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Biology 213 > Test 2 vocab > Flashcards

Test 2 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

photosythesis

A

the process that converts solar engery into chemicl energy

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that obtains organic food molecules without eating anything derived from other organisms

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3
Q

producer

A

an organism that produces organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals

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4
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their organic material from other organisms

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5
Q

consumer

A

an organism that depends on photoautotrophs for food and O2

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6
Q

redox reaction

A

a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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7
Q

reduction

A

the complete or partial addition of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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8
Q

oxidizing agent

A

the electron acceptor

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9
Q

oxidation

A

the complete or partial loss of electorns from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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10
Q

reducing agent

A

the elctron donor

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11
Q

endergonic reaction

A

a nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy (energy available to do work) is absorbed from the surrounding (anabolic)

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12
Q

mesophyll

A

the interior tissue of a leaf composed of mesophyll cells that contains chloroplasts and other organelles

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13
Q

stomata

A

microscopic pores found in the epidermis of leaves and stems that carry out gas exchange between environment and the interior of the plant

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14
Q

chloroplasts

A

pigment containing organelles in plant cells

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15
Q

thylakoid

A

flattened membranous sac in the chloroplast

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16
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment that absorbs light energy to drive sythesis of organic molecules

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17
Q

grana

A

thylakoid stacked columns

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18
Q

stroma

A

a dense fluid within the choloplast surrounding the thylakoid sacs

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19
Q

photophosphorylation

A

the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a H+ gradient generated across the thylakoid

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20
Q

photolysis

A

light provides energy for enzymes to split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen and excited electorns

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21
Q

carbon fixation

A

incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

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22
Q

nature of sunlight

A

light is a form of electormagnetic energy (radiation)

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23
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

energy that exhibits wavelike behavior

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24
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves

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25
Q

visible light

A

a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum (the entrie range of radiation) consisting of wavelengths (including those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors we can see

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26
Q

color spectrum acronym

A

ROY G BIV

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27
Q

photons

A

light also behaves as though it consists of discrete particles

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28
Q

pigments

A

substances that absorb visible light

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29
Q

chlorophyll a

A

primary photosynthetic pigment because directly starts the light reactions

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30
Q

accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll b, carotenoids (xanthophylls and carotens)

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31
Q

chlorophyll b

A

absorbs wavelengths in indigo-blue and orange = broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis

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32
Q

carotenoids

A

absorb wavelengths in the violet and blue green light

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33
Q

photosystem

A

photounit located in the thylakoid membranes that carries out the light reaction

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34
Q

reaction-center complex

A

a type of protein complex holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

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35
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

a molecule in the reaction center that accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result

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36
Q

light-harvesting complexes

A

pigment molecules (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bound to proteins

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37
Q

photosystem II (PSII)

A

functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

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38
Q

photosystme I (PSI)

A

is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

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39
Q

linear electron flow

A

the primary route of electron flow during light reactions of photosynthesis tha tinvolves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

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40
Q

chemiosmosis

A

energy coupling mechansim that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP

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41
Q

cyclic electron flow

A

uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH

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42
Q

Calvin Cycle

A
  • occurs in the stroma
  • builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH
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43
Q

glyceraldehyde 3- phospate (G3P)

A

carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar

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44
Q

photorespirations

A

a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output.

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45
Q

C4 plants

A

plants in which the calven cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a 4-C compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the calvin cycle

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46
Q

bundle sheath cell

A

in C4 plants, a type of photosythetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf. have different anatomical arrangement from C3 plants cells to ensure optimal carbon fixation

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47
Q

CAM plants

A

use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon (e.g. pineapple)

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48
Q

herbaceous

A

non woody whose aerial parts die back to the ground at the end of the growing season. These plants do not produce secondary tissue. Have stems with primary growth

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49
Q

woody

A

aerial parts (trees and shrubs) persist all year. produces hard lignified secondary tissue (cell walls of secondary tissues (vascular and cork cambiums) conatin lignin. Have stems with primary and secondary growth

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50
Q

annuals

A

herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce, and die in one year or less

