Test 1 Unit 1-2

Question 1

There are 4 areas where you would find extracellular fluid (ECF), where are those?

Answer 1

Outside of the cell
In between cells (ISF)
plasma/Lymph
Transcellular

Question 2

What is the ion composition of ISF?

Answer 2

Increased Na+, Cl-, Ca++, HCO3-

Question 3

What is the ion composition of ICF?

Answer 3

Increased K+, phosphates, proteins

Question 4

What is the Number of solutes per kg?

Answer 4

Osmolarity

Question 5

What is the number of solutes per Liter?

Answer 5

Osmolality

Question 6

What is the concentration of a solution as compared to another solution?

Answer 6

tonicity

Question 7

T/F
Tonicity is the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What do you call solutions that have equal osmotic pressures?

Answer 8

Isotonic

Question 9

What is a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure due to high solute concentration?

Answer 9

Hypertonic

Question 10

Everything is maintained within a cell is referred to as what?

Answer 10

isotonic

Question 11

If H2O increased outside of a cell in the ECF, it would be considered what?

Answer 11

hypotonic

Question 12

which of the following statements is FALSE:
A. Neurotransmitter diffuses within the synaptic cleft
B. Neurotransmitter enzyme parts are re-absorbed by pre-synaptic neuron
C. Active transport pumps that pump neurotransmitter back into the axon terminal are Re-uptake pumps
D. Neuroglia cell pumps neurotransmitter into the astrocyte.

Answer 12

A.
diffuses out of the synaptic cleft

Question 13

T/F
Agonstiic effect decreases the effect of neurotransmitter.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What decreases or inhibits the effect of the neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

Antagonistic Effect

Question 15

Which statement is True?
A. Naloaxone binds to opioid receptors and activates them while blocking the effects of heroin.

B. Morphine mimics the effects of endorphins by biding to opioid receptors.

C. Receptor agonist is when venom is able to bind to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle which in turns blocks the receptor.

D. None of the statements are true.

Answer 15

B. Morphine mimics the effects of endorphins by biding to opioid receptors.

Question 16

What statement is TRUE regarding the action potential process?

A. Voltage gated potassium (K+) ion channels open first when the membrane potential threshold is met at the axon hillock.

B. None of the answers are true.

C Depolarization and repolarization are associated with voltage gated channels and hyperpolarization is associated with ligand gated channels.

D. If chloride (Cl-) ions enter the dendrite associated with a graded potential, it bring the neuron closer to forming an action potential

Answer 16

B. None of the answers are true

Question 17

What statement is TRUE regarding synapses?

a. Ionotropic receptors will always be found on post ganglionic neurons’ soma and dendrite region.

b. Gap junctions allow neurotransmitters to pass from one cell to the next.

c. None of the options are true.

d. Stimulation of a neurotransmitter to be released is dependent upon ligand gated calcium (Ca2+) ion channels opening on the axon terminal.

Answer 17

a. Ionotropic receptors will always be found on post ganglionic neurons’ soma and dendrite region.

Question 18

A drug that increases the activity of a receptor is commonly called:

A. Altruistic Drug.
B. Antagonist Drug
C. Agonistic Drug
D. Naturalpathic

Answer 18

C. Agonistic Drug

Question 19

All of the options are mechanisms in which a neurotransmitter is degraded, except?

a. Enzymatic activity catabolize the neurotransmitter.

b. It undergoes endocytosis from the post synaptic neuron or effector cell.

c. Diffuses out of the synaptic cleft space.

d. It is pumped back up into the axon terminal.

Answer 19

b. It undergoes endocytosis from the post synaptic neuron or effector cell.

Question 20

Which of the following is associated with the repolarization portion of an action potential?

a. Occurs when there are calcium (Ca+2) ions rushing into the cell.

b. Occurs due to the function of the sodium - potassium ATPase pump.

c. An increase of the membrane voltage charge.

d. Occurs due to potassium (K+) ions rushing out of the cell

Answer 20

d. Occurs due to potassium (K+) ions rushing out of the cell

Question 21

Which statement is TRUE regarding action potentials?
a. Ligand gated potassium (K+) channels open during repolarization.
b. Voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels stay open longer than potassium (K+) voltage gated channels.
c. None of the options are true.
d. An action potential can occur during the absolute refractory period.

Answer 21

c. None of the options are true.

Question 22

All of the options are true regarding action potentials except:

a. Larger axons with myelination have the fastest conduction speed of action potentials.
b. Saltatory conduction of an action potential occurs at the nodes of Ranvier.
c. An unmyelinated axon has an axon potential generated all along the plasma membrane of the axon.
d. During the relative refractory period, an action potential can occur and requires a smaller stimulus input to initiate an action potential.

Answer 22

d. During the relative refractory period, an action potential can occur and requires a smaller stimulus input to initiate an action potential.

Question 23

What statement is TRUE regarding action potentials?

a. The occur along the dendrites and soma of the neuron.
b. Myelinated axons only have the action potentials occur at the axon hillock and axon terminal.
c. They ultimately lead to the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal.
d. Depolarization occurs due to potassium (K+) voltage gated channels opening.

Answer 23

c. They ultimately lead to the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal.