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Biology 1M03 > Test 2 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Test 2 - Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropoid

A

The subgroup of primes including apes and monkeys

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2
Q

Hominins

A

People and our upright ancestors

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3
Q

Human Complex Foraging Strategies

A

Relying on many types of food, or types of food that are hard to get our process

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4
Q

Bimodality

A

Having two peaks in distribution

Ex. human height: one distribution peak for men, another for woman

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5
Q

Oldowan Tools

A

Tools made of stone

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6
Q

Scavenging

A

Eating meat that is found, or taken from predators

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7
Q

Behaviour

A

An action or a response to a stimulus

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8
Q

Innate Behaviour

A

A behaviour that is developmentally fixed and inborn

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9
Q

Instinctive Behaviour

A

A behavioural pattern that reliable develops in animals that receive normal upbringing/adequate nutrition

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10
Q

Proximate Causation

A

Describes how a behaviour is initiated or expressed

immediate cause and effect of the behaviour

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11
Q

Ultimate Causation

A

Describes why a behaviour exists (the adaptive value of the behaviour)

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12
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

A highly stereotyped, innate behaviour, which is conducted to completion once activated by a sensory cue

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13
Q

Sign Stimulus

A

An external sensory stimulus, which triggers a fixed action pattern

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14
Q

Releaser

A

A type of sign stimulus that is a signal from one individual to another

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15
Q

Optimal Foraging Behaviour

A

Animals forage to maximize the amount of intake of usable energy with the costs and risks of findng and ingesting food

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16
Q

Habituation

A

Learning to ignore unimportant, irrelevant stimuli, or repeated stimuli that do not provide proper feedback

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17
Q

Imprinting

A

When an organism (usually just born) becomes irreversibly attached to another organism (often the parent)

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18
Q

Associative Learning

A

The ability of an organism to associate one stimulus with another stimulus

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19
Q

Associative Learning - Classical Conditioning

A

The association of an irrelevant, arbitrary stimulus with a fixed physiological response associated with reward or punishment

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20
Q

Associative Learning - Operant Conditioning

A

When an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviours with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behaviour

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21
Q

Insight Learning

A

The correct behaviour solves the problem on the 1st try and involves reasoning

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22
Q

Observational Learning

A

The ability of animals to learn by observing the acions of others

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23
Q

Play

A

A type of behaviour that has no apparent goal, but utilizes movements which are closely related with goal-directed behaviours, physiological, social, cognitive practice

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24
Q

Kinesis

A

A change in activity rate in resposne to a stimulus (multidirectional)

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25
Taxis
A motion or orientation of a cell, organism, or part in response to an external stimulus (unidirectional)
26
Agnostic Behaviour
Threatening/submissive behaviours
27
Altruistic Behaviour
A behaviour that reduces an individuals personal welfare but benefits the recipient's fitness
28
Reciprocal Altruism
Altruism in which the organism who originally gets help, will give help at another time
29
Intrasexual Selection
Males compete for mates and are usually indiscriminate regarding mating
30
Intersexual Selection
Females are usually choosy regarding mating
31
Inclusive Fitness
Reproductive fitness of an individual as measured by its offspring and assistance to the reproductive efforts of close relatives
32
Hamilton's Rule
Kin selection favors individuals who promote the survival of non-descendant kin, when Br>C
33
Neanderthals
Subspecie of archaic humans, which became extinct about 40 000 years ago
34
Denisovans
Extinct subspecies of human
35
Mitochondrial Eve
The most recent woman from whom all living humans descend from, in an unbroken
36
Transposable Elements
Gene Sequences that can be movd around
37
Synonymous Mutation
A substitution that doesn't alter the amino acid sequences
38
Non-Synonymous Mutations
A nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence
39
Regulatory Genes
A gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes
40
HARs (Highly Accelerated Regions)
Regions of the genome that are significantly different than those of other mammalian genomes
41
Culture
Information acquired by individuals through some form of social learning
42
Ecology
How organisms interact with their environment
43
Environment
Made up of abiotic and biotic factors
44
Organismal Ecology
The study of morphological, behavioural, and physiological adaptations, which permit individual organisms to survive in specific areas
45
Behavioural Studies
The study of how an organism reacts to various environmental stimuli
46
Physiological Studies
The study of how an organisms survives under altered environmental conditions
47
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic area at the same interval of time
48
Population Ecology
The study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time
49
Community
Composed of populations of different species which interact with each other in a specific area
50
Community Ecology
The study of how species interact and the consequences of the interactions among species in a community
51
Ecosystem
Composted of all living organisms in an area and all nonliving abiotic compenents
52
Ecosystem Ecology
The study of how energy flows and nutrients move between the surrounding water, soi, atmospheres and organisms
53
Conservation Ecology
Studies, preserves, restores threatened populations, communities and ecosystems
54
Invasive Species
Organisms that were transported from their native environment into a new environment, where they may take over the habitats and food sources of the species who live there
55
Landscape
A mosaic of connected ecosystems
56
Landscape Ecology
Studies the components controlling the exchanges of materials, energy, and organisms across several ecosystems
57
Biosphere
The sum of all the globes ecosystems and landscapes
58
Global Ecology
The study of how the regional exchange of materials and energy affects the distribution and functioning of individuals across the biosphere
59
Rapid Population Growth
Lot's of youth, few elderly
60
Slow Population Growth
Few youth, more elderly
61
Zero Population Growth
Even rates of youth and elderly
62
Negative Population Growth
The death rates exceeds birth rate

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

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