Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1M03 > Test 1 - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Test 1 - Vocabulary Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

logial equivalence

A

when statements express the same fact in different words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell

A

a highly organizaed compartment bounded by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation of facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

controlled experiments

A

have two or more groups that difer only in some factor we want to study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

replicated experiments

A

each group has more than one replicate, which should not have anything in common except the factor being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the theory of special creation

A

each species is a unique “type” created by God

**DISPROVED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the theory of evolution

A

species have changed (evolved) over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fossil

A

a physical trace of an organism that lived in the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the fossil record

A

the colection of all known fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vestigial trait

A

a structure that has no function, but is similar to functioning structures in related species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

homology

A

a similarity between organisms due to common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

genetic homology

A

homology at the level of genetic coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

developmental homology

A

homology in that traits of embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structural homology

A

homology at the level of developed organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

variation

A

the individuals that make a population vary in the traits they possess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heritability

A

some traits can be inherited by offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

differential reproductive success

A

in each generation, some organisms have more offspring than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

selection

A

reproductive success in not random, but is influenced by differences in traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fitness (darwinian fitness)

A

average reproductive success, given a suite of heritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the theory of inheritance of acquirede characteristics

A

the idea that individuals change in response to their evnironment, and pass those changes of to offspring
**DISPROVED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the theory of goal directed evolution

A

the idea that organisms evolve towards specific goals

**DISPROVED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bidirectional evolution

A

organisms gain and then lose traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

acclimation

A

the ability of organisms to respond directly to their environment
- does not affect the traits of their offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

adaptation

A

the genetic change that increases the fitness of organisms

- passed to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

locus (loci)

A

the location where the gene can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

allele

A

a particular version of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

heterozygous

A

an organism with different alleles at a particular locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

homozygous

A

an organism with two copies of the same allele at a particular locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

genotype

A

the collection of an individuals genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phenotype

A

the collection of an individuals physical traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hardy-weinburg distribution

A

a principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

null model

A

tellls us what to expect if complicating effects are absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

directional selection

A

moves the population in a specific direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stabilizing selection

A

tends to keep the population where it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

disruptive selection

A

favours phenotype different from the average value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

speciation

A

the formation of a new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to random sampling (chance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

founder effect

A

when a new population is started by a small numner of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

bottleneck

A

when a population becomes small, then large again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

fixed

A

alleles at a frequency of 1 (often advantageous alleles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

lost

A

alleles at a frequency of 0 (often disadvantageous alleles)

42
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another

43
Q

mutations

A

heritable errors in copying DNA

44
Q

deleterious mutations

A

mutations that are bad for fitness

45
Q

beneficial mutations

A

mutations that are good for fitness

46
Q

inbreeding

A

mating between close relatives

47
Q

sexual selection

A

a pattern of natural selection that favours individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates

48
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

trait differences between the sexes

49
Q

species

A

distinct, identifiable group of populations that is thought to be evolutionarily independant of other populations, and whose members can interbreed

50
Q

biological species

A

defined by reproductive isolation

51
Q

inviable offspring

A

offspring that can’t develop to adulthood

52
Q

sterile offspring

A

offspring which cannot themselvs reproduce

53
Q

prezygotic isolation

A

any mechanism that prevents successful mating

54
Q

postzygotic isolation

A

any mechanism that prevents offspring from producing offspring of their own

55
Q

morphological species

A

if animals look different, they are different species

56
Q

ecological species

A

a set of related organisms occupying the same ecological niche

57
Q

phylogenetic species

A

a monophyletic group of populations

58
Q

monophyletic group

A

a group defined by a single common ancestor

59
Q

divergence

A

one species splits into two species

60
Q

allopatry

A

condition in which two or more populations live in different geographic areas

61
Q

dispersal

A

when some individuals of a population move to a new area and colonize it

62
Q

vicariance event

A

when isolated populations of the same species develop as a result of a population split by a geographical or ecological barrier

63
Q

sympatry

A

organisms living in the same geographical area

64
Q

reuniting

A

when isolated populations come back into contact

65
Q

fusion

A

two previously isolated populations may go back together

66
Q

reinforcement

A

natural selection occurs for traits that reinforce the distinction between species

67
Q

hybrid zones

A

hybrid offspring are produced

68
Q

exclusion

A

one species eliminates the other, either by competition or by better success in mating

69
Q

new species

A

hybridization leads to the creation of new species

70
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

71
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a model of how a group of organisms descneded from a common ancestor

72
Q

polytomy

A

a point where more than two branches diverge

73
Q

monophyletic group, clade, taxa

A

a group defined by a single common ancestor

74
Q

sister taxa

A

two taxa that share a common node

75
Q

the phenetic approach

A

a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree by computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations, based on tha available data
**LEAST DIFFERENT

76
Q

the cladistic approach

A

a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is based on identifying the unique traits of each monophlyetic group
** MOST SIMILAR

77
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared, derived characteristics, as evidence that two taxa are related

78
Q

basal characters

A

characteristics of the common ancestor

79
Q

derived characters

A

characters not shared by the common ancestor of the group

80
Q

outgroup

A

an organism closely related to, but outside the group being studied

81
Q

convergent evolution

A

two species that have the same trait because the trait evolved twice independently

82
Q

secondary loss

A

when an organism lacks a character it’s ancestor had

83
Q

homoplasies

A

similarities that are not due to common ancestors

84
Q

parsimony

A

the simplest tree - with the fewest changes neccessary

85
Q

bacteria

A

small micro-organisms with no nuclei

86
Q

archaea

A

like bacteria, small micro-organisms with no nuclei, but rarer and living in more extreme conditions

87
Q

eukarya

A

larger, nucleated cells

88
Q

habitat fossil bias

A

things that live in swampy areas, or underground

89
Q

taxonomic fossil bias

A

hard things, or hard parts of things

90
Q

temporal fossil bias

A

things that lived more recently have less time to be destroyed, or to be buried too deep for recovery

91
Q

abundance bias

A

things that are mor abundant have more chances to be preserved

92
Q

adaptive radiation

A

when a single lineage produces many descendant species, in a short period of time

93
Q

ecological opportunity

A

an organism arrives in an area with no similar organisms, and a group of competing species is driven extinct

94
Q

morphological innovation

A

an organism came up with a good, new idea

95
Q

co-evolution

A

the evolution of one group creates new niches for another group, and vice versa

96
Q

contraction

A

extinction of species

97
Q

stereroscopic vision

A

close together, front facing eyes

98
Q

adaptive foraging

A

the ability to switch between types of food

99
Q

conspecifics

A

other members of the same species

100
Q

eye orbits

A

the skeletal cavities where eyes are

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions