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Phys. > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tubular Secretion occurs along specific points of the renal tubular system where items are moved from the blood into the renal tubular system

A

True; Tubular Secretion removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate

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2
Q

All the statements are true regarding the proximal convoluted tubule, except?
A. About 2/3 of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
B. The sodium-potassium pump is found on the basolateral side of the proximal convoluted tubule cells
C. The proximal convoluted tubule has limited ability to reabsorb glucose without sodium ions
D. The proximal convoluted tubule can influence blood pH levels
E. Actually, all options are true

A

E. Actually, all options are true

Apical Side of PCT: Sodium Symports/Antiports

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3
Q

All of the statements are true regarding the kidneys, except?

a.The renal corpuscle is part of the nephron.

b.They are retroperitoneal.

c.The afferent arterioles divide into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.

d.Cannot generate new nephrons.

A

c.The afferent arterioles divide into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.

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4
Q

What statement is TRUE regarding the nephron?

a.The podocyte extensions wrap around the glomerulus.

b.The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is part of the filtration membranes associated with the glomerulus.

c.The glomerulus is classified as a continuous capillary.

d.Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

A

a.The podocyte extensions wrap around the glomerulus.

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5
Q

The main force that drives fluid out of the glomerulus is:

a.Glomerulus colloidal pressure.

b.Glomerulus hydrostatic pressure.

c.Glomerular capsule colloidal pressure.

d.Glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure.

A

b.Glomerulus hydrostatic pressure.

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6
Q

It requires energy to reabsorb sodium back into the blood.

A

True

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7
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about 2/3 of the filtration except water, which is mainly reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

A

False; About 2/3 of water found in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in PCT

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8
Q

If the glomerular filtration rate is too high, what statement is true?

a.COX 2 enzyme is inhibited.

b.Decreased concentration of adenosine occurs.

c.Renin is secreted by the granular cells.

d.Prostaglandins will stimulate contraction of the granular cells.

A

a.COX 2 enzyme is inhibited.

-High sodium concentration inhibits the COX 2 enzyme (which increases with high GFR)
-High GFR=Excess amount of Urine (Dehydration)
-Leads to constriction of the afferent arteriole

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9
Q

All of the options lead to angiotensin activation, except?

a.Increased adenosine concentration.

b.Catecholamine release.

c.Low glomerular filtration rate.

d.COX 2 activation.

A

a.Increased adenosine concentration.

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10
Q

The cortical nephrons are utilized to assist with the concentrating urine.

A

False

  1. Cortical: Short loop of Henle, extends only into outer region of renal medulla; Deal with excretory and regulatory function of the kidneys
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11
Q

All of the options are functions of the renal system, except?

a.Assist in production of calcitriol.

b.Simulating erythrocyte and thrombocyte production

c.Actually, all of the options are functions of the renal system.

d.Regulation of blood volume.

e.Regulation of blood pH.

A

b.Simulating erythrocyte and thrombocyte production

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12
Q

If the macula densa cells absorb less sodium ions, that statement is FALSE?

a.Will lead to activation of the COX 2 enzyme.

b.It is an indication of low glomerular filtration rate.

c.Will lead to the contraction of the granular cells and renin secretion.

d.Will lead to prostaglandin production within the macula densa cells

A

c.Will lead to the contraction of the granular cells and renin secretion.

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13
Q

If the glomerular filtration rate is too low, what statement is correct?

a.Granular cells are stimulated to contract.

b.Renin secretion is inhibited.

c.None of the statements are correct.

d.The macula densa cells will absorb less calcium ions.

A

c.None of the statements are correct.

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14
Q

All of the statements are true regarding nephron function, except?

a.Glomerular filtration rate the amount of fluid filtrated per minute by all the nephrons.

b.The renal tubular system reabsorbs about 99% of filtrate produced.

c.The glomerular capsule space should have no colloidal pressure.

d.If glomerular filtration rate is too high, it can lead to increased waste reabsorption.

A

d.If glomerular filtration rate is too high, it can lead to increased waste reabsorption.

