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Biology 1M03 > Exam Notes - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam Notes - Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same general area at the same time

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2
Q

Ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

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3
Q

Population Ecology

A

studies how and why the population changes over time

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4
Q

Survivorship

A

the proportion of offspring produced that survive to a specific age

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5
Q

Survivorship Curves

A

graphs that plot the relative numbers in a cohort, which are still living at each age

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6
Q

Type I Survivorship Curve

A

Survivorship throughout life is high, the majority of individuals approach the maximum life span, high death rate amongst older individuals

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7
Q

Type II Survivorship Curve

A

Most individuals have a relatively constant survivorship over their life time

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8
Q

Type III Survivorship Curve

A

High death rates are seen early in life, with high survivorship after maturity

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9
Q

Life History

A

Indicates how an organism allocates resources to reproduction, growth, and other activities associated with its survival

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10
Q

Principle of Allocation

A

If an organism allocates energy to one function, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions

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11
Q

Density

A

the number of individuals per unit area or volume at a given time

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12
Q

Direct Counts

A

counting all the individuals in a sample of representative plots in order to determine the population density

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13
Q

Indirect Indicators

A

indirect ways to determine a population, including the number of nests/burrows, tracks, fecal droppings, etc

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14
Q

Mark Recapture Method

A

a way to estimate population size by tagging and releasing animals of a population
- equation: N = number marked 1st time x total number 2nd time / number of marked recaptures in 2nd catch

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15
Q

Dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among the individuals within the geographical boundaries of the population

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16
Q

Clumped Dispersion

A

little groups

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17
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

evenly spaced out individuals

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18
Q

Random Dispersion

A

randomly spaced out individuals

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19
Q

Exponential Population Growth Equation

A
  • J-shaped curve
  • describes an ideal population
  • population’s potential increase in ideal conditions (unlimited resources) due to instrinsic rate of increase
  • dN/dt = rmaxN
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20
Q

Logistic Population Growth Equation

A
  • S-shaped curve
  • describes a more realistic population
  • assumes that population growth slows as the population size approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
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21
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

(k) - the maximum stable population size that the particular environment can support with its available resources

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22
Q

Demography

A

the study of factors that determine the structure and size of populations through time

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23
Q

Age Structure

A

relative numbers of individuals of each age in a population

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24
Q

Generation Time

A

average span of time between birth of individuals and the birth of their offspring

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25
Q

Sex Ratio

A

the proportion of individuals of each sex found in a population

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26
Q

Community

A

a biological community is composed of different interacting species living in a defined area

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27
Q

Richness of a Community

A

the number of different species in a community

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28
Q

Relative Abundance of a Community

A

relative numners (proportion) of individuals of each species in a community as a whole

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29
Q

Biodiversity of a Community

A

number and relative abundance of species in a biological community (combine richness and relative abundance)

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30
Q

The Individualistic Hypothesis (Gleason)

A
  • focuses upon a single species
  • sees the community as a chance assemblage of species living in an area due to similar abiotic requirements
  • species have independent distribution along environmental gradients, no distinct boundaries between communities
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31
Q

The Interactive Hypothesis (Clement)

A
  • focuses on multiple species
  • sees the community as a stable assemblage of closely linked species having mandatory and predictable biotic interactions
  • species are clustered with discrete boundaires between communities
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32
Q

Interspecific Interactions

A

interactions between populations of different species living together within a community (can be strong selection factors in evolution)

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33
Q

Competition

A

when two or more species in a community rely on and compete for similar limited resources

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34
Q

Interference Competition

A

competition involving direct physical contact

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35
Q

Exploitative Competition

A

competition involving consumption of use of resources

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36
Q

The Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

in a stable environment, two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same community indefinitely

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37
Q

Predation

A

when one organism preys on another

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38
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits and the host benefits

39
Q

Commensalism

A

a relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits and the host is unaffected

40
Q

Symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship between two different species, whereby the host species and symbiont maintain close association

41
Q

Coevolution

A

involves a change in one species that act as a selective force on another species

42
Q

Counter-Adaptation

A

adaptation of the 2nd species may affect selection of individuals of the 1st species

43
Q

Parasitism

A

the predator lives in or on hosts, seldom involves death, parasite gets nourishment from the host

44
Q

Parasitoidism

A

when one organism lays eggs on a living host; after hatching, the larva feed within host’s body and eventually cause death

45
Q

Niche

A

the function or position of a species within an ecological community

46
Q

Ecological Niche

A

the sum total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

47
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

the resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal circumstances

48
Q

Realized Niche

A

the resources a population actually uses

49
Q

Resource Partitioning

A
  • “territories”

- allows similar species to coexist in the same environment

50
Q

Cryptic Colouration

A

physical colouration of an organism that makes it difficult for predators to see against its natural surroundings… camouflage

51
Q

Aposmatic Colouration

A

bright colours signal a mechanical or chemical defence (aka warning of poison, or of stingers)

52
Q

Deceptive Markings

A

Markings on an animal used to confuse or startle the predator

53
Q

Mimicry

A

markings used to make one species look like another species

54
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

a palatable species mimics an unpalatable one

55
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable, aposematically coloured species resemble eachother

56
Q

Mechanical/Chemical Defense

A

a physical defence

57
Q

Inducible Defence

A

defences that are produced only when the prey are threatened

58
Q

Keystone Species

A

a species whih has an effect that is disproportionately large relative to its own abundance

59
Q

Keystone Predator

A

can maintain higher community species diversity by decreasing the density of strong competitors

60
Q

Disturbances

A

events that disrupt communities and affect succession (can be natural or human)

61
Q

Ecological Succession

A

the sequence of changes in a community after a disturbance

62
Q

Inhibition

A

inihibition of some species by others though exploitative interference competition (or both)

63
Q

Facilitation

A

organisms at one stage “pave the way” for species in the next stage of succession

64
Q

Primary Succession

A

begins in a virtually “lifeless” environment due to the lack of formal soil

65
Q

Secondary Succession

A

occurs if an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

66
Q

Climax Community

A

the endpoint of the successional sequence (from the early pioneering species to the end species)

67
Q

Island

A

an area surrounded by an environment not suitable for the “island” species (aka land surrounded by ocean)

68
Q

BIogeography

A

the study of the present and past distributions of species and entire communities

69
Q

Island Biogeography Theory

A

the theory that an island’s species will reach an equilibrium proportional to the island size, and inversely proportional to the island distance from the mainland

70
Q

Ecosystem

A

a combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an area

71
Q

Abiotic Environment

A

the nonliving factors in an environment

72
Q

Primary Producers

A
  • autotrophs

- utilize sunlight or chemical energy to synthesize their own food

73
Q

Consumers

A

organisms that eat other organisms

74
Q

Decomposers

A

organisms that acquire energy from consuming the dead remains of other organisms

75
Q

Net Primary Production

A

the energy invested into a new tissue

- areas with high NPP should be protected

76
Q

Biomagnification

A

toxins become progressively concentrated with each level of the food web

77
Q

DDT

A

a chemical used as fertilizer that had terrible effects on peregrine falcons due to biomagnification

78
Q

The Ecological Footprint

A

represents the land area which is required to sustain levels of resource consumptions and waste discharge

79
Q

The Expansionist Perspective

A

think of the environment as a great pool of resources, put energy and resources from the “infinite” environment into the growing economy, and return economic wastes to the environment

80
Q

The Ecological (Steady-State) Perspective

A

non-growing finite perspective, in which the growing econmic subsystem is seen as a part of the ecosphere

81
Q

Endangered Species

A

is in danger of extinction in all or a significant part of is habitat range

82
Q

Threatened Species

A

likely to become endangered in the future throughout all or a significant part of its range

83
Q

Biosphere II

A

an enclosure built in Arizona to stimulate the condition of having people shut off from the outside world and survive

84
Q

Centillian Extinctions

A

anonymous extinction of species that have never been formally taxonomically documented by scientists

85
Q

Easter Island

A

an island found by european explorers, that shows evidence of an advanced society that used up all of their resources

86
Q

Hot Spot

A

a relatively small area with many threatened and endangered species, large concentration of endemic species

87
Q

Commons

A

resources owned in common by many or by no one

88
Q

Wild Life Corridor

A

a strip of undevolop habitat used to connect isolated populations

89
Q

Gaps

A

the area between areas that are high in species richness and areas that are outside of the protected areas

90
Q

Restoration Ecology

A

utlizes ecological principles to restore degraded ecosystems to levels close to their original states

91
Q

Bioremediation

A

Uses living organisms to detoxify pollute ecosystems

92
Q

Ecosystem Augmentation

A

Organisms add materials to degraded ecosystems

93
Q

Sustainable Operations

A

Companies that use environmental resources in a sustainable way

94
Q

Biophilia

A

our human sense of connection to other diverse forms of life and our attachment to nature’s landscapes

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

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