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test 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

antiseptics are used to kill microorganisms on which of the following?

A

skin

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2
Q

the scientist that is credited with “antiseptic surgery techniques” is:

A

Joseph Lister

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3
Q

Which of the following methods will kill endospores?

A

sterilization

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4
Q

the basic way that agents kill or inhibit micros are:

A
  • alter membrane permeability
  • damage proteins
  • damage nucleic acids
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5
Q

sterilization does which of the following?

A

destroys all microorganisms in endospores

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6
Q

which of the following are physical methods of controlling microorganisms?

A
  • boiling
  • freezing (cold)
  • radiation
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7
Q

freezing produces what type of effect on bacteria?

A

bacteriostatic

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8
Q

which of the following agents destroy insect larvae?

A

larvicides

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9
Q

this method of controlling microorganisms has various effects on cells depending on its wavelength

A

radiation

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10
Q

select two factors that an embalmer should consider when choosing a chemical agent:

A
  • nature of the disinfectant
  • type of microorganisms present
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11
Q

which of the following halogens are used extensively as disinfectants?

A

chlorine and iodine

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12
Q

which of the following is one of the oldest and most effective antiseptics?

A

iodine

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13
Q

alcohols are capable of the following:

A
  • denaturing proteins
  • dissolving lipids
  • killing bacteria
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14
Q

the most effective antimicrobials are:

A

aldehydes

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15
Q

which of the following is a compound of iodine and a surfactant (detergent)?

A

iodophore

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16
Q

which of the following is a liquid form of formaldehyde that can be used as a disinfectant?

A

formalin

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17
Q

which of the following refers to phenolic compounds derived from toulenes?

A

cresols

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18
Q

which of the following types of disinfectants includes benzalkonium chloride?

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

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19
Q

how do surfectants affect cells?

A

alters surface tension of the cell membranes causing cellular contents to leak out

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20
Q

which of the following refers to agents that destroy viruses?

A

viricides

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21
Q

describe the chain of infection:

I Causative Agent
II reservoir
III Portal of exit
IV method of transmission
V Portal of entry
VI susceptible host

A

all of the above

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22
Q

what is the definition of infection?

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

23
Q

define disease:

A

a state in which all or part of the body is not properly adjusted/any change from a state of health

24
Q

select two factors that influence the occurrence of disease:

A
  • virulence of the organism, portal of entry of the pathogen
  • community/environment, race of the person
25
the body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of the invasion and multiplication of infections agents is:
resistance
26
the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance is:
contamination
27
infections caused by microbes that are usually harmless but that may cause disease when a person's resistance is law are referred to as ________ infections
opportunistic
28
what does the abbreviation "MRSA" stand for?
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
29
what is the main mode of transmission of MRSA in a hospital setting?
human hands
30
what does CA-MRSA stand for?
community associated methicillin resistant stapylococcus aureus
31
infections that arise from within a cell or organisms are _______ infections:
endogenous
32
a disease that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world is a(n) ________ disease.
pandemic
33
an infection in which organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body is a _______ infection.
focal
34
which of the following refers to a condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood?
septicemia
35
what is a cells exotoxin?
a substance found in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
36
what is a microbial cell's endotoxin?
a substance confined within a cell wall of bacterium and is freed only when the bacterium is broken down
37
zoonoses are diseases transmitted by:
animals
38
what is the definition of "universal precautions?"
treat all human remains as though they are pathogenic
39
which of the following is a form of indirect contact?
zoonoses
40
which of the following is true to carriers of infections agents?
they can spread microorganisms to others who may become ill with the disease
41
a living organism that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surfaces is a(n) ________ vector.
mechanical
42
the largest organ of the body in terms of surface area is the:
skin
43
what does the "parenteral route" mean?
microorganisms are deposited directly into the tissues beneath the skin or into mucous membranes
44
the easiest and most frquently traveled portal of entry for microorganisms is the ________ tract.
respiratory0
45
which of the following is a fomite?
an inanimate object
46
which of the following is the most effective way to prevent the spread of airborne infections?
covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing
47
all of the following are mechanical defenses against infection EXCEPT:
fever
48
when certain white blood cells in the body release chemicals that increase the core temperature of the boduy, the result is:
fever
49
the process by which the epithelial layer continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced by new cells is called:
necrobiosis
50
this enzyme is capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria:
lysozome
51
this foreign substance stimulates the formation of antibodies that react specifically with it:
antigen
52
what is innate immunity?
a natural immunity to certain disease (born with this immunity)
53
what is active naturally acquired immunity?
immunity acquired by having a disease, recovering from it, and then developing antibodies

bio215 (11 decks)

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