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15
Q

This is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood?

a.Ammonia.

b.Urea.

c.Amino acid metabolism derivatives.

d.Creatinine.

e.Uric acid.

A

b.Urea.

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16
Q

The goal of the nephron loop is to create an osmolarity gradient that maximizes water reabsorption in the collecting duct

A

False

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17
Q

If blood osmolarity was increased, what option is accurate?
a. Two of the answers are accurate.
b. Aldosterone secretion would be decreased.
c. The posterior pituitary would be stimulated to secrete vasopressin (ADH).
d. The proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct would decrease the amount aquaporins.

A

c. The posterior pituitary would be stimulated to secrete vasopressin (ADH).

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18
Q

A beta-intercalated cell will increase bicarbonate ion reabsorption (into the blood)?

A

False

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19
Q

Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can cause cardiac arrythmias.

A

True

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20
Q

All the options are true regarding the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), except?
a. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the DCT.
b. The sodium-chloride symporter is on apical side of the DCT cells.
c. Actually, all of the answers are true.
d. Calcitriol leads to increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump to increase calcium absorption through the calcium-sodium cotransporter

A

d. Calcitriol leads to increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump to increase calcium absorption through the calcium-sodium cotransporter

DCT: Partially under control of hormones for function (with the collecting duct)

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21
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the micturition process?
a. It is the parasympathetic nervous system that stimulates contraction of the detrusor muscle.
b. All of the options are true.
c. It is the pudendal nerve that stimulates contraction of the urethra.
d. Sensory input from the bladder only goes the sacrum region of the CNS.

A

a. It is the parasympathetic nervous system that stimulates contraction of the detrusor muscle.

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22
Q

What option best defines why the osmolarity decreases in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
a. Because of the electrolyte loss from the ascending limb of the nephron.
b. Because of the water loss from the descending limb of the nephron.
c. Because of the vasa recta secreting electrolytes.
d. Because of the high urea concentration in the interstitial fluid (interstitium).

A

a. Because of the electrolyte loss from the ascending limb of the nephron.

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23
Q

If the blood pH level was alkalosis (outside of the normal homeostatic range), how would the body react?
a. Two of the options are correct.
b. Activation of the alpha intercalated cells.
c. Decrease respiration rate.
d. Increase respiration rate.
e. Have increased use of protein chemical buffers binding hydrogen ions.

A

c. Decrease respiration rate.

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24
Q

If an individual had over-active alpha intercalated cells, this could result in what type of acid-base balance?
a. Respiratory acidosis.
b. Metabolic acidosis.
c. Metabolic alkalosis.
d. Respiratory alkalosis.

A

c. Metabolic alkalosis.

Alpha intercalated cells: Associated with acidosis state (acidosis->alkalosis)

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25
Q

Inhibition of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter would lead to:
a. None of the answers are accurate or true.
b. A disruption in the urea recycling mechanism.
c. Decreased electrolyte ion loss in the descending limb of the nephron loop.
d. Increased water loss in the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

A

a. None of the answers are accurate or true.

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26
Q

The osmolarity of the descending limb of the nephron loop increases because of the fact it is permeable to electrolytes and water

A

False

-Descending limb: Permeable only to water (absorbs salts)
-Ascending limb: Permeable only to electrolytes (absorbs water)

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27
Q

All of the statements are true regarding aldosterone and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), except?
a. Aldosterone stimulates the increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump on the baso-lateral side of the DCT cells.
b. Actually, all of the options are true.
c. Aldosterone stimulates the creation of potassium protein channels on the apical side of the DCT cells.
d. Aldosterone stimulates the creation of sodium protein channels on the apical side of the DCT cells.

A

b. Actually, all of the options are true.

Aldosterone: Reabsorbs sodium/secretes potassium

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28
Q

If the respiration rate increased over five minutes, this would lead to:
a. A decrease in pH.
b. Increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
c. An increase of hydrogen ion concentration.
d. None of the answers are correct.

A

d. None of the answers are correct.