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51
Q

biennials

A

herbaceous plants that take two years to complete their life cycle

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52
Q

perennials

A

herbaceous or woody plants that have the potential to live for more than two years

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53
Q

deciduous

A

shed their leaves each year

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54
Q

evergreen

A

shed their leaves over a long period of time

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55
Q

shoot system

A
  • the above ground part of the plant
  • carries out photosythesis and reproduction
  • replies on water and minerals absorbed by the root system
  • consists of a vertical stem that bears leaves and reproductive structures
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56
Q

root system

A
  • the portion of the plant below ground
  • functions include: anchorage, storage, mineral and water absorption, and reprodution
  • consists of roots and root
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57
Q

organ

A

collection of two or more tissues that perform a specific function

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58
Q

leaves

A

flattened organs of photosynthesis usually attached to the stem

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59
Q

leaf blade

A

the board, flat portion of the leaf

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60
Q

petiole

A

the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

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61
Q

stem

A

organ of a plant that provides structural support, conduction, and production of new stem tissues

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62
Q

node

A

area on a stem where on or more leaves are attached

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63
Q

internode

A

the stem segments between nodes

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64
Q

buds

A

dormant embryonic shoots

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65
Q

axillary (lateral) bud

A

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot (branch); develops in a leaf axil (the angle between the stem and petiole)

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66
Q

apical (terminal) bud

A

is located at the tip of a stem and causes elongation of a yong shoot; when dormant (not actively growing)covered and protected by an outer layer of bud scales which are modified leaves

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67
Q

root

A

organ that branches forming a network that anchors the plant firmly in place and absorbs water and dissolved minerals

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68
Q

root hair

A

thin tubular extension of a root epidermal cell that INCREASES the ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY of roots

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69
Q

taproot system

A

a root system consisting of a prominent main root with smaller lateral root branching off it

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70
Q

fibrous root system

A

a root system consisting of serveral adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from the base of the stem

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71
Q

tissue

A

a collection of two or more cells that perfom a specific function

72
Q

ground tissue

A

composed most of the plant body

73
Q

cortex

A
  • a cylinder of ground tissue that may contain parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells
  • ground tissue external to the vascular tissue in stems
74
Q

pith

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue in stems

75
Q

endodermis

A

innermost layer of cortex that regulates passage of substance from soil into vascular cylinder via the Casparian strip

76
Q

cells

A
  • basic structural and functional unit
  • plant cells structures
  • chlorophyll for photosynthesis
  • cell walls around the cell membrane
77
Q

parenchyma

A

cells are enlongated or spherical with a large central vacuole

78
Q

collenchyma

A

cells are elongated grouped in strands, living at maturity, and will often have chlorophyll

79
Q

sclerenchyma

A

cells are rigid with primary and secondary cell walls that function in support

80
Q

fibers

A

long pointed cells with thick pitted cell walls with rather small lumen

81
Q

sclereids

A
  • usually occur in small cluter or a solitary cell
  • cell walls are thicker than fibers. shape is often cubical but may be quite variable
82
Q

vascular tissue system

A

conducting system that extends throughout the plant body

83
Q

xylem

A
  • tissue that conducts water and solutes (dead at maturity)
  • usually the upper part of the a vein
  • conducts water and dissolved minerals
84
Q

phloem

A
  • tissue that conducts sugar
  • conducts dissolved sugars
  • usually confined to lower part of a vein
85
Q

tracheids

A
  • are found in the xylem of all vascular plants
  • long, pointed cells that have joined, overlapping ends and pits between the cells for water exchange
  • gymnosperms (cone bearing plant) have only tracheids and no vessel members
86
Q

vessel elements

A
  • vessel may be three or four feet long or only inches long
  • cells join end to end with their end walls dissolved out or with holes forming perforation plates
  • a stack of vessel elements is called a vessel
87
Q

sieve-tube elements

A

cells that join end to end to form long sieve tubes. conducting elements of the phloem that transport sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

88
Q

sieve plates

A

are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

89
Q

companion cells

A

cells connect to sieve-tube cells

90
Q

dermal tissue system

A

provides a covering for the plant body

91
Q

epidermis

A

outer covering of herbaceous plants

92
Q

epidermal cells

A

living cells that lack chloroplasts and are usually elongated

93
Q

cuticle

A

waxy over the epidermal cells eterior walls restricting water loss from plant surface

