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Biology 1M03 > Test 1 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Test 1 - Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

logial equivalence

A

when statements express the same fact in different words

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2
Q

cell

A

a highly organizaed compartment bounded by a membrane

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation of facts

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4
Q

controlled experiments

A

have two or more groups that difer only in some factor we want to study

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5
Q

replicated experiments

A

each group has more than one replicate, which should not have anything in common except the factor being studied

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6
Q

the theory of special creation

A

each species is a unique “type” created by God

**DISPROVED

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7
Q

the theory of evolution

A

species have changed (evolved) over time

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8
Q

fossil

A

a physical trace of an organism that lived in the past

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9
Q

the fossil record

A

the colection of all known fossils

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10
Q

vestigial trait

A

a structure that has no function, but is similar to functioning structures in related species

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11
Q

homology

A

a similarity between organisms due to common ancestry

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12
Q

genetic homology

A

homology at the level of genetic coding

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13
Q

developmental homology

A

homology in that traits of embryos

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14
Q

structural homology

A

homology at the level of developed organisms

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15
Q

variation

A

the individuals that make a population vary in the traits they possess

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16
Q

heritability

A

some traits can be inherited by offspring

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17
Q

differential reproductive success

A

in each generation, some organisms have more offspring than others

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18
Q

selection

A

reproductive success in not random, but is influenced by differences in traits

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19
Q

fitness (darwinian fitness)

A

average reproductive success, given a suite of heritable traits

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20
Q

the theory of inheritance of acquirede characteristics

A

the idea that individuals change in response to their evnironment, and pass those changes of to offspring
**DISPROVED

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21
Q

the theory of goal directed evolution

A

the idea that organisms evolve towards specific goals

**DISPROVED

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22
Q

bidirectional evolution

A

organisms gain and then lose traits

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23
Q

acclimation

A

the ability of organisms to respond directly to their environment
- does not affect the traits of their offspring

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24
Q

adaptation

A

the genetic change that increases the fitness of organisms

- passed to offspring

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25
locus (loci)
the location where the gene can occur
26
allele
a particular version of a gene
27
heterozygous
an organism with different alleles at a particular locus
28
homozygous
an organism with two copies of the same allele at a particular locus
29
genotype
the collection of an individuals genes
30
phenotype
the collection of an individuals physical traits
31
hardy-weinburg distribution
a principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes
32
null model
tellls us what to expect if complicating effects are absent
33
directional selection
moves the population in a specific direction
34
stabilizing selection
tends to keep the population where it is
35
disruptive selection
favours phenotype different from the average value
36
speciation
the formation of a new species
37
genetic drift
change in allele frequency due to random sampling (chance)
38
founder effect
when a new population is started by a small numner of individuals
39
bottleneck
when a population becomes small, then large again
40
fixed
alleles at a frequency of 1 (often advantageous alleles)
41
lost
alleles at a frequency of 0 (often disadvantageous alleles)
42
gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another
43
mutations
heritable errors in copying DNA
44
deleterious mutations
mutations that are bad for fitness
45
beneficial mutations
mutations that are good for fitness
46
inbreeding
mating between close relatives
47
sexual selection
a pattern of natural selection that favours individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates
48
sexual dimorphism
trait differences between the sexes
49
species
distinct, identifiable group of populations that is thought to be evolutionarily independant of other populations, and whose members can interbreed
50
biological species
defined by reproductive isolation
51
inviable offspring
offspring that can't develop to adulthood
52
sterile offspring
offspring which cannot themselvs reproduce
53
prezygotic isolation
any mechanism that prevents successful mating
54
postzygotic isolation
any mechanism that prevents offspring from producing offspring of their own
55
morphological species
if animals look different, they are different species
56
ecological species
a set of related organisms occupying the same ecological niche
57
phylogenetic species
a monophyletic group of populations
58
monophyletic group
a group defined by a single common ancestor
59
divergence
one species splits into two species
60
allopatry
condition in which two or more populations live in different geographic areas
61
dispersal
when some individuals of a population move to a new area and colonize it
62
vicariance event
when isolated populations of the same species develop as a result of a population split by a geographical or ecological barrier
63
sympatry
organisms living in the same geographical area
64
reuniting
when isolated populations come back into contact
65
fusion
two previously isolated populations may go back together
66
reinforcement
natural selection occurs for traits that reinforce the distinction between species
67
hybrid zones
hybrid offspring are produced
68
exclusion
one species eliminates the other, either by competition or by better success in mating
69
new species
hybridization leads to the creation of new species
70
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
71
phylogenetic tree
a model of how a group of organisms descneded from a common ancestor
72
polytomy
a point where more than two branches diverge
73
monophyletic group, clade, taxa
a group defined by a single common ancestor
74
sister taxa
two taxa that share a common node
75
the phenetic approach
a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree by computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations, based on tha available data **LEAST DIFFERENT
76
the cladistic approach
a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is based on identifying the unique traits of each monophlyetic group ** MOST SIMILAR
77
synapomorphies
shared, derived characteristics, as evidence that two taxa are related
78
basal characters
characteristics of the common ancestor
79
derived characters
characters not shared by the common ancestor of the group
80
outgroup
an organism closely related to, but outside the group being studied
81
convergent evolution
two species that have the same trait because the trait evolved twice independently
82
secondary loss
when an organism lacks a character it's ancestor had
83
homoplasies
similarities that are not due to common ancestors
84
parsimony
the simplest tree - with the fewest changes neccessary
85
bacteria
small micro-organisms with no nuclei
86
archaea
like bacteria, small micro-organisms with no nuclei, but rarer and living in more extreme conditions
87
eukarya
larger, nucleated cells
88
habitat fossil bias
things that live in swampy areas, or underground
89
taxonomic fossil bias
hard things, or hard parts of things
90
temporal fossil bias
things that lived more recently have less time to be destroyed, or to be buried too deep for recovery
91
abundance bias
things that are mor abundant have more chances to be preserved
92
adaptive radiation
when a single lineage produces many descendant species, in a short period of time
93
ecological opportunity
an organism arrives in an area with no similar organisms, and a group of competing species is driven extinct
94
morphological innovation
an organism came up with a good, new idea
95
co-evolution
the evolution of one group creates new niches for another group, and vice versa
96
contraction
extinction of species
97
stereroscopic vision
close together, front facing eyes
98
adaptive foraging
the ability to switch between types of food
99
conspecifics
other members of the same species
100
eye orbits
the skeletal cavities where eyes are

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

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