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Biology 213 > Test 1 vocab > Flashcards

Test 1 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Saprobes

A

group of fungi that act as decomposers

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2
Q

Decomposer

A

an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as dead plants or animals

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3
Q

Parasites

A

live on living organisms, harming the host

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4
Q

Mutualists

A

live in harmony with another organism where both benefit.

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5
Q

hyphae

A

The vegetative (non-reproductive) body plan of most fungi consists of long, branched, threadlike filaments

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6
Q

mycelium

A

Hyphae form atangled mass or tissue-like aggregation

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7
Q

coenocytic fungi.

A

Some fungi are not divided into individual cells but are elongated, multinucleated giant cells

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8
Q

septa

A

Other hyphae are divided by cross walls

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9
Q

Spores (fungi)

A

non-motile reproductive haploid cells dispersed by wind, water, or animals.

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10
Q

Fruiting Body

A

large, complex reproductive structures in which spores are produced

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11
Q

Meiospore

A

spores produced by meiosis.

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12
Q

Mitospores

A

spores produce by mitosis.

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13
Q

plasmogamy

A

In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their cytoplasm

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14
Q

karyogamy

A

In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their nuclei fuse

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15
Q

zygote

A

In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their cytoplasm and nuclei fuse forming the zygote

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16
Q

pheromones

A

In sexual reproduction, sexual signaling molecules, to test if mycelia are of different mating types.

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17
Q

Heterokaryon

A

mycelium with unfused nuclei from different parents

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18
Q

dikaryotic

A

In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell; The cells are n + n. The two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.

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19
Q

sexual reproduction.

A
  1. Hyphae that are designated +and -unite in plasmogamy..
  2. The fusion of + and -produce an n + n mycelium (heterokaryotic stage).
  3. Eventually the haploid nuclei fuse in karyogamy and produce a 2n nucleus.
  4. The 2n nucleus goes through meiosis to produce 4 haploid genetically unique meiospores.
  5. Meiosporesgrow into haploid mycelia via mitosis starting the life cycle again.
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20
Q

asexual reproduction

A
    1. Haploid mycelium produce haploid spores by mitosis (these species are known as molds)
  2. Mitospores germinate growing into haploid mycelia starting the life cycle again.
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21
Q

molds

A

Haploid mycelium produce haploid spores by mitosis

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22
Q

Zygomycetes

A

(phylum zygomycota)reproduce sexually by forming zygosporangium

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23
Q

zygosporagngium

A

the location of where zygmycetes reproduce (n+n then diploid)

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24
Q

gametangia (fungus)

A

the reporductive structures that the septa do form to separate the hyphae, however hyphae is normally coenocytic

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25
Q

sporangiophore

A

the hypha that grow upward and develop spore sacs

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26
Q

sporangia (fungi)

A

the spore sacs on the sporangiophore

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27
Q

zygosporangium

A

when the gametangia unites and forms the zygosporangium (that may lie dormant for a long time)

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28
Q

ascomycetes

A
  • (phylum ascomycota)
  • Peziza
  • sac fungi
  • hyphae usually have septa with pores
  • yeasts, powdery mildewsand most blue-green, pink and brown molds, cup fungi and edible morels and truffles
  • reproduce asexually and sexually
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29
Q

ascospores

A

the form of reproduction of ascomycetes

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30
Q

sac fungi

A

sexual spores that are produces in microscopic sacs called asci

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31
Q

conidia

A

asexual spores of ascomycetes

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32
Q

conidiophore

A

tips of specialized hyphae that produce conidia

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33
Q

budding

A

asexual reproduction where parent cell splits unequally resulting in mother and daughter cell; offspring is smaller than parent

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34
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproductions where the parent is replaced by 2 daughter cells because the parent divides in two

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35
Q

ascocarp

A

fruiting body that contains the spore forming asci

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36
Q

asci

A
  • the tip of the dikaryotic hyphae where two of the dikaryotic nuclei fuse, (karyogamy) to form a zygote
  • miccroscopic sacs that are sexual spores
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37
Q

ascospores

A

walls form around the nuclei (making the ascospores) that are released to form new mycelium

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38
Q

basidiomycetes

A
  • Phylum Basidiomycota
  • mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs
  • parasites - wheat rust and corn smut
  • club fungi
  • basidia form n+n
  • sexual reproduction
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39
Q

club fungi

A

the shape of the basidia gives basidiomycetes this name

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40
Q

basidiocarp

A

the dikaryotic hyphae grow together to form this reproductive body

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41
Q

basidia

A

the tips of the hyphae in the gills of the basidiocarp (the dikaryotic spore producing structure)

