial cells.

c.Serous cells.

d.Ductal cells.

A

d.Ductal cells.

50
Q

This neuroendocrine hormone is a primary stimulator of gallbladder contraction.

a.Gastrin.

b.Somatostatin.

c.Secretin.

d.Cholecystokinin.

e.Histamine.

f.Histamine.

A

d.Cholecystokinin.

51
Q

If there was a deficiency or impairment of this cell, it could lead an anemic state.

a.G-cell.

b.Parietal cell.

c.Chief cell.

d.Serous cell.

A

b.Parietal cell.

52
Q

What statement is TRUE regarding the stomach?

a.The chief cells secrete pepsin, an enzyme that chemical digests proteins.

b.The stomach has two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa layer.

c.The gastric pits only contain neuroendocrine cells.

d.None of the options are TRUE (all of the options are false).

A

d.None of the options are TRUE (all of the options are false).

53
Q

All of the following neuroendocrine hormones stimulate gastrointestinal motility, except ______?

a.Gastrin.

b.Somatostatin.

c.Histamine.

d.Serotonin.

A

b.Somatostatin.

54
Q

All of the statements are true regarding the mouth’s role in digestion, except ______?

a.Protein chemical digestion starts within the mouth.

b.Mastication is a primary role of the mouth within the digestion system.

c.There are three sets of salivary glands.

d.Saliva is a hypotonic solution that can contain antibodies.

A

a.Protein chemical digestion starts within the mouth.

55
Q

The esophagus is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle.

A

True

56
Q

All of the following options are mechanisms associated with the protection of the mucosa’s epithelial layer in the stomach, except _____?

a.Cell replacement by the stem cells.

b.Secretion of intrinsic factor.

c.Tight cellular junctions.

d.Mucous coat.

A

b.Secretion of intrinsic factor.

57
Q

All of the options are true regarding the lamina propria, except ______?

a.It assists with contraction process of the mucosa.

b.It provides immune support to the gastrointestinal tract.

c.Contains the neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones.

d.Contains blood and lymphatic vessels.

A

c.Contains the neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones.

58
Q

All of the options are true regarding gastric regulation, except _____?

a.The majority of HCl secretion occurs during the gastric phase.

b.The enterogastric reflex stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system innervation to the stomach.

c.During the cephalic phase, the majority of HCl secretion is initially stimulated by vagus nerve.

d.The enterogastric reflex occurs within the intestinal phase.

A

b.The enterogastric reflex stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system innervation to the stomach.

59
Q

What are the two main neuroendocrine hormones that stimulate HCl secretion?

a.Histamine and gastrin.

b.Gastrin and serotonin.

c.Histamine and serotonin.

d.Somatostatin and histamine.

A

a.Histamine and gastrin.

60
Q

All of the options are true regarding the gastrointestinal tract, except _____?

a.The mucosal layer has a layer of smooth muscle within it.

b.The submucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

c.The epithelial layer of the mucosa changes depending on the region in the GI tract.

d.The enteric nervous system will only stimulate motility of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

d.The enteric nervous system will only stimulate motility of the gastrointestinal tract.

61
Q

One mucin’s main role is to help ensure absorption of vitamin B12 occurs.

A

False; Intrinsic Factor

62
Q

What option is TRUE regarding innervation of the gastrointestinal tract?

a.The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits secretions of the gastrointestinal tract.

b.The enteric nervous system depends on input from the autonomic nervous system to function.

c.The sympathetic nervous system will stimulate muscle contractions of the gastrointestinal tract.

d.The submucosal plexus regulates gastrointestinal tract secretions.

A

d.The submucosal plexus regulates gastrointestinal tract secretions.

63
Q

All of the following enteroendocrine hormones will have stimulatory effect on gastric function, except ______?:

a.Somatotrophin.

b.Serotonin.

c.Gastrin.

d.Histamine.

A

a.Somatotrophin.

64
Q

What option is true regarding lipid absorption?

a.Absorbed lipids by the enterocytes are repackaged in the endoplasmic reticulum.

b.The lymphatic system absorbs chylomicrons from the enterocytes.

c.Micelles are absorbed by lacteals.

d.Most of the bile salts are excreted out in the feces.

A

b.The lymphatic system absorbs chylomicrons from the enterocytes.

65
Q

All of the options are true regarding the small intestine, except ______?

a.The parasympathetic system stimulates the small intestine secretions and motility.

b.Peristaltic contractions assist with mixing the chyme with the brush border.

c.The brush border of the mucosa will contain digestive enzymes.

d.The gallbladder and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes to assist with chemical digestion.

e.The villi contain the enterocytes.

A

d.The gallbladder and pancreas secrete digestive enzymes to assist with chemical digestion.

66
Q

The production and release of the aqueous portion of the pancreatic juice is stimulated by secretin and cholecystokinin.

A

False

67
Q

Glucose absorption is dependent on all of the following, except ______?

a.Sodium-potassium ATPase pump.

b.Sodium.

c.ATP.

d.SGLT1 cotransporter.

e.Glucose absorption is dependent on all of the options

A

e.Glucose absorption is dependent on all of the options

68
Q

All of the following options are mechanisms for HCl secretion in the gastric phase, except ______?

a.Vagus nerve stimulation.

b.Stretching of the stomach.

c.Gastrin stimulating enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine.

d.Protein ingestion.

A

a.Vagus nerve stimulation.

69
Q

The Paneth cells found in the villi section of the epithelial mucosa will secrete substances to assist with pathogen protection.

A

False

70
Q

The formation of the hastra is due to the peristaltic contractions.

A

False

71
Q

All of the following options are true regarding histamine’s effect on the gastrointestinal tract, except ______?

a.Stimulates pepsinogen secretion.

b.Stimulates the HCl secretion.

c.Secreted from the enterochromaffin cells.

d.Stimulates gastric motility

A

a.Stimulates pepsinogen secretion.

72
Q

All of the following options are true regarding hemoglobin metabolism, except ______?

a.Conjugated bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen by the liver.

b.A portion of urobilinogen will be reabsorbed into the enterohepatic circulation.

c.Unconjugated bilirubin travels to the liver attached to albumin.

d.The majority of urobilinogen is excreted out in the feces as stercobilin.

A

a.Conjugated bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen by the liver.

73
Q

All of the following are functions of the large intestine, except ______?

a.Absorb remaining electrolytes.

b.Absorb vitamins produced by the gut flora.

c.Absorb remaining water.

d.Store fecal matter.

e.Produce bacteria for gut flora.

A

e.Produce bacteria for gut flora.

74
Q

All of the options are true regarding the gallbladder, except ______?

a.The liver conjugates bilirubin to be secreted in the bile.

b.Cholecystokinin is the major hormone that stimulates secretion of bile.

c.Majority of the organic component of bile is bile pigments.

d.A function of bile is to create micelles.

A

c.Majority of the organic component of bile is bile pigments.

75
Q

A chronic blockage of bile secretion could result in:

a.The possibility of the development of jaundice.

b.Inability to secrete waste products.

c.The possibility of the development of osteoporosis.

d.Impaired lipid absorption.

e.All of the options are true

A

e.All of the options are true

76
Q

All of the following options are true of secretin, except ______?

a.Stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

b.Secretion is stimulated by a lower pH in the duodenum.

c.Suppresses gastric motility.

d.Suppresses gastric secretion.

A

a.Stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

77
Q

All of the following options are true of cholecystokinin, except ______?

a.Stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

b.Stimulates the gallbladder to contract.

c.Stimulates bile production.

d.Decreases HCl secretion in the stomach.

A

c.Stimulates bile production.

78
Q

Sections of the small intestine & function

A

Duodenum: First 10 inches (chyme regulation)
Jejunum: 40% of small intestine (digestion/absorption)
Ileum: Last 60% of small intestine (peyer’s patches)

79
Q

Anatomical structures assisting with increased surface area

A

-Circular folds
-Villi extensions
-Microvilli

80
Q

What types of cells are contained in the epithelial portion

A

Goblet cells, Enterocytes, Enteroendocrine cells

81
Q

______ compose majority of cells within the villi structure of epithelial cells and form the brush border

A

Enterocytes

82
Q

Intestinal Crypts that are contained within epithelial cells constrain 4 types of cells including:

A
  1. Enterocytes/Goblet cells (upper half)
  2. Stem cells (lower half)
  3. Paneth cells (bottom-pathogen protection)
  4. Enteroendocrine cells (Secrete hormones/regulate digestion)
83
Q

Motility in the small intestine has three goals

A
  1. Mix chyme with intestinal and pancreatic juice
  2. Churn chyme so it comes in contact with the brush border (to allow for enzyme absorption)
  3. Move ingested food towards the large intestine and rectum
84
Q

Types of muscle contractions in the small intestine

A
  1. Segmentation contractions: Mix the chyme, and expose it to pancreatic and intestinal juices/expose to brush border
  2. Peristaltic contractions: Propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine
85
Q

Formation of gallstones

A

Cholelitiasis

86
Q

Inflammation caused by the formation of gallstones

A

Cholesystitis

87
Q

Gallbladder removal

A

Cholecystectomy

Phys. (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions