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bio215 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this scientist was the first microbiologist and is considered the father of microbiology

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

the scientist that was the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation

A

Francesco Redi

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3
Q

the scientist that proved that microorganisms were in the air but are not created by the air

A

Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

the research of this scientist determined that bacteria were responsible for several diseases. as a result of this research he created ____ Postulates

A

Koch’s (Robert Koch)

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5
Q

what is the theory that describes that the specific organism MUST be present in every case of a specific disease

A

Koch’s Postulates

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6
Q

this scientist is considered to be the father of anti-septic technique

A

Joseph Lister

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7
Q

this scientist described the smallest structural forms of life as “little boxes” or “cells”

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

this scientist discovered the treatment for syphillis (treponema pallidum) and discovered the usefulness of arsenic-based drugs in treatment against protozoan infections that caused trypanosomiasis (african sleeping disease)

***chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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9
Q

the first name of a microbe is its ______ and the second name refers to its _______

A

genus, species
*species in italics, abbreviated

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10
Q

most human cells have a nuclei and a cytoskeleton they are called

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

the smallest free living organisms presently known are:

A

mycoplasmas

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12
Q

this is a group of minute infectious agents that can only replicate within living host cells

A

viruses

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13
Q

diseases caused by these organisms leave large holes in the brain tissues

A

prions

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14
Q

the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi is called

A

mycology

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15
Q

these organisms are the smallest of the protozoa and have long, whip-like projections poking out of their cells

A

flagellates

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16
Q

what are the three basic shapes that bacteria exhibit?

A
  1. coccus - sphere
  2. bacillus - rod
  3. spirilla - spiral
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17
Q

bacteria that can take on different shapes

A

pleomorphic
ex.) cornea bacteria

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18
Q

what are the three basic arrangements that most bacteria exhibit?

A
  1. diplo - pairs
  2. strepto - chains
  3. staphylo - clusters
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19
Q

this arrangement of bacteria resembles a cube like packet of 8 spherical bacteria:

A

sarcinae

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20
Q

this arrangement of bacteria is a chain of spherical bacteria:

A

streptococci

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21
Q

this arrangement of bacteria is a grouping of four spherical shaped cells:

A

tetracocci

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22
Q

bacteria that are shaped like a rod are called:

A

bacillus

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23
Q

this part of the prokaryotic cell contains the DNA:

A

nucleoid

24
Q

this part of the prokaryotic cell contains proteins and RNA

A

ribosome

25
Q

this part of the prokaryotic cell is responsible for its shape:

A

cell wall

26
Q

this part of the prokaryotic cell regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell:

A

cell membrane

27
Q

this is a membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells and contains a sticky substance called glycocalyx

A

capsule

28
Q

this substance is 80% water and is rich in enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids

A

cytoplasm

29
Q

the smaller pieces of DNA found in some prokaryotes are called

A

plasmids

30
Q

this is produced by the bacterium to help it survive in an unfavorable environment

A

endospore

31
Q

list two characteristics of gram-positive bacteria (appear purple)

A
  1. more permeable to basic dyes
  2. complex nutritional requirements
32
Q

what enables bacteria to attach to tissues?

A

pili

33
Q

what is the reason for sporulation in bacteria?

A

it is a means of survival

34
Q

spirilla are types of _____

A

bacteria

35
Q

a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the cell splits into two parts, and each part develops into a complete individual:

A

binary fission

36
Q

all of the following are physical requirements for bacterial growth except:

A

carbon

37
Q

what are the physical requirements for bacterial growth?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. light
  4. osmotic pressure
  5. moisture
38
Q

what are the chemical requirements for bacterial growth?

A
  1. carbon
  2. nitrogen
  3. oxygen
  4. sulfur
  5. phosphorus
  6. trace elements
39
Q

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium that is derived from a single microorganism is called:

A

bacterial colony

40
Q

this type of bacteria prefers cold temperatures:

A

psychrophile

41
Q

bacterial growth will not take place below a bacterium’s ______ temperature requirement

A

minimum

42
Q

in the pH scale, a reading of 1 means that the substance is extremely:

A

acidic

43
Q

all of the following prefer dark areas for maximum growth except:

A

cyanobacteria

44
Q

the process by which the cell’s cytoplasm shrinks is called:

A

plasmolysis

45
Q

bacteria that cause disease in humans require fairly high levels of:

A

moisture

46
Q

select two characteristics of autotrophic bacteria:

A
  1. self nourishing
  2. can grow in the absence of organic compounds
47
Q

select two characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria:

A
  1. can cause numerous diseases in humans
  2. able to survive on a wide variety of organic compounds
48
Q

this organism can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter:

A

strict (obligate) saprophyte

49
Q

the structural backbone of living matter

A

carbon

50
Q

this organism can only live in the presence of oxygen:

A

strict (obligate) aerobe

51
Q

microorganisms that are usually present in the body but that do NOT produce disease under normal conditions are:

A

normal flora

52
Q

an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits is called:

A

parasitism

53
Q

what is a synergistic effect?

A

harmonious action of two or more microorganisms producing an effect that neither can produce alone

54
Q

temperature conversions:

A
  1. (celsius * 2) + 30 = fahrenheit
  2. (fahrenheit - 30) / 2 = celsius
55
Q

most common lung infection

A

atypical pneumonia

bio215 (11 decks)

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