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29
Q

This type of acid-base balance occurs when an individual starts to hyperventilate from a panic attack?
a. Metabolic acidosis.
b. Respiratory alkalosis.
c. Metabolic alkalosis.
d. Respiratory acidosis.

A

b. Respiratory alkalosis.

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30
Q

Activation of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System) will stimulate vasopressin secretion.

A

True

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31
Q

What option is accurate regarding the glomerulus?

a.The efferent arteriole brings blood into the nephron.

b.The afferent arteriole divides into the cortical radiate arteries

c.None of the options are accurate.

d.Is composed of continuous capillaries.

A

c.None of the options are accurate.

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32
Q

What option is not a layer that molecules pass through from the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule?

a.Lamina propria.

b.Fenestrated capillary.

c.Basement membrane.

d.Podocytes.

A

a.Lamina propria.

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33
Q

Why is the juxtamedullary nephron important?

a. It has fewer filtration membranes for molecules to pass through.

b. Has a higher GFR than cortical nephrons.

c. Assists in concentrating urine.

d. None of the options are accurate.

A

c. Assists in concentrating urine.

Juxtamedullary: Long loop of Henle, that extends deep in the renal medulla; Assists in concentrating or diluting urine (15%)

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34
Q

The afferent arteriole branches into the peritubular arteries

A

False

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35
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and glomerular (bowman’s) capsule and the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule.

A

False; Glomerulus and Glomerular Capsule (not the beginning of the PCT)

-Glomerulus: Tuft of capillaries from the Afferent capillary
-Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule: Captures the filtrate

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36
Q

If an individual has life-threatening levels of nitrogenous waste in their blood, this is referred to as:

a.Axotemia.

b.Uric acid.

c.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN).

d.Uremia.

A

d.Uremia.

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37
Q

All of the following are functions of the urinary system, except?

a.Filtration of toxins.

b.Assist with blood pressure regulation.

c.All of the options are functions of the urinary system.

d.Stimulate the production of erythrocytes.

e.Assist in regulation of blood pH levels.

A

c.All of the options are functions of the urinary system.

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38
Q

What option is accurate regarding the urinary system?

a.The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule has two layers.

b.There are roughly 1,000 nephrons in each kidney.

c.The cortical nephron’s loop of Henle extends deep into the medulla of the kidney.

d.The glomerulus has 4 layers for molecules to pass through.

A

a.The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule has two layers.

Layers of the Glomerulus
1. Parietal (Outer) Layer: Simple Squamous epi.
2. Visceral (Inner) Layer: Contain Podocytes

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39
Q

What type of nitrogenous waste is normally in highest concentration within the urine?

a.Creatine.

b.Uric acid.

c.Urea.

d.Ammonia.

A

c.Urea.

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40
Q

Podocytes cells wrap around efferent arteriole and serves as one of layers to the filtration membranes.

A

False

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41
Q

What are the functions of the renal system?

A

-Excrete: Wastes, blood volume, electrolytes and osmolarity
-Secretes: Renin and Erythropoietin (RBC production) and Calcitrol

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42
Q

What is the blood test used to test kidney function?

A

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

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43
Q

What are the layers associated with the glomerulus that have solutes to pass through?

A

-Capillary (Fenestrated), Basement Membrane, and Podocytes (Outer layer of the glomerulus)

44
Q

Describe the forces associated with the filtration of the blood in the glomerulus (3)

A
  1. Hydrostatic Pressure w/i glomerulus
  2. Hydrostatic Pressure w/i capsule
  3. Osmotic pressure w/i glomerulus
45
Q

What are the three mechanisms to GFR control?

A
  1. Renal Auto-regulation
  2. Sympathetic Control (ANS)
  3. Hormonal
46
Q

How does/what is the stimulus for renin secretion from the kidneys?

A

Proteoglycans diffuse to the granular cells/bind to the receptor->Stimulate the secondary messenger system (adenylyl Cyclase)->Leads to renin secretion

47
Q

What are some unique characteristics of the PCT?

