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Phys. > Phys II Endocrine System > Flashcards

Phys II Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F
Protein hormones last longer in the blood than steroid-based hormones because they are attached to a protein carrier.

A

False

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2
Q

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the function of the anterior and posterior pituitary (T/F)

A

False

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3
Q

All of the options are true regarding the second messanger system, except?
A. The phospholipase second messenger requires the use of a G protein like the protein kinase pathway
B. Protein kinases phosphorylate other proteins leading to either activation or deactivation of them
C. Both protein kinases and phospholipase pathways lead to physiological chances by activating proteins
D. G Proteins activate adenylyl cyclase by converting ATP to cAMP

A

D. G Proteins activate adenylyl cyclase by converting ATP to cAMP

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4
Q

Activation of adenylyl cyclase will eventually lead to the production of the new proteins to allow for physiological changes within the cell (T/F)

A

False

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5
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
a.The hypothalamus secretes hormones that act upon both the anterior and posterior pituitary.

b.The hypothalamohypophysial tract is associated with the hypothalamus-posterior pituitary function.

c.The hypothalamus has neurosecretory cells that produce hormones are stored in both the anterior and posterior pituitary.

d.The anterior and posterior pituitary both produce and secrete hormones

A

b.The hypothalamohypophysial tract is associated with the hypothalamus-posterior pituitary function.

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6
Q

This type of cellular communication involves a cell secreting molecules that act upon cells surrounding it?
a.Neuroendocrine hormones.

b.Cytokines.

c.Paracrine.

d.Autocrine.

A

c.Paracrine.

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7
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the second messenger system?
a.Both protein and steroid base hormones utilize the second messenger system.

b.The binding of a hormone to the target receptor on the plasma membrane activates a protein kinase that actives adenylyl cyclase.

c.None of the options are true.

d.Adenylyl cyclase converts cAMP to ATP to active other protein kinases.

e.Protein kinases can active other proteins by converting cAMP to ATP.

A

c.None of the options are true.

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8
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the H-P axis?
a.The anterior pituitary secretes hormones in response to plasma changes.

b.Anterior pituitary neurosecretory cells start in the hypothalamus and extend down into anterior pituitary.

c.Posterior pituitary neurosecretory cells secrete out hormones that influence other endocrine glands.

d.Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.

A

d.Posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.

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9
Q

All of the options are true regarding the differences between steroid and protein-based hormones, except?
a.The location of protein-based hormones are the on cell membrane while steroid based hormones are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

b.Both steroid and protein-based hormones lead to increased cAMP molecule production.

c.Steroid based hormones tend to have a longer duration compared to protein-based hormones.

d.Steroid based hormones need to be bound to a protein to travel in the blood and protein-based hormones do not.

A

b.Both steroid and protein-based hormones lead to increased cAMP molecule production.

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10
Q

All of the options are true regarding hormone classification, except?
a.Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

b.Amine hormones are composed of nucleic acids.

c.Protein based hormones are the majority of hormones in the body.

d.Protein based hormones are composed of amino acids.

A

b.Amine hormones are composed of nucleic acids.

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11
Q

The concept of signal amplification is associated with what option?
a.The binding of one hormone can lead to activation of thousands of adenylyl cyclase molecules.

b.The binding of one hormone will lead to the up regulation of more target receptors to be created.

c.The binding of one hormone can lead to thousands of new proteins being produced.

d.The binding of one hormone will lead to the creation of thousands of cAMP molecules.

A

d.The binding of one hormone will lead to the creation of thousands of cAMP molecules.

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12
Q

Protein hormones last longer in the blood than steroid-based hormones because of they are attached to a protein carrier (T/F)

A

False

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13
Q

This type of hormone has internal cellular receptors?
a.All of the options are hormones that have internal cellular receptors.

b.Protein hormones.

c.Amine hormones.

d.Steroid hormones.

A

d.Steroid hormones.

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14
Q

All of the options are true, except?
a.The liver can clear hormones from the body by excreting it into bile.

b.Changes in plasma concentration of a molecule can lead to hormonal secretion.

c.Hormonal receptors are found on the plasma membrane and within the cytoplasm or nucleus.

d.Protein and lipid based hormones must bind to a transport protein to be transported in the blood.