94
Q

stomata

A

two guard cells (bean-shaped and their shape will change as they gain or lose turgidity; pore is open when guard cells are turgid and closed when they are not)

95
Q

trichomes

A

epedermal outgrowths that a single or multicellular

96
Q

periderm

A

protective layer in woody plants that forms the outer bark in older stems and roots after the epidermis splits and is lost

97
Q

cork

A

cork cells on the outside that are dead at maturity and have a water proof material (suberin)

98
Q

cork cambium

A

layer of dividing cells below the cork

99
Q

indeterminate growth

A

a plant can grow throughout its life

100
Q

determinate growth

A

some plants organs cease to grow at a certain size

101
Q

meristem

A

special regions of the plant body where cell division occurs and cells undergo differentiation (embryonic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

102
Q

apical meristems

A

located at the tip of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

103
Q

primary growth

A

an increase in stem and root length (taller)

104
Q

stoot apical meristem (SAM)

A

located at the tip, terminal bud, of each branch

105
Q

leaf primordia

A

tissue that develops into new leaves

106
Q

root apical meristem (RAM)

A

located at the tip of each root

107
Q

zone of cell division

A

includes the RAM and cap. new root cells are produced here

108
Q

zone of elongation

A

is behind the zone of cell division, pushes the root deeper into the soil. this is where most growth occurs as cells elongate. specialization begins here

109
Q

zone of differentiation or maturation

A

is behind the zone of elongation. this is where the cells become completely differtiated and mature

110
Q

lateral meristems

A

areas of localized cell division on side of a plant that give rise to secondary tissue

111
Q

vascular cambium

A

single layer of undifferentiated parenchyma cells that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary zylem (wood) to its interior and secondary phloem to its exterior

112
Q

bark

A

the plant tissue located outside the vascular cambium

113
Q

simple leaf

A
  • a leaf with a single blade; type of complexity
    • entire: no indentations/smooth edges
    • lobed: deep indentations (sinuses)
    • toothed: serrated edges, very shallow indentations
    • undulated: wavy margins
114
Q

compound leaf

A
  • a blade is divided into two or more leaflets; type of complexity
  • palmatet: the leaflet diverege from a single point
  • pinnate: the leaflets are arranged along an axis
  • doubly compound leaf: the blad consists of multiple leaflets AND each leaflets is divided into smaller leaflets
115
Q

alternate (leaf arrangement)

A

one leaf at each node

116
Q

whorled (leaf arrangement)

A

three or more leaves grow at each node

117
Q

opposite (leaf arrangement)

A

two leaves grow at each node

118
Q

parallel (venation patterns)

A

veins run parallel (monocots)

119
Q

pinnately netted (venation patterns)

A

major veins branching off in succesion along the entire length of a midvein (central vein)

120
Q

palmately netted (venation patterns)

A

several major veins radiating out from one point

121
Q

trichomes

A

hair-like structures covering the epidermis of many leaves

122
Q

mesophyll

A
  • photosynthetic ground tissue in a leaf, that is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis
  • dicots has two distic layers
    • the palisade mesophyll
    • the spongy mesophyll
123
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

the upper part of the leaf; primary function is photosynthesis

124
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

in th elower part of the leaf; the loose arrangement allows for gas exchange

125
Q

rhizomes

A

a horizontal underground stem that bears buds and often serves as a storage organ and means of asexual reproduction

126
Q

tubers

A

thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage

127
Q

bulbs

A

fleshy undergound bud that consist of a short stem with fleshy leaves

128
Q

stolons (runners)

A

above ground horizontal stems with long internodes often have buds that develop into separate plants

129
Q

herbaceous

A

non woody plant whose aerial parts die back to the ground at the end of the growing season

130
Q

woody

A

aerial parts (trees and shrubs) persist all year. produces hard lignified secondary tissue (cell walls of secondary tissues (vascular and cork cambiums) contain lignin)

131
Q

sapwood

A

lighter wood near the periphery. this has functional secondary sylem that does motst of the water and solute transport in the tree

132
Q

heartwood

A

dark wood in the center of the tree. cells no longer function since they are filled with resin, gums, pigments, and tannins that block them

133
Q

annual rings

A

concentric rings of cells in the secondary zylem

134
Q

vascular rays

A

radial files of mostly parenchyma cells that connect the secondary zylem and phloem

135
Q

hardwoods

A

the wood of flowering plants that is generally harder than softwoods

136
Q

softwood

A

the wood of gymnosperms, lacks fibers, and vessel elements, and is typlically softer

137
Q

springwood (early wood)

A

cells in the inner part are usually larger in diameter with thin cell walls to maximize water delivery since they form in the spring when there is more rain

138
Q

summerwood (late wood)

A

cells form later (summer) are smaller in diameter have thick-walled cells and contributes more to stem support

139
Q

flower buds

A

produce flowers instead of leaves

140
Q

bud scars

A

scars left on the side of the stem when bud scales fall

141
Q

leaf scars

A

scars left on the stem when leaves fall

142
Q

bundle scars

A

scars for vascular bundles left within leaf scars when leaves fal

143
Q

channel proteins

A

hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel through the membrane

144
Q

aquaporins

A

channel protein that speed up the rate of water transport across the plasma membrane

145
Q

ion channels

A

channel proteins which function as gated channels that open and close in response to a stimulus, voltage, or pressure

146
Q

carrier proteins

A

proteins that hold onto their passengers and change shape in a way that shuttles them across the membrane

147
Q

cotransporter proteins

A

the coupling of “downhill” diffusion of one substance to the “uphill”transport of another against its own concentration gradient

148
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of free water across a membrane

149
Q

free water

A

water molecules not bound to soute or surfaces and thus available to do work

150
Q

water potential (ψ)

A

quantity of a physical property that predicts the direction in which water will flow

151
Q

flaccid

A

plant cell is one that is limp and a result of losing water

152
Q

plasmolysis

A

in hypertonic environments the cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

153
Q

turgid

A

plant cell is one that is very firm and a result of gaining water

154
Q

xylem sap

A

water and dissolved minerals in the xylem

155
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of plants

156
Q

guttation

A

plants exude liquid water in the morning on the tips of edges of leaves

157
Q

tension-cohesion hypothesis

A

proposes that the movement of xylem sap is driven by water potential difference created at the leaf end of the sylem by the evaporation of water from leaf cells

158
Q

tension

A

negative pressue that pulls water through the xylym

159
Q

cohesion

A

linking fo like molecules often by hydrogen bonding

160
Q

adhesion

A

clinging of one substande to another

161
Q

translocation

A

transport of products of photosynthesis via phloem tissue from leaves to actively growing parts and storage

162
Q

source

A

a plant organ that net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch

163
Q

sink

A

a plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar

164
Q

pressure-flow hypothesis

A

proposes that building of positive pressure at the source and reduction of that pressure at the sink cause sap to flow from source to sink

165
Q

companion cells

A

cells connected to sieve-tube cells

166
Q

sieve-tube elements

A

cells that join end to end to form long sieve tubes. conducting elements of the phloem that transport sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

167
Q

adventitious

A

plant organ that arises from an unusual posistion on a plant

168
Q

casparian strip

A

a band of waterproof material around the radial and transverse walls of endodermal root cells

169
Q

pericycle

A

outermost layer, which gives rise to lateral roots

170
Q

apoplastic route

A

solutes and water travel through everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell

171
Q

symplastic route

A

solutes and water travel through the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells

172
Q

transmembrane route

A

solutes and water travel through both apoplasts and symplasts compartments

173
Q

prop roots

A

an aerial adventitious root that arises from the stem and provides additional support for a plant

174
Q

storage roots

A

store food and water (ie radish and beets)

175
Q

buttress roots

A

brace-like roots at the base of certain trees that provide upright support

176
Q

pnuematophores

A

roots thtat extend up out of the water in swamp areas and are thought to provide aeration between the atmosphere and submerged roots

177
Q
A

Biology 213 (8 decks)

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