A

-60-75% of reabsorption b/c of high hydrostatic pressure, high osmotic pressure w/ lots of microvilli

48
Q

Explain how the following hormones/Symport era affect the DCT/CD: Calcitrol, Aldosterone, PTH, Na-Cl Symporter

A

-Calcitrol: Increases calcium reabsorption
-Aldosterone: Increases Na reabsorption/increases K+ excretion
-PTH: Increases Ca+ reabsorption
-Na-Cl Symporter: Increases Na and Cl reabsorption (proximal DCT)

49
Q

Explain the correlation between blood osmolarity and ADH secretion

A

-Increase in blood osmolarity: Iecreased concentration of solutes in the blood, increased ADH, and increase in urine osmolarity
-Decrease in blood osmolarity: Decreased concentration of solutes in the blood, decrease in ADH and decrease in urine osmolarity

50
Q

Explain the parasympathetic and sympathetic roles in the micturition process

A

-Parasympathetic: Pelvic Nerve simulates the detrusor muscle to contract
-Sympathetic: Hypogastric nerve causes the detrustor to relax and causes the internal sphincter to contract

51
Q

Describe each of the acid-base imbalance conditions and how the body could regain blood pH homeostasis: Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, Metabolic Acidosis, Type Metabolic Alkalosis

A

-Respiratory Acidosis: Increased CO2+ carbonic acid/Decreased pH & Use of

-Respiratory Alkalosis: Decreased CO2 + carbonic acid/Increased pH & Use of Beta

-Metabolic Acidosis: Bicarbonate ion deficiency

-Metabolic Alkalosis: Excess of bicarbonate ions

52
Q

What statement is accurate?

a.The net filtration pressure (NFP) is maintained throughout the entire glomerulus.

b.The parasympathetic nervous system will lead to a decreased glomerular filtration rate.

c.There is a strong colloidal osmotic pressure within the glomerular capsule that influences the net filtration pressure (NFP).

d.The kidneys don’t have the ability to regulate glomerular filtration rate without the help of the ANS and hormones.

A

a.The net filtration pressure (NFP) is maintained throughout the entire glomerulus.

53
Q

What option is true?

a.Glomerular filtration rate in males and females are the same.

b.A glomerular filtration rate to low will cause excessive urine output.

c.Myogenic mechanism allows for autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate in response to the mean arterial pressure.

d.Net filtration pressure and glomerular filtration rate are the same.

A

c.Myogenic mechanism allows for autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate in response to the mean arterial pressure.

  • Myogenic mechanism: Vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the stretch of the afferent arteriole (Increased/Decreased MAP)
54
Q

All of the options are layers that molecules will pass through to enter into the glomerular capsule, except?

a.All of the options are layers that molecules will pass through.

b.Basement membrane.

c.Continuous capillary pores.

d.Foot process of the podocytes.

A

c.Continuous capillary pores.

55
Q

What statement is true regarding tubuloglomerular feedback?

a.Mesangial cells metabolize ATP to adenosine causing the macula densa cells to constrict the efferent arteriole.

b.Granular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole can constrict to decrease glomerular filtration rate.

c.Mesangial cells secrete ATP to lead to changes in the glomerular filtration rate.

d.As glomerular filtration rate increases more potassium is absorbed by the macula densa cells.

A

b.Granular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole can constrict to decrease glomerular filtration rate.

Tubuloglomerular Feedback
-Macula Densa Cells: Respond to changes in sodium levels in the DCT
-Mesangial Cells: Role in GFR regulation by altering vessel diameter
-Granular Cells: Produce/Secrete Renin

56
Q

Myogenic mechanism utilizes the hormone renin to make adjustments to the glomerular filtration rate.

A

False

57
Q

All of the options are a pressure that acts upon the glomerulus, except?

a.Colloidal osmotic pressure within the glomerular capsule.

b.Hydrostatic pressure within glomerular capsule.

c.Colloidal pressure within the glomerulus.

d.Hydrostatic pressure within glomerulus.

