midterm

Question 1

the scientist that is considered to be the first microbiologist and the “father of microbiology” is:

Answer 1

van Leewenhoek

Question 2

this scientist named the microorganisms that he observed “animalcules”

Answer 2

van Leewenhoek

Question 3

the theory of spontaneous generation was first challenged by:

Answer 3

Redi

Question 4

the concept that microorganisms are present in air but not created by air was proven by:

Answer 4

Pasteur

Question 5

the “father” of the antiseptic technique is:

Answer 5

Lister

Question 6

the scientist in question #5 began to clean wounds with:

Answer 6

carbolic acid

Question 7

the sequence of steps that scientists use to determine the specific microorganisms that cause a specific disease are called ________ Postulates:

Answer 7

Koch’s

Question 8

the first name of a microbe is its ______, and the second names is its ________.

Answer 8

genus, species

Question 9

in the name “Staphylococcus”, staphyl- means:

Answer 9

clustered together

Question 10

the name of a microorganism is written in italics because it is not in:

Answer 10

English

Question 11

this category of cells have a nuclei and a cytoskeleton:

Answer 11

eukaryotic

Question 12

the name of the category of cells means “before nucleus”:

Answer 12

prokaryotic

Question 13

microbiology is composed of ____ important divisions:

Answer 13

5

Question 14

which of the following refers to the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi?

Answer 14

mycology

Question 15

microorganisms that cause disease are called _________ organisms.

Answer 15

pathogenic

Question 16

the smallest free-living organisms presently known are:

Answer 16

mycoplasmas

Question 17

these bacteria replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells

Answer 17

chlamydia

Question 17

the following are examples of prion diseases:

Answer 17

I. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
II. Mad Cow
V. Scrapie

Question 18

this name means “first animals” and they are more abundant than any other microorganism:

Answer 18

protozoa

Question 19

these organisms “ooze about”:

Answer 19

amoebae

Question 20

in this method of asexual reproduction, the bacterial cell splits into 2 parts, each of which develops into a new individual:

Answer 20

binary fission

Question 21

the morphology of bacteria involved its:

Answer 21

I. size
III. arrangement
IV. shape

Question 22

the basic shapes that most bacteria exhibit are:

Answer 22

I. sphere
III. spiral
IV. rod

Question 23

when bacteria are arranged in pairs, there name begins with:

Answer 23

diplo

Question 24

this structure in the prokaryotic cell is comprised of proteins and RNA

Answer 24

ribosome

Question 25

this structure in the prokaryotic cell floats freely in the cytoplasm:

Answer 25

nucleoid

Question 26

this structure in the prokaryotic cell regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell:

Answer 26

cell membrane

Question 27

which of the following is the reason for sporulation in bacteria?

Answer 27

it is a means of survival

Question 28

endospores are extremely important to embalmers because they are:

Answer 28

resistant to disinfectants

Question 29

these protein structures resemble "whip-like" appendages:

Answer 29

flagella

Question 30

gram-positive bacteria will appear:

Answer 30

purple

Question 31

which of the following enables bacteria to attach to mucous membranes?

Answer 31

pili

Question 32

endospores can remain dormant for many years and then convert back to vegetative cells through this process

Answer 32

germination

Question 33

this Clostridium toxin is found in improperly preserved foods:

Answer 33

C. botulinum

Question 34

the most prevalent reported cause of food poisoning in the united states is due to:

Answer 34

C. perfringens

Question 35

which of the following is the most plentiful chemical compound in cytoplasm:

Answer 35

water

Question 36

gram-positive bacteria are ________ permeable to basic dyes

Answer 36

more

Question 37

gram-positive bacteria are killed easily by:

Answer 37

penicillin

Question 38

bacteria shaped like a rod are known as:

Answer 38

bacillus

Question 39

this endospore is able to grow in deep wound punctures that become anoxic:

Answer 39

C. tetani

Question 40

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumable arising from a single microorganism is called a bacterial _______

Answer 40

colony

Question 41

the following are examples of chemical requirements for bacterial growth:

Answer 41

I. carbon IV. oxygen V. phosphorus

Question 42

bacteria that prefer the cold, and survive at temperatures between 0 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius are called:

Answer 42

psychrophiles

Question 43

bacteria grow _______ at the high and low temperature extremes within there growth range

Answer 43

poorly

Question 44

the temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place is called the ________ temperature

Answer 44

minimum

Question 45

the most common method of preserving household food supplies is:

Answer 45

refrigeration

Question 46

the term agonal algor means that the decedent's body temperature:

Answer 46

decreased before death

Question 47

this term refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions present:

Answer 47

pH scale

Question 48

when a cell's cytoplasm shrinks due to osmotic loss of water, the process is called:

Answer 48

plasmolysis

Question 49

embalming fluids that have a ________ index draw water out of the microbial cells and therefore prevents their growth

Answer 49

high

Question 50

these prokaryotes thrive in the presence of light:

Answer 50

cyanobacteria

Question 51

these bacteria are self-nourishing and are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds:

Answer 51

autotrophic

Question 52

an organism that is completely depedent on its living host for survival is a:

Answer 52

strict parasite

Question 53

the structural backbone for living matter is:

Answer 53

carbon

Question 54

the microbe that can only live in the presence of oxygen is a:

Answer 54

strict aerobe

Question 55

a microbe that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence is a:

Answer 55

facultative anaerobe

Question 56

a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen is:

Answer 56

microaerophilic

Question 57

organisms of two different species that live in close association to the mutual benefit of each is called:

Answer 57

mutualism

Question 58

microorganisms that are normally present in the body but do not produce disease are called:

Answer 58

microbiota

Question 59

in this microbial relationship, two or more microorganisms produce an effect that neither could produce on their own

Answer 59

synergism

Question 60

the process of completely removing or destroying all life forms and/or their products on or in a substance is called:

Answer 60

sterilization

Question 61

antiseptics would not be appropriate for:

Answer 61

I. surgical instruments II. floors IV. embalming tables

Question 62

this is a manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface:

Answer 62

scrubbing

Question 63

refrigeration has a __________ effect on microorganisms:

Answer 63

bacteriostatic

Question 64

this method is used most frequently to treat the hazardous waste from funeral homes:

Answer 64

incineration

Question 65

this process was developed to prevent the spoilage of beer and wine:

Answer 65

pasteurization

Question 66

in a microwave, solid foods heat unevenly due to uneven distribution of:

Answer 66

moisture

Question 67

this type of radiation is commonly used to control microbes in the air:

Answer 67

ultraviolet light

Question 68

all of the following statements are correct except:

Answer 68

bactericides kill bacterial and their spores

Question 69

substances that kill fungi are called:

Answer 69

fungicides

Question 70

the minimum amount of time it takes to kill ALL microorganisms present is called the:

Answer 70

thermal death time

Question 71

chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine are all:

Answer 71

halogens

Question 72

hypochlorites are more commonly known as:

Answer 72

bleaches

Question 73

the oldest and most effective antiseptics are:

Answer 73

iodines

Question 74

these disinfectants work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells:

Answer 74

halogens

Question 75

the following phenolic compound is derived from a chemical known as toluene:

Answer 75

cresols

Question 76

this disinfectant is created by dissolving formaldehyde gas into water

Answer 76

formalin

Question 77

these disinfectants are surfactants:

Answer 77

quaternary ammoniums

Question 78

the following are aldehydes:

Answer 78

II. formalin III. gluteraldehyde

Question 79

the entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host is called:

Answer 79

infection

Question 80

this act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance is called:

Answer 80

contamination

Question 81

"MRSA" infection is:

Answer 81

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 82

weakening or diluting the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism is called:

Answer 82

attenuation

Question 83

diseases that occur continuously in a particular region but have a low mortality rate are _________ diseases

Answer 83

endemic

Question 84

the relative power of an organism to produce disease is known as its:

Answer 84

virulence

Question 85

the main mode of transmission for MRSA is:

Answer 85

human hands

Question 86

infections that are caused by organisms outside of the body are:

Answer 86

exogenous

Question 87

an abscess is an example of a _______ infection

Answer 87

local

Question 88

measles are an example of a _________ infection

Answer 88

general

Question 89

which of the following is not a true statement?

Answer 89

focal infections remain in one area of the body

Question 90

when bacteria multiply in the blood, the condition is known as:

Answer 90

septicemia

Question 91

people that do not exhibit signs of illness, yet harbor pathogens are:

Answer 91

carriers

Question 92

field mice and chickens are examples of:

Answer 92

vectors

Question 93

coughing and sneezing is an example of ________ transmission

Answer 93

airborne

Question 94

a living organism that transmits infections by carrying it on external body parts is a:

Answer 94

mechanical vector

Question 95

the easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry is the:

Answer 95

respiratory tract

Question 96

chlamydia is spread via the:

Answer 96

genitourinary tract

Question 97

the skin is an example of a _______ defense against infection

Answer 97

mechanical

Question 98

this condition results when immune system cells are drawn toward a site of injury:

Answer 98

inflammation

Question 99

a person who is NOT allergic to poison ivy demonstrates:

Answer 99

innate immunity