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Biology 1M03 > Exam Notes - Vocabulary > Flashcards

Exam Notes - Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same general area at the same time

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2
Q

Ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

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3
Q

Population Ecology

A

studies how and why the population changes over time

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4
Q

Survivorship

A

the proportion of offspring produced that survive to a specific age

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5
Q

Survivorship Curves

A

graphs that plot the relative numbers in a cohort, which are still living at each age

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6
Q

Type I Survivorship Curve

A

Survivorship throughout life is high, the majority of individuals approach the maximum life span, high death rate amongst older individuals

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7
Q

Type II Survivorship Curve

A

Most individuals have a relatively constant survivorship over their life time

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8
Q

Type III Survivorship Curve

A

High death rates are seen early in life, with high survivorship after maturity

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9
Q

Life History

A

Indicates how an organism allocates resources to reproduction, growth, and other activities associated with its survival

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10
Q

Principle of Allocation

A

If an organism allocates energy to one function, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions

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11
Q

Density

A

the number of individuals per unit area or volume at a given time

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12
Q

Direct Counts

A

counting all the individuals in a sample of representative plots in order to determine the population density

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13
Q

Indirect Indicators

A

indirect ways to determine a population, including the number of nests/burrows, tracks, fecal droppings, etc

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14
Q

Mark Recapture Method

A

a way to estimate population size by tagging and releasing animals of a population
- equation: N = number marked 1st time x total number 2nd time / number of marked recaptures in 2nd catch

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15
Q

Dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among the individuals within the geographical boundaries of the population

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16
Q

Clumped Dispersion

A

little groups

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17
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

evenly spaced out individuals

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18
Q

Random Dispersion

A

randomly spaced out individuals

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19
Q

Exponential Population Growth Equation

A
  • J-shaped curve
  • describes an ideal population
  • population’s potential increase in ideal conditions (unlimited resources) due to instrinsic rate of increase
  • dN/dt = rmaxN
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20
Q

Logistic Population Growth Equation

A
  • S-shaped curve
  • describes a more realistic population
  • assumes that population growth slows as the population size approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
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21
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

(k) - the maximum stable population size that the particular environment can support with its available resources

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22
Q

Demography

A

the study of factors that determine the structure and size of populations through time

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23
Q

Age Structure

A

relative numbers of individuals of each age in a population

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24
Q

Generation Time

A

average span of time between birth of individuals and the birth of their offspring

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25
Sex Ratio
the proportion of individuals of each sex found in a population
26
Community
a biological community is composed of different interacting species living in a defined area
27
Richness of a Community
the number of different species in a community
28
Relative Abundance of a Community
relative numners (proportion) of individuals of each species in a community as a whole
29
Biodiversity of a Community
number and relative abundance of species in a biological community (combine richness and relative abundance)
30
The Individualistic Hypothesis (Gleason)
- focuses upon a single species - sees the community as a chance assemblage of species living in an area due to similar abiotic requirements - species have independent distribution along environmental gradients, no distinct boundaries between communities
31
The Interactive Hypothesis (Clement)
- focuses on multiple species - sees the community as a stable assemblage of closely linked species having mandatory and predictable biotic interactions - species are clustered with discrete boundaires between communities
32
Interspecific Interactions
interactions between populations of different species living together within a community (can be strong selection factors in evolution)
33
Competition
when two or more species in a community rely on and compete for similar limited resources
34
Interference Competition
competition involving direct physical contact
35
Exploitative Competition
competition involving consumption of use of resources
36
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
in a stable environment, two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same community indefinitely
37
Predation
when one organism preys on another
38
Mutualism
a relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits and the host benefits
39
Commensalism
a relationship between two organisms in which the symbiont benefits and the host is unaffected
40
Symbiosis
an ecological relationship between two different species, whereby the host species and symbiont maintain close association
41
Coevolution
involves a change in one species that act as a selective force on another species
42
Counter-Adaptation
adaptation of the 2nd species may affect selection of individuals of the 1st species
43
Parasitism
the predator lives in or on hosts, seldom involves death, parasite gets nourishment from the host
44
Parasitoidism
when one organism lays eggs on a living host; after hatching, the larva feed within host's body and eventually cause death
45
Niche
the function or position of a species within an ecological community
46
Ecological Niche
the sum total of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
47
Fundamental Niche
the resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal circumstances
48
Realized Niche
the resources a population actually uses
49
Resource Partitioning
- "territories" | - allows similar species to coexist in the same environment
50
Cryptic Colouration
physical colouration of an organism that makes it difficult for predators to see against its natural surroundings... camouflage
51
Aposmatic Colouration
bright colours signal a mechanical or chemical defence (aka warning of poison, or of stingers)
52
Deceptive Markings
Markings on an animal used to confuse or startle the predator
53
Mimicry
markings used to make one species look like another species
54
Batesian Mimicry
a palatable species mimics an unpalatable one
55
Mullerian Mimicry
two or more unpalatable, aposematically coloured species resemble eachother
56
Mechanical/Chemical Defense
a physical defence
57
Inducible Defence
defences that are produced only when the prey are threatened
58
Keystone Species
a species whih has an effect that is disproportionately large relative to its own abundance
59
Keystone Predator
can maintain higher community species diversity by decreasing the density of strong competitors
60
Disturbances
events that disrupt communities and affect succession (can be natural or human)
61
Ecological Succession
the sequence of changes in a community after a disturbance
62
Inhibition
inihibition of some species by others though exploitative interference competition (or both)
63
Facilitation
organisms at one stage "pave the way" for species in the next stage of succession
64
Primary Succession
begins in a virtually "lifeless" environment due to the lack of formal soil
65
Secondary Succession
occurs if an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact
66
Climax Community
the endpoint of the successional sequence (from the early pioneering species to the end species)
67
Island
an area surrounded by an environment not suitable for the "island" species (aka land surrounded by ocean)
68
BIogeography
the study of the present and past distributions of species and entire communities
69
Island Biogeography Theory
the theory that an island's species will reach an equilibrium proportional to the island size, and inversely proportional to the island distance from the mainland
70
Ecosystem
a combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an area
71
Abiotic Environment
the nonliving factors in an environment
72
Primary Producers
- autotrophs | - utilize sunlight or chemical energy to synthesize their own food
73
Consumers
organisms that eat other organisms
74
Decomposers
organisms that acquire energy from consuming the dead remains of other organisms
75
Net Primary Production
the energy invested into a new tissue | - areas with high NPP should be protected
76
Biomagnification
toxins become progressively concentrated with each level of the food web
77
DDT
a chemical used as fertilizer that had terrible effects on peregrine falcons due to biomagnification
78
The Ecological Footprint
represents the land area which is required to sustain levels of resource consumptions and waste discharge
79
The Expansionist Perspective
think of the environment as a great pool of resources, put energy and resources from the "infinite" environment into the growing economy, and return economic wastes to the environment
80
The Ecological (Steady-State) Perspective
non-growing finite perspective, in which the growing econmic subsystem is seen as a part of the ecosphere
81
Endangered Species
is in danger of extinction in all or a significant part of is habitat range
82
Threatened Species
likely to become endangered in the future throughout all or a significant part of its range
83
Biosphere II
an enclosure built in Arizona to stimulate the condition of having people shut off from the outside world and survive
84
Centillian Extinctions
anonymous extinction of species that have never been formally taxonomically documented by scientists
85
Easter Island
an island found by european explorers, that shows evidence of an advanced society that used up all of their resources
86
Hot Spot
a relatively small area with many threatened and endangered species, large concentration of endemic species
87
Commons
resources owned in common by many or by no one
88
Wild Life Corridor
a strip of undevolop habitat used to connect isolated populations
89
Gaps
the area between areas that are high in species richness and areas that are outside of the protected areas
90
Restoration Ecology
utlizes ecological principles to restore degraded ecosystems to levels close to their original states
91
Bioremediation
Uses living organisms to detoxify pollute ecosystems
92
Ecosystem Augmentation
Organisms add materials to degraded ecosystems
93
Sustainable Operations
Companies that use environmental resources in a sustainable way
94
Biophilia
our human sense of connection to other diverse forms of life and our attachment to nature's landscapes

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

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