A

a.Colloidal osmotic pressure within the glomerular capsule.

58
Q

Changes to the net filtration pressure (NFP) will result in changes to the glomerular filtration rate

A

True;

59
Q

What statement is accurate regarding tubular reabsorption?

a.The nephron loop primarily resides in the cortex of the kidney.

b.The descending limb of the nephron loop has aquaporins in its cellular membranes.

c.The filtrate in the ascending limb of the nephron loop increases in osmolarity as it extends back up toward to the cortex.

d.The proximal convoluted tubule is designed to only reabsorb water and electrolytes.

A

b.The descending limb of the nephron loop has aquaporins in its cellular membranes.

60
Q

Due to the loss of electrolytes within the descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity increases.

A

False

-Descending loop: Reabsorption of water
-Ascending Loop: Reabsorption of electrolytes

61
Q

What option is accurate?

a.Tubular secretion occurs because some waste products are too large to pass out of the glomerulus.

b.Transcellular routes of tubular reabsorption utilizes active transport only while paracellular route depends upon passive transport only.

c.It is the cortical nephrons that are primarily responsible for concentrating urine.

d.Only a small percentage of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed back into the capillaries.

A

a.Tubular secretion occurs because some waste products are too large to pass out of the glomerulus.

-Transcellular: Passes right through the cell
-Paracellular: Pass between cells

62
Q

What option is true regarding tubular reabsorption?

a.The majority of tubular reabsorption occurs in the nephron loop.

b.The descending limb of the nephron loop is only permeable to electrolytes.

c.The nephron loop is designed to maximize reabsorption of water and electrolytes.

d.The ascending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water and electrolytes.

A

c.The nephron loop is designed to maximize reabsorption of water and electrolytes.

63
Q

What option is true regarding the distal convoluted tubule?

a.Sodium ions are reabsorbed only through the paracellular route.

b.It only reabsorbs water.

c.It reabsorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate.

d.It reabsorbs all nutrients except water.

A

c.It reabsorbs about 65% of glomerular filtrate.

64
Q

Which statement is accurate regarding the nephrons?

a.The glomerulus allows for secretion and reabsorption of the filtrate in the renal corpuscle.

b.The podocytes are part of the visceral layer of the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

c.The afferent arteriole branches to the form the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.

d.Glomerular filtration rate varies greatly throughout the day.

A

b.The podocytes are part of the visceral layer of the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

65
Q

The reason nutrients, like glucose, end up in urine (glycosuria) is due to reabsorption routes being damaged.

A

False

66
Q

Which statement is true regarding tubular reabsorption?

a.All nutrient reabsorption occurs due to active transport.

b.The proximal convoluted tubule will reabsorb nearly 100% of all nutrients, including water.

c.Certain nutrients have a maximal reabsorption limit due to the concentration of channels and transporters associated with it.

d.The channels and transporters on apical side of the tubular cells support movement of nutrients from the tubular cell into the extracellular fluid and surrounding capillaries.

A

c.Certain nutrients have a maximal reabsorption limit due to the concentration of channels and transporters associated with it.

Examples: Glucose (Glycosuria) and Vitamin C (Pass in urine)

67
Q

Molecules to pass from the renal tubules back to the blood must pass through the basolateral side of the tubular cells first and then through the apical side to reach the extracellular fluid and capillaries.

A

False

68
Q

Water is drawn out (reabsorbed) from the descending limb of the nephron loop due to the hypertonic environment of the extracellular fluid.

A

True

69
Q

The sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter is vital to set up the increased osmolarity gradient in the medulla of the kidney and is found in the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.

A

False

70
Q

Tubular secretion is necessary to remove larger waste items from the blood that cannot pass through the glomerulus membranes and primarily occurs in the nephron loop due to the osmolarity changes.

A

False

71
Q

All the options are true regarding nephrons, except?
A. The glomerulus is composed of continuous capillaries
B. The efferent arteriole ultimately becomes vasa recta and peritubular capillaries
C. Renal corpuscle is composed of an outer and inner layer
D. All of the options are true

A

A. The glomerulus is composed of continuous capillaries; Fenestrated capillaries

72
Q

What region of the renal tubules allows for the most reabsorption?
A. Distal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle ‘
C. Collecting Duct
D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule

73
Q

Components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

-Macula Densa Cells: Changes in Sodium Levels (DCT)
-Mesangial Cells: Vessel Diameter
-Granular Cells: Produce/Secrete Renin

74
Q

The main driving force for NFP to allow substances to be filtered out of the glomerulus is:
A. Colloidal Pressure w/i the glomerulus
B. Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
C. Colloidal pressure within the glomerulus capsule
D. Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus capsule

A

B. Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus

75
Q

All of the statements are true regarding regulation of the GFR, except?
A. Granular cells secrete renin
B. Granular cells constrict the efferent arteriole
C. Macula Densa cells assess GFR via sodium absorption
D. All statements are true

A

B. Granular cells constrict the efferent arteriole

76
Q

High GFR Events

A

-Constriction of the afferent arteriole
-Increased absorption of Na+ in macula Densa cells
-High Na+ inhibits COX enzyme
-High Na+ also leads to increased activation of the Na+/K+ pump
-Macula Densa cells secrete ATP and adenosine
-Adenosine prevents the secretion of renin

77
Q

Low GFR Events

A

-Vasodilation of afferent arteriole
-Decreased Na+ in the macula Densa cells
-PGs diffuse to the granular cells and bind to a receptor (leading to renin secretion-granular cells)

78
Q

About 25% of nutrients are reabsorbed back into the blood within the PCT

A

False; 2/3 (65%)

79
Q

There is only one mechanism for sodium ions to b e reabsorbed within the PCT

A

False; Many pathways

80
Q

All of the statements are true regarding the PCT, except?
A. Carbonic anhydrase is located on the apical side of and within PCT cells
B. The PCT cells also assist with pH balance
C. Nearly 66% of water within the filtrate is reabsorbed within the PCT
D. All of the options are true

A

D. All of the options are true

81
Q

What role does carbonic anhydrase have within the PCT

A

Allows for reabsorption of Na+ and bicarbonate ions

82
Q

Functions of the Countercurrent Exchanger

A
  1. Maintain the increased osmolarity of the renal medulla
  2. Bring blood to the renal medulla region of kidney
83
Q

What option is TRUE regarding the loop of Henle?
A. The ascending loop allows for water loss
B. The descending loop leads to decreased osmolarity
C. The goal of the vasa recta is to just absorb the water from the interstitial fluid
D. The ascending loop allows for the movement of ions into the interstitial fluid

A

D. The ascending loop allows for the movement of ions into the interstitial fluid

84
Q

The body needs to change the osmolarity within the nephron loop to:
A. To maximize water reabsorption
B. To allow for electrolyte Reabsorption
C. To allow for water to be “pulled” from the renal tubule in the ISF
D. All the options are true

A

D. All the options are true

85
Q

Urine Excretion Formula

A

Urine Excretion= Glomerular Filtration-Tubular Reabsorption + Tubular Secretion

86
Q

Which option refers to Nephrolithiasis?

a.Kidney stone.

b.A congenital abnormality to the kidneys.

c.Movement of urine from the ureter to the bladder.

d.A bladder infection.

A

a.Kidney stone.

87
Q

Which hormone will increase the reabsorption of calcium ions in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

a.Antidiuretic hormone.

b.Calcitriol.

c.Two of the options are correct.

d.Aldosterone

e.Parathyroid hormone.

A

c.Two of the options are correct.

PTH and Calcitrol

88
Q

Which option is true regarding the detrusor muscle?

a.It assists with moving urine from the kidney to the bladder.

b.It is composed of skeletal muscle.

c.It is part of the external urethral sphincter.

d.None of the options are true.

A

d.None of the options are true.

Detrustor Muscle
-Thick smooth muscle layer of the bladder
-Contraction mechanism

89
Q

This type of cell within the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct is involved with acid-base balance?

a.Glomerular cell.

b.Principal cell.

c.Apical cell.

d.Intercalated cell.

