test 1

Question 1

this scientist was the first microbiologist and is considered the father of microbiology

Answer 1

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

the scientist that was the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 2

Francesco Redi

Question 3

the scientist that proved that microorganisms were in the air but are not created by the air

Answer 3

Louis Pasteur

Question 4

the research of this scientist determined that bacteria were responsible for several diseases. as a result of this research he created ____ Postulates

Answer 4

Koch’s (Robert Koch)

Question 5

what is the theory that describes that the specific organism MUST be present in every case of a specific disease

Answer 5

Koch’s Postulates

Question 6

this scientist is considered to be the father of anti-septic technique

Answer 6

Joseph Lister

Question 7

this scientist described the smallest structural forms of life as “little boxes” or “cells”

Answer 7

Robert Hooke

Question 8

this scientist discovered the treatment for syphillis (treponema pallidum) and discovered the usefulness of arsenic-based drugs in treatment against protozoan infections that caused trypanosomiasis (african sleeping disease)

***chemotherapy

Answer 8

Paul Ehrlich

Question 9

the first name of a microbe is its ______ and the second name refers to its _______

Answer 9

genus, species
*species in italics, abbreviated

Question 10

most human cells have a nuclei and a cytoskeleton they are called

Answer 10

eukaryotes

Question 11

the smallest free living organisms presently known are:

Answer 11

mycoplasmas

Question 12

this is a group of minute infectious agents that can only replicate within living host cells

Answer 12

viruses

Question 13

diseases caused by these organisms leave large holes in the brain tissues

Answer 13

prions

Question 14

the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi is called

Answer 14

mycology

Question 15

these organisms are the smallest of the protozoa and have long, whip-like projections poking out of their cells

Answer 15

flagellates

Question 16

what are the three basic shapes that bacteria exhibit?

Answer 16

1. coccus - sphere
2. bacillus - rod
3. spirilla - spiral

Question 17

bacteria that can take on different shapes

Answer 17

pleomorphic
ex.) cornea bacteria

Question 18

what are the three basic arrangements that most bacteria exhibit?

Answer 18

1. diplo - pairs
2. strepto - chains
3. staphylo - clusters

Question 19

this arrangement of bacteria resembles a cube like packet of 8 spherical bacteria:

Answer 19

sarcinae

Question 20

this arrangement of bacteria is a chain of spherical bacteria:

Answer 20

streptococci

Question 21

this arrangement of bacteria is a grouping of four spherical shaped cells:

Answer 21

tetracocci

Question 22

bacteria that are shaped like a rod are called:

Answer 22

bacillus

Question 23

this part of the prokaryotic cell contains the DNA:

Answer 23

nucleoid

Question 24

this part of the prokaryotic cell contains proteins and RNA

Answer 24

ribosome

Question 25

this part of the prokaryotic cell is responsible for its shape:

Answer 25

cell wall

Question 26

this part of the prokaryotic cell regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell:

Answer 26

cell membrane

Question 27

this is a membrane that surrounds some bacterial cells and contains a sticky substance called glycocalyx

Answer 27

capsule

Question 28

this substance is 80% water and is rich in enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids

Answer 28

cytoplasm

Question 29

the smaller pieces of DNA found in some prokaryotes are called

Answer 29

plasmids

Question 30

this is produced by the bacterium to help it survive in an unfavorable environment

Answer 30

endospore

Question 31

list two characteristics of gram-positive bacteria (appear purple)

Answer 31

1. more permeable to basic dyes 2. complex nutritional requirements

Question 32

what enables bacteria to attach to tissues?

Answer 32

pili

Question 33

what is the reason for sporulation in bacteria?

Answer 33

it is a means of survival

Question 34

spirilla are types of _____

Answer 34

bacteria

Question 35

a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the cell splits into two parts, and each part develops into a complete individual:

Answer 35

binary fission

Question 36

all of the following are physical requirements for bacterial growth except:

Answer 36

carbon

Question 37

what are the physical requirements for bacterial growth?

Answer 37

1. temperature 2. pH 3. light 4. osmotic pressure 5. moisture

Question 38

what are the chemical requirements for bacterial growth?

Answer 38

1. carbon 2. nitrogen 3. oxygen 4. sulfur 5. phosphorus 6. trace elements

Question 39

a visible group of bacteria growing on a solid medium that is derived from a single microorganism is called:

Answer 39

bacterial colony

Question 40

this type of bacteria prefers cold temperatures:

Answer 40

psychrophile

Question 41

bacterial growth will not take place below a bacterium's ______ temperature requirement

Answer 41

minimum

Question 42

in the pH scale, a reading of 1 means that the substance is extremely:

Answer 42

acidic

Question 43

all of the following prefer dark areas for maximum growth except:

Answer 43

cyanobacteria

Question 44

the process by which the cell's cytoplasm shrinks is called:

Answer 44

plasmolysis

Question 45

bacteria that cause disease in humans require fairly high levels of:

Answer 45

moisture

Question 46

select two characteristics of autotrophic bacteria:

Answer 46

1. self nourishing 2. can grow in the absence of organic compounds

Question 47

select two characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria:

Answer 47

1. can cause numerous diseases in humans 2. able to survive on a wide variety of organic compounds

Question 48

this organism can only survive on dead or decaying organic matter:

Answer 48

strict (obligate) saprophyte

Question 49

the structural backbone of living matter

Answer 49

carbon

Question 50

this organism can only live in the presence of oxygen:

Answer 50

strict (obligate) aerobe

Question 51

microorganisms that are usually present in the body but that do NOT produce disease under normal conditions are:

Answer 51

normal flora

Question 52

an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits is called:

Answer 52

parasitism

Question 53

what is a synergistic effect?

Answer 53

harmonious action of two or more microorganisms producing an effect that neither can produce alone

Question 54

temperature conversions:

Answer 54

1. (celsius * 2) + 30 = fahrenheit 2. (fahrenheit - 30) / 2 = celsius

Question 55

most common lung infection

Answer 55

atypical pneumonia