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Biology 1M03 > Test 1 - Questions > Flashcards

Test 1 - Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is logical thinking simple but not always easy?

A

Because we’ve evolved to be good at certain types of thinking.

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2
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Why are observational studies performed?

A

To look for ways to cellect data that will support or challenge hypotheses, when an experiment can’t be done.

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4
Q

What often happens when a species dissapears from the fossil record?

A

A similar species appears, often in the same geographical area.

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5
Q

How quickly does evolution occur?

A

Usually very slowly, but there are some kinds of evolution that have been observed on faster scales.

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6
Q

What stands as evidence that different species evolved from the same common ancestor?

A
  • species fall naturally into groups
  • geographic patterns of relatedness
  • homology
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7
Q

Who came up with the first idea of evolution?

A

Lamark

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8
Q

What was Lamark most famous for?

A

Having an incorrect theory about how evolution worked.

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9
Q

How does selection operate?

A

Selection operates on individuals, individuals are not adapted for the good of the species.

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10
Q

What is an adaptive “trade-off”?

A

A compromise between conflicting goals… ex. brightly coloured birds are more attractive to mates, and to predators.

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11
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

When the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that displays a combination of both alleles.

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12
Q

Can we ever say that a population is in perfect Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium?

A

No, we can only have evidence that a population is not in equilibrium, or that it is close to equilibrium.

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13
Q

When does Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium occur?

A

When there is:

  • random mating within a closed population
  • no diffferences in fitness between genotypes
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14
Q

What happens when a population meets the target for directional selection, and stays the same for a long time?

A

The population continues to adapt, now as stabilizing selection.

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15
Q

In what size population is drift the strongest?

A

Small populations

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16
Q

For what is gene flow an obstacle?

A

Speciation

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17
Q

What is the only source of new alleles?

A

Mutation

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18
Q

Why do inbred individuals tend to have lower fitness?

A
  • they are more likely to be homozygous for rare genetic defects
  • they are less likely to be heterozygous of immune-system genes
  • lower survival rate
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19
Q

Why do males tend to have the more striking physical traits than females of their species?

A

For courtship or the battle for a mate…

Males can maximize fitness by mating as much as possible.

20
Q

How can females maximize fitness?

A

By being choosy about mates, since they invest a lot in offspring.

21
Q

Which method of isolation is adaptively favoured?

A

Prezygotic, because it is less wasted effort

22
Q

What is a disadvantage of the morphological species concept?

A

Some animals may look similar but be unable to mate.

23
Q

What are some disadvantages of the ecological species concept?

A
  • it’s hard to agree on

- not clear how it relates to the idea of “evolutionary units”

24
Q

What are some advantages of the phylogenetic species concept?

A
  • well defined

- broadly applicable

25
Q

What are some disadvantages of the phylogenetic species concept?

A
  • hard to estimate phylogenies

- requires a lot more information about populations

26
Q

Where do new species come from?

A

Old species

27
Q

How do species split to form different species?

A
  • genetic isolation: because with too much gene flow populations wouldn’t diverge
  • genetic divergence: change in alleles over time creates a new species
28
Q

How does divergence by partitioning habitats work?

A

Animals of the same species may adapt different diets, and if they mate with those of the same diet, the species could diverge.

29
Q

Why do species diverge when mutation causes genetic incompatibility?

A

If organisms are in the same place but can’t produce fertile offspring, they are reproductively isolated.

30
Q

What makes phylogenetic trees equivalent?

A

When they correspond to the same model… if each clade diverges from the main branch at the same spot on both trees.

31
Q

What can be said about the order of species?

A

No species are higher or lower than others, we’ve all been evolving for the same amount of time.

32
Q

Which phylogenetic approach, with what type of characteristics, is the best to use?

A

Cladistsc, Genetic

33
Q

Why do we often want to find the common ancestor?

A

To figure out which characteristics are basal and which are derived.

34
Q

Why can phenetic analysis be misleading?

A
  • any analysis can be misleading if data are limited

- the true history of life can’t be summarized by a tree

35
Q

Why have the five kingdoms persisted despite being an inaccurate depiction of the evolution of life?

A

They match the way the world looks - animals, plants, and fungi dominate visible life.

36
Q

What are therapsids?

A

Tetrapods

37
Q

What is observer bias?

A

We see a lot of clades with a history of radiations because those are the ones we are often looking at, because their radiation helped them to survive up until current times.

38
Q

What are primates characterized by?

A
  • grasping hands and feet
  • nails, fingertips
  • stereroscopic vision
  • hind-limb dominace
  • large brains
39
Q

Why don’t humans have grasping feet?

A

Secondary loss of the trait

40
Q

What happened 100mya that opened up new ecological niches for primates?

A

Flowering plants diversified

41
Q

Why are primates so social?

A

It’s a big component of fitness; to survive, you must be able to co-operate with your species.

42
Q

What are some popular primate food sources?

A
  • frugivory: eating fruit
  • folivory: eating leaves
  • insectivory: eating insects
43
Q

What are the pros and cons of forward facing eyes?

A
  • better for 3D visualization

- worse for being alert of predators

44
Q

What are the pros and cons of bigger eyes?

A
  • better for night vision

- more costly?

45
Q

What do we expect to see in species where there is more variation in male success?

A
  • more sexual dimorphism

- more competition between males for mates

Biology 1M03 (6 decks)

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