A

d.Intercalated cell.

DCT&CD Cell Types
-Principal Cells: Associated with water/electrolyte reabsorption
-Intercalated Cells: Work to adjust blood pH levels

90
Q

The sodium-chloride symporter allows for the movement of sodium into the tubular cells of the distal convoluted tubules with the assistance of calcitriol

A

False

91
Q

This is the region of the kidney where the collecting ducts empty urine into the calyxes?

a.Renal papilla.

b.Renal pelvis.

c.Renal sinus.

d.Nephron loop.

A

a.Renal papilla.

92
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release is stimulated when there is a low blood osmolarity.

A

False; High blood osmolarity

-ADH: Secreted from the posterior pituitary/made in the hypothalamus

93
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule are primarily under control of hormones for their reabsorption of nutrients.

A

False

94
Q

Aldosterone works on the nephron loop by causing the descending loop to reabsorb sodium which draws water with it.

A

False; Draw water into the blood

Aldosterone
-Apical Side: Na+ ions enter/K+ ions leave cell
-Basolateral Side: Stimulates the sodium-potassium ATPase pump

95
Q

What option is accurate regarding urea recycling?

a.Urea recycling refers to the loss of urea from the ascending section of the nephron loop.

b.It assists with the creating a high osmolarity level within the medulla of the kidney.

c.Urea exits the renal tubules at the distal convoluted tubule.

d.Urea recycling refers to the loss of urea in the proximal convoluted tubule and reabsorbed in the collecting duct.

A

b.It assists with the creating a high osmolarity level within the medulla of the kidney.

96
Q

This type of acid-base balance is a result of hypoventilation?

a.Metabolic Acidosis.

b.Respiratory Acidosis.

c.Respiratory Alkalosis.

d.Metabolic Alkalosis.

A

b.Respiratory Acidosis.

Respiratory Acidosis: More CO2/Lower pH/Less Hydrogen

97
Q

This type of acid-base balance is a result of hyperventilation?

a.Respiratory Alkalosis.

b.Respiratory Acidosis.

c.Metabolic Alkalosis.

d.Metabolic Acidosis.

A

a.Respiratory Alkalosis.

98
Q

This acid-base imbalance can be a result of hyperactive alpha intercalated cells?

a.Metabolic Acidosis.

b.Respiratory Acidosis.

c.Respiratory Alkalosis.

d.Metabolic Alkalosis.

A

d.Metabolic Alkalosis.

99
Q

An alkalosis acid-base imbalance will suppress the central nervous system?

A

False

100
Q

If you wanted to increase the pH of your blood through your respiration rate, what would you do?

a.Trick question, you can’t.

b.Slow your breath rate.

c.Take slow, big breaths in.

d.Create a state of hyperventilation.

A

d.Create a state of hyperventilation.

101
Q

What type of intercalated cell will be active if the blood pH has too few hydrogen ions?

a.Beta intercalated cells.

b.Alpha intercalated cells.

A

a.Beta intercalated cells.

Beta Intercalated cells: Associated with alkalosis state (blood pH from alkalosis to acidosis state)

102
Q

This acid-base imbalance can be a result of hyperactive beta intercalated cells?

a.Metabolic Acidosis.

b.Respiratory Alkalosis.

c.Respiratory Acidosis.

d.Metabolic Alkalosis.

A

a.Metabolic Acidosis.

103
Q

Hypernatremia vs. Hyponatremia

A

-Hypernatremia: Concentration of sodium in the blood is too high/Causes dehydration and increased sodium intake
-Hyponatremia: Concentration of sodium in the blood is too low/Causes water intoxication, kidney or liver disease

104
Q

Acidosis

A

-Causes potassium (K+) ions to diffuse out of the cell
-Depresses CNS and skeletal muscle function

105
Q

Alkalosis

A

-K+ diffuse in to the cells to replace the loss of cation
-CNS and skeletal muscle becomes hyper excitable

Phys. (8 decks)

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