A

d.Protein and lipid based hormones must bind to a transport protein to be transported in the blood.

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15
Q

All of the options are true regarding the posterior pituitary, except?
a.All of the options are associated with the posterior pituitary.

b.Assisting in regulation of contraction of the uterus (myometrium) during labor.

c.Assists with the regulation of blood osmolarity through regulating kidney function.

d.Oxytocin is a hormone released from the posterior pituitary.

e.The posterior pituitary produces and secretes two hormones.

A

e.The posterior pituitary produces and secretes two hormones.

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16
Q

All of the options are stimuli for growth hormone secretion, except?
a. Stress.
b. Somatotrophin
c. Physical activity.
d. Sleep.
e. Hyperglycemia.
f. Exercise.

A

e. Hyperglycemia.

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17
Q

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone could lead to skeletal muscles becoming spasm (T/F)

A

False

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18
Q

All of the options are true regarding cortisol, except?
a. Leads to osteoclast activity.
b. Secretion is under control of the hypothalamus - pituitary axis.
c. Causes skeletal muscle cells to increase uptake of glucose.
d. Inhibits the inflammatory response

A

c. Causes skeletal muscle cells to increase uptake of glucose.

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19
Q

All the options are true regarding growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1), except?
a. IGF-1 has anabolic effects on the body.
b. Fasting can lead to increased secretion of growth hormone.
c. IGF 1 leads to osteoclast activity.
d. Growth hormone will directly lead to increased glucose levels.
e. IGF 1 is made by the liver due to stimulation from growth hormone.

A

c. IGF 1 leads to osteoclast activity.

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20
Q

Thyroid hormone directly leads to the creation of new proteins to stimulate physiological change in the body.

A

True

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21
Q

The chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine primarily from stimulus by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).

A

False

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22
Q

What option is a direct effect of growth hormone?
a. Tissue repair.
b. Lipolysis.
c. Decreased blood glucose levels. d. Linear growth of bones.

A

b. Lipolysis.

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23
Q

All of the options are short-term effects of growth hormone, except?
a. Hyperglycemia.
b. Insulin resistance.
c. Glycogen formation.
d. Lipolysis.
e. Gluconeogenesis.

A

c. Glycogen formation.

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24
Q

Renal disease could result in a loss of bone mass.

A

True

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25
Q

The chromaffin cells start in the adrenal cortex and extend down into the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine.

A

False

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26
Q

Somatotrophin is released from the anterior pituitary along with other organs such as the pancreas and within the digestive system.

A

False

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27
Q

All of the options are necessary components to synthesize thyroid hormone, except?
a. Iodine.
b. Thyroid peroxidase.
c. Cholesterol.
d. Tyrosine.

A

c. Cholesterol.

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28
Q

All of the options are true regarding aldosterone, except?
a. Aldosterone causes the excretion of potassium in the kidneys.
b. Aldosterone is classified as a mineralocorticoid.
c. Aldosterone secretion is controlled by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion.
d. Aldosterone causes the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys.
e. Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.

A

c. Aldosterone secretion is controlled by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion.

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29
Q

All of the options are physiological changes associated with cortisol, except?
a. Increased blood glucose levels.
b. Enhanced immune function.
c. Proteolysis within cells.
d. Increased free fatty acids within the blood.

A

b. Enhanced immune function.

30
Q

If thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are high, what would you expect T3/T4 levels to be?
a. Higher T3/T4 levels.
b. Normal T3/T4 levels.
c. Lower T3/T4 levels.

A

c. Lower T3/T4 levels.

31
Q

What option is NOT true regarding hormones?
a.Steroid based hormones commonly circulate in the blood longer than protein based hormones.
b.All of the options are true regarding hormones.
c.Steroid based hormones commonly bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of their target cells.
d.Protein based hormones commonly cause an increase of cellular metabolism when they bind to its target cell’s receptor.

A

c.Steroid based hormones commonly bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of their target cells.

32
Q

What option is NOT a direct effect of growth hormone?
a.Decrease glucose uptake.
b.Increase gluconeogenesis.
c.Increase osteoblast activity.
d.Insulin response.

A

c.Increase osteoblast activity.

33
Q

IGF-1 and Growth Hormone are secreted by the anterior pituitary.

A

False

34
Q

Which action is NOT mediated through IGF-1?

A.Increased lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides).

B.Increased skeletal muscle mass.

C.Increases Amino Acid uptake and protein synthesis.

D.Increased bone growth.

A

A.Increased lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides).

35
Q

A common function of a G-protein is to stimulate protein synthesis.

A

False

36
Q

Steroid based hormones can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind on to a receptor in the nucleus of cell.

A

True

37
Q

What option is true regarding the regulation of hormonal secretion?
a.The posterior pituitary hormonal secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis regulation.

b.Most hormonal regulation is set up on positive feedback loop.

c.Only the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus, is under hormonal regulation for homeostatic feedback loops.

d.The posterior pituitary hormones are stored in the neurosecretory axon terminals that originate in the hypothalamus until they are stimulated to be secreted.

A

d.The posterior pituitary hormones are stored in the neurosecretory axon terminals that originate in the hypothalamus until they are stimulated to be secreted.

38
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding growth hormone (GH) is FALSE?

Select one:

A.Growth hormone is produced and secreted by cells located in the anterior pituitary gland.

B.Growth hormone (GH) secretion occurs in an intermittent pulsatile fashion.

C.Growth hormone secretion is inhibited by somatotropin.

D.Growth hormone directly causes skeletal muscle growth.

A

C.Growth hormone secretion is inhibited by somatotropin.

39
Q

The hormones of the posterior pituitary include:

Select one:
A.Androgen and Estradiol
B.GnRH and CRH
C.TSH and FSH
D.ADH and Oxytocin

A

D.ADH and Oxytocin

40
Q

Which of the following is synthesized and released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
A.Somatostatin

B.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

C.Thyroid-stimulating hormone

D.Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

C.Thyroid-stimulating hormone

41
Q

What option is NOT necessary for thyroid synthesis?
a.The creation of MIT and DIT molecules.

b.Thyroid peroxidase.

c.Thyroxine binding globulin.

d.Synthesis of thyroglobulin.

A

b.Thyroid peroxidase.

42
Q

What option is true regarding the adrenal glands?
a.They are located within the peritoneal cavity.

b.Chromaffin cells secrete out cortisol.

c.The adrenal medulla is divided into three zones.

d.The adrenal medulla is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus - anterior pituitary axis.

A

d.The adrenal medulla is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus - anterior pituitary axis.

43
Q

If an individual has a hypothyroidism, what option is accurate regarding their bloodwork?

a.TRH levels will be lower than average.

b.T4 levels will be high.

c.TSH levels will be normal, but TRH levels will be high.

d.TSH levels will be higher than average.

A

d.TSH levels will be higher than average.

44
Q

This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to ultimately stimulate the release of corticosteroids?

a.Cortisol.

b.Epinephrine.

c.Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH).

d.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

c.Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH).

45
Q

What option is accurate regarding hormones?

a.Protein based hormones primarily bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells.

b.Protein based hormones circulate in the blood bound to proteins.

c.G-protein associated receptors commonly lead to increased concentration of cAMP to allow for metabolic effects.

d.If someone is iodine deficient, their TSH levels will be low.

A

c.G-protein associated receptors commonly lead to increased concentration of cAMP to allow for metabolic effects.

46
Q

What option is NOT correct regarding the adrenal medulla?

a.All of the options are correct regarding the adrenal medulla.

b.Secretes out epinephrine.

c.Chromaffin cells secrete out the adrenal medulla hormones.

d.Secretion of hormones is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

a.All of the options are correct regarding the adrenal medulla.

47
Q

Regarding normal thyroid function, which of the following is correct?

Select one:

A.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted from the hypothalamus.

B.Thyroid hormone has no effects on the central nervous system.

C.T4 is the more physiologically active form of thyroid hormone.

D.TSH levels will be above elevated if T3 and T4 blood levels are low.

A

D.TSH levels will be above elevated if T3 and T4 blood levels are low.

48
Q

In an adult, thyroid hormone primarily regulates:

Select one:

A.Metabolism.

B.Digestion.

C.Reproductive function.

D.Aging (senescence).

A

A.Metabolism.

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT CONSISTENT with elevated thyroid hormone levels?

A.Trouble tolerating coldness.

B.Increase in respiration rate.

C.Increase in pulse pressure.

D.Increase in cardiac output.

A

A.Trouble tolerating coldness.

50
Q

What option is TRUE regarding thyroid function?

a.The follicles within the thyroid contains follicular cells that surround a lumen space.

b.Cells convert T3 to T4 inside the cell to its active form.

c.The majority of thyroid hormone circulates free throughout the blood stream.

d.Thyroid hormone bind to target cell receptors on the plasma membrane.

A

a.The follicles within the thyroid contains follicular cells that surround a lumen space.

51
Q

What is NOT an effect insulin has on the body?

a.Glycogenesis.

b.Lipogenesis.

c.Inhibition of proteolysis.

d.Inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.

A

d.Inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.

52
Q

Insulin will cause an increase in protein and glycogen synthesis

A

True

53
Q

Cortisol stimulates the storage of glucose, causing decreased hypoglycemia.

A

False

54
Q

Stimulation of aldosterone secretion could be dependent upon on which option?

a.All of the options could be a variable for aldosterone secretion.

b.Decreased blood sodium ion levels.

c.Renin.

d.Low blood pressure.

A

a.All of the options could be a variable for aldosterone secretion.

55
Q

Lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis increase with insulin secretion.

A

False

56
Q

Cortisol causes the breakdown of amino acids within cells.

A

True

57
Q

Cortisol stimulates the process of lipolysis and proteolysis.

A

True

58
Q

What option is NOT an effect that cortisol has on the body?

a.Increase of fatty acids within the blood.

b.Stimulate HCl secretion in the stomach.

c.Increase the inflammatory process.

d.Hyperglycemia.

A

c.Increase the inflammatory process.

59
Q

Insulin binding to its receptor activates that receptor to open and allow for glucose to enter the cell.

A

False

60
Q

Cortisol, if taken as prescription medication in higher dosages, can suppress the immune system.

A

True

61
Q

Glucagon will stimulate gluconeogenesis but inhibit glycogenoloysis

A

False

62
Q

Lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis increase with insulin secretion

A

False

63
Q

What option is TRUE regarding calcium regulation?

a.Vitamin D is converted to the active form due to hydroxylation reactions in the liver and lungs.

b.The active form of calcium is called cholecalciferol.

c.Parathyroid hormone will stimulate osteoclast activity.

d.Hypercalcemia can lead to muscle cramps and tetany.

A

c.Parathyroid hormone will stimulate osteoclast activity.

64
Q

What option is TRUE regarding calcium regulation?

a.Vitamin D has to be activated before it is functional.

b.The skeletal system, renal system, and liver are all directly involved with calcium regulation.

c.Parathyroid hormone decreases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium.

d.All of the options are true regarding calcium regulation.

A

a.Vitamin D has to be activated before it is functional.

65
Q

The organic matter of bone tissue is composed of hydroxyapatite and provides bone its hardness.

A

False

66
Q

All of the options are accurate regarding calcitonin, except?

a.Decreases absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract.

b.Secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

c.Increases osteoblast activity.

d.All of the options are accurate regarding calcitonin.

A

b.Secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

67
Q

Vitamin D3 is primarily obtained from plant sources?

A

False

68
Q

Secretion of this hormone(s) would result in higher blood calcium levels?

a.Vitamin D.

b.Parathyroid hormone.

c.Calcitonin.

d.Parathyroid and Vitamin D.

A

d.Parathyroid and Vitamin D.

69
Q

Neurosecretory cells within the hypothalamus secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are stored in the anterior pituitary

A

False

70
Q

A calcium carbonate supplement is good because it is composed of a lot of elemental calcium compared to other calcium supplements and it doesn’t need much stomach acid for digestion.

A

False

Phys. (8 decks)

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