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bio215 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

the scientist that is considered to be the first microbiologist and the “father of microbiology” is:

A

van Leewenhoek

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2
Q

this scientist named the microorganisms that he observed “animalcules”

A

van Leewenhoek

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3
Q

the theory of spontaneous generation was first challenged by:

A

Redi

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4
Q

the concept that microorganisms are present in air but not created by air was proven by:

A

Pasteur

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5
Q

the “father” of the antiseptic technique is:

A

Lister

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6
Q

the scientist in question #5 began to clean wounds with:

A

carbolic acid

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7
Q

the sequence of steps that scientists use to determine the specific microorganisms that cause a specific disease are called ________ Postulates:

A

Koch’s

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8
Q

the first name of a microbe is its ______, and the second names is its ________.

A

genus, species

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9
Q

in the name “Staphylococcus”, staphyl- means:

A

clustered together

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10
Q

the name of a microorganism is written in italics because it is not in:

A

English

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11
Q

this category of cells have a nuclei and a cytoskeleton:

A

eukaryotic

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12
Q

the name of the category of cells means “before nucleus”:

A

prokaryotic

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13
Q

microbiology is composed of ____ important divisions:

A

5

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14
Q

which of the following refers to the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi?

A

mycology

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15
Q

microorganisms that cause disease are called _________ organisms.

A

pathogenic

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16
Q

the smallest free-living organisms presently known are:

A

mycoplasmas

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17
Q

these bacteria replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells

A

chlamydia

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17
Q

the following are examples of prion diseases:

A

I. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
II. Mad Cow
V. Scrapie

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18
Q

this name means “first animals” and they are more abundant than any other microorganism:

A

protozoa

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19
Q

these organisms “ooze about”:

A

amoebae

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20
Q

in this method of asexual reproduction, the bacterial cell splits into 2 parts, each of which develops into a new individual:

A

binary fission

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21
Q

the morphology of bacteria involved its:

A

I. size
III. arrangement
IV. shape

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22
Q

the basic shapes that most bacteria exhibit are:

A

I. sphere
III. spiral
IV. rod

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23
Q

when bacteria are arranged in pairs, there name begins with:

A

diplo

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24
Q

this structure in the prokaryotic cell is comprised of proteins and RNA

A

ribosome

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25
Q

this structure in the prokaryotic cell floats freely in the cytoplasm:

A

nucleoid

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26
Q

this structure in the prokaryotic cell regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell:

A

cell membrane

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27
Q

which of the following is the reason for sporulation in bacteria?

A

it is a means of survival

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28
Q

endospores are extremely important to embalmers because they are:

A

resistant to disinfectants

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29
Q

these protein structures resemble “whip-like” appendages:

A

flagella

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30
Q

gram-positive bacteria will appear:

A

purple

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31
Q

which of the following enables bacteria to attach to mucous membranes?

A

pili

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32
Q

endospores can remain dormant for many years and then convert back to vegetative cells through this process

A

germination

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33
Q

this Clostridium toxin is found in improperly preserved foods:

A

C. botulinum

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34
Q

the most prevalent reported cause of food poisoning in the united states is due to:

A

C. perfringens

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35
Q

which of the following is the most plentiful chemical compound in cytoplasm:

A

water

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36
Q

gram-positive bacteria are ________ permeable to basic dyes

A

more

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37
Q

gram-positive bacteria are killed easily by:

A

penicillin

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38
Q

bacteria shaped like a rod are known as:

A

bacillus

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39
Q

this endospore is able to grow in deep wound punctures that become anoxic:

A

C. tetani

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40
Q

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium, presumable arising from a single microorganism is called a bacterial _______

A

colony

41
Q

the following are examples of chemical requirements for bacterial growth:

A

I. carbon
IV. oxygen
V. phosphorus

42
Q

bacteria that prefer the cold, and survive at temperatures between 0 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius are called:

A

psychrophiles

43
Q

bacteria grow _______ at the high and low temperature extremes within there growth range

A

poorly

44
Q

the temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place is called the ________ temperature

A

minimum

45
Q

the most common method of preserving household food supplies is:

A

refrigeration

46
Q

the term agonal algor means that the decedent’s body temperature:

A

decreased before death

47
Q

this term refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions present:

A

pH scale

48
Q

when a cell’s cytoplasm shrinks due to osmotic loss of water, the process is called:

A

plasmolysis

49
Q

embalming fluids that have a ________ index draw water out of the microbial cells and therefore prevents their growth

A

high

50
Q

these prokaryotes thrive in the presence of light:

A

cyanobacteria

51
Q

these bacteria are self-nourishing and are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds:

A

autotrophic

52
Q

an organism that is completely depedent on its living host for survival is a:

A

strict parasite

53
Q

the structural backbone for living matter is:

A

carbon

54
Q

the microbe that can only live in the presence of oxygen is a:

A

strict aerobe

55
Q

a microbe that prefers an oxygen environment but is capable of living and growing in its absence is a:

A

facultative anaerobe

56
Q

a microorganism that requires very little free oxygen is:

A

microaerophilic

57
Q

organisms of two different species that live in close association to the mutual benefit of each is called:

A

mutualism

58
Q

microorganisms that are normally present in the body but do not produce disease are called:

A

microbiota

59
Q

in this microbial relationship, two or more microorganisms produce an effect that neither could produce on their own

A

synergism

60
Q

the process of completely removing or destroying all life forms and/or their products on or in a substance is called:

A

sterilization

61
Q

antiseptics would not be appropriate for:

A

I. surgical instruments
II. floors
IV. embalming tables

62
Q

this is a manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface:

A

scrubbing

63
Q

refrigeration has a __________ effect on microorganisms:

A

bacteriostatic

64
Q

this method is used most frequently to treat the hazardous waste from funeral homes:

A

incineration

65
Q

this process was developed to prevent the spoilage of beer and wine:

A

pasteurization

66
Q

in a microwave, solid foods heat unevenly due to uneven distribution of:

A

moisture

67
Q

this type of radiation is commonly used to control microbes in the air:

A

ultraviolet light

68
Q

all of the following statements are correct except:

A

bactericides kill bacterial and their spores

69
Q

substances that kill fungi are called:

A

fungicides

70
Q

the minimum amount of time it takes to kill ALL microorganisms present is called the:

A

thermal death time

71
Q

chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine are all:

A

halogens

72
Q

hypochlorites are more commonly known as:

A

bleaches

73
Q

the oldest and most effective antiseptics are:

A

iodines

74
Q

these disinfectants work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells:

A

halogens

75
Q

the following phenolic compound is derived from a chemical known as toluene:

A

cresols

76
Q

this disinfectant is created by dissolving formaldehyde gas into water

A

formalin

77
Q

these disinfectants are surfactants:

A

quaternary ammoniums

78
Q

the following are aldehydes:

A

II. formalin
III. gluteraldehyde

79
Q

the entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host is called:

A

infection

80
Q

this act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance is called:

A

contamination

81
Q

“MRSA” infection is:

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

82
Q

weakening or diluting the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism is called:

A

attenuation

83
Q

diseases that occur continuously in a particular region but have a low mortality rate are _________ diseases

A

endemic

84
Q

the relative power of an organism to produce disease is known as its:

A

virulence

85
Q

the main mode of transmission for MRSA is:

A

human hands

86
Q

infections that are caused by organisms outside of the body are:

A

exogenous

87
Q

an abscess is an example of a _______ infection

A

local

88
Q

measles are an example of a _________ infection

A

general

89
Q

which of the following is not a true statement?

A

focal infections remain in one area of the body

90
Q

when bacteria multiply in the blood, the condition is known as:

A

septicemia

91
Q

people that do not exhibit signs of illness, yet harbor pathogens are:

A

carriers

92
Q

field mice and chickens are examples of:

A

vectors

93
Q

coughing and sneezing is an example of ________ transmission

A

airborne

94
Q

a living organism that transmits infections by carrying it on external body parts is a:

A

mechanical vector

95
Q

the easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry is the:

A

respiratory tract

96
Q

chlamydia is spread via the:

A

genitourinary tract

97
Q

the skin is an example of a _______ defense against infection

A

mechanical

98
Q

this condition results when immune system cells are drawn toward a site of injury:

A

inflammation

99
Q

a person who is NOT allergic to poison ivy demonstrates:

A

innate immunity

bio215 (11 decks)

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