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bio215 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

antiseptics are used to kill microorganisms on which of the following?

A

skin

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2
Q

the scientist that is credited with “antiseptic surgery techniques” is:

A

Joseph Lister

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3
Q

Which of the following methods will kill endospores?

A

sterilization

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4
Q

the basic way that agents kill or inhibit micros are:

A
  • alter membrane permeability
  • damage proteins
  • damage nucleic acids
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5
Q

sterilization does which of the following?

A

destroys all microorganisms in endospores

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6
Q

which of the following are physical methods of controlling microorganisms?

A
  • boiling
  • freezing (cold)
  • radiation
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7
Q

freezing produces what type of effect on bacteria?

A

bacteriostatic

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8
Q

which of the following agents destroy insect larvae?

A

larvicides

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9
Q

this method of controlling microorganisms has various effects on cells depending on its wavelength

A

radiation

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10
Q

select the factors that an embalmer should consider when choosing a chemical agent:

A
  • nature of the disinfectant
  • type of microorganisms present
  • disinfectants pH during exposure
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11
Q

which of the following halogens are used extensively as disinfectants?

A

chlorine and iodine

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12
Q

which of the following is one of the oldest and most effective antiseptics?

A

iodine

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13
Q

alcohols are capable of the following:

A
  • denaturing proteins
  • dissolving lipids
  • killing bacteria
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14
Q

the most effective antimicrobials are:

A

aldehydes

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15
Q

which of the following is a compound of iodine and a surfactant (detergent)?

A

iodophore

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16
Q

which of the following is a liquid form of formaldehyde that can be used as a disinfectant?

A

formalin

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17
Q

which of the following refers to phenolic compounds derived from toulenes?

A

cresols

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18
Q

which of the following types of disinfectants includes benzalkonium chloride?

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

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19
Q

how do surfectants affect cells?

A

alters surface tension of the cell membranes causing cellular contents to leak out

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20
Q

which of the following refers to agents that destroy viruses?

A

viricides

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21
Q

describe the chain of infection:

I Causative Agent
II reservoir
III Portal of exit
IV method of transmission
V Portal of entry
VI susceptible host

A

all of the above

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22
Q

what is the definition of infection?

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

23
Q

define disease:

A

a state in which all or part of the body is not properly adjusted/any change from a state of health

24
Q

select two factors that influence the occurrence of disease:

A
  • virulence of the organism, portal of entry of the pathogen
25
Q

the body mechanisms that interpose barriers to the progress of the invasion and multiplication of infections agents is:

A

resistance

26
Q

the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance is:

A

contamination

27
Q

infections caused by microbes that are usually harmless but that may cause disease when a person’s resistance is law are referred to as ________ infections

A

opportunistic

28
Q

what does the abbreviation “MRSA” stand for?

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

29
Q

what is the main mode of transmission of MRSA in a hospital setting?

A

human hands

30
Q

what does CA-MRSA stand for?

A

community associated methicillin resistant stapylococcus aureus

31
Q

infections that arise from within a cell or organisms are _______ infections:

A

endogenous

32
Q

a disease that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world is a(n) ________ disease.

A

pandemic

33
Q

an infection in which organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body is a _______ infection.

A

focal

34
Q

which of the following refers to a condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood?

A

septicemia

35
Q

what is a cells exotoxin?

A

a substance produced by a microbe and excrete it into its surrounding medium

36
Q

what is a microbial cell’s endotoxin?

A

a substance confined within a cell wall of bacterium and is freed only when the bacterium is broken down

37
Q

zoonoses are diseases transmitted by:

A

animals

38
Q

what is the definition of “universal precautions?”

A

treat all human remains as though they are pathogenic

39
Q

which of the following is a form of indirect contact?

A

zoonoses

40
Q

which of the following is true to carriers of infections agents?

A

they can spread microorganisms to others who may become ill with the disease

41
Q

a living organism that is capable of transmitting infections by carrying the disease agent on its external body parts or surfaces is a(n) ________ vector.

A

mechanical

42
Q

the largest organ of the body in terms of surface area is the:

A

skin

43
Q

what does the “parenteral route” mean?

A

microorganisms are deposited directly into the tissues beneath the skin or into mucous membranes

44
Q

the easiest and most frquently traveled portal of entry for microorganisms is the ________ tract.

A

respiratory0

45
Q

which of the following is a fomite?

A

an inanimate object

46
Q

which of the following is the most effective way to prevent the spread of airborne infections?

A

covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing

47
Q

all of the following are mechanical defenses against infection EXCEPT:

A

fever

48
Q

when certain white blood cells in the body release chemicals that increase the core temperature of the boduy, the result is:

A

fever

49
Q

the process by which the epithelial layer continuously dies, sloughs off, and is replaced by new cells is called:

A

necrobiosis

50
Q

this enzyme is capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria:

A

lysozome

51
Q

this foreign substance stimulates the formation of antibodies that react specifically with it:

A

antigen

52
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

a natural immunity to certain disease (born with this immunity)

53
Q

what is active naturally acquired immunity?

A

immunity acquired by having a disease, recovering from it, and then developing antibodies

bio215 (11 decks)

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