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42
Q

chytrids

A
  • phylum Chytridiomycota
  • classified by molecular data
  • decomposers, parasites of protists, plants or animals orther are mutualists
  • unique in having zoospores
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43
Q

zoospores

A

flagellates spores in chytrids

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44
Q

glomeromycetes

A
  • phylum Glomeromycota
  • identified by molecular data
  • reproduction is similar to zygomycetes
  • nearly all form arbuscular mycorrhizae
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45
Q

lichen

A

a symbiotic relationship between a phototrophic organism (green algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus; looks like one organism

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46
Q

soredia

A

consists of a fungal hyphae wrapped around a photobiont cell

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47
Q

endophytes

A

fungi that live inside leaves or other parts of plants without causing harm

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48
Q

mycorrhizae

A

(“fungus-root”) mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of some plants

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49
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

form sheeths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

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50
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizzal fungi

A

extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

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51
Q

haustoria

A

a special hyphae that may penetrate the plants cells

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52
Q

stomata

A

small holes in the leaf surface of places to control gas exchange and water loss

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53
Q

vascular tissue

A

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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54
Q

xylem

A

transports water and minerals up from the roots

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55
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars from leaf to other parts

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56
Q

spores (plants)

A

walled haploid reproductive cells produced in sporangia

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57
Q

sporangia (plants)

A

multicellular organ of sporophyte (mother spore cells)

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58
Q

cuticle

A

plants have a thin waxy cuticle that prevents desiccation via evaporation

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59
Q

apical meristems

A

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

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60
Q

pollen

A

in seed plants a structure consisting of maile gametophyte enclosed with a pollen wall

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61
Q

gametangia (plants)

A

plant sex organs that are surrounded and protected by a layer of sterile cells

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62
Q

embryophytes

A

after fertilization the embryo is protected and nourished via maternal tissue during development

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63
Q

haploid (n)

A

a cell containing one of each typ of chromosome (one set of chromosomes)

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64
Q

diploid (2n)

A

a cell containing two of each type of chromosome (two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent)

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65
Q

mitosis

A

process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that conserves chromosome number

66
Q

meiosis

A

cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division that results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell

67
Q

gametes

A
  • haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction
  • Includes sperm and eggs
  • Fertilization: fusion of gametes forming a diploid zygote
68
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of gametes forming a diploid zygote.

69
Q

Spore (plant)

A
  • in the life cycle of plant or some alga undergoing alternation of generations, a spore is a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
  • A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
70
Q

Alternation of Generation

A

life style in which the plant lives part of its life in a multicellular haploid stage and part in a multicellular diploid stage.

71
Q

Gametophyte Generation

A

the multicellular haploid generation when haploid (n) gametes (eggs and sperm) are formed. The gametes fuse to form the sporophyte (diploid zygote)

72
Q

Sporophyte Generation

A

the multicellular diploid generation in which haploid spores are produced. The spores become the gametophyte.

73
Q

gametophyte

A

produces reproductive structures called gametangia which produce gametes

74
Q

antheridia

A
  • the male gametangium that produces sperm cells.
  • male gametophores.
75
Q

archegonium

A
  • the female gametangium that produces eggs.
  • female gametophores
76
Q

spore mother cells/sporocytes

A

specialized cells produced by the sporophytes that divide by meiosisto form haploid spores

77
Q

seed

A

embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat

78
Q

bryophytes

A

Nonvascular plants

79
Q

protonema

A

(first threads): germinating spores, produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments

80
Q

gametophore

A

gamete (eggs and sperm) producing structure

81
Q

rhizoids

A

root like filaments that hold the organism to the soil.

82
Q

thallus

A

refers to plant body not differentiated into leaf, stem, and roots

83
Q

foot

A

connects the sporophyte to the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients

84
Q

seta (stalk)

A

stem like structures which conduct nutrients from the foot to the sporangium

85
Q

capsules (sporangium)

A

sporangia that produce spores via meiosis

86
Q

peristome

A

ring of interlocking tooth like structures; open under dry conditions

87
Q

calyptra

A

“cap” of the capsule

88
Q

brood bodies

A

small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent.

89
Q

gemmae cup

A

a small cup shaped structure scattered over the top of the thallus that contain small pieces of oval shaped tissue called gemmae

90
Q

roots

A

organs that anchor vascular plants enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

91
Q

leaves

A

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants to capture more solar energy for photosynthesis

92
Q

microphylls

A

leaves with a single vein

93
Q

megaphylls

A

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

94
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves with sporangia

95
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

96
Q

strobili

A

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

97
Q

homosporous

A

produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

98
Q

heterosporous

A

produce megaspores and microspores

99
Q

megaspores

A

which give rise to female gametophytes

100
Q

microspores

A

which give rise to male gametophytes

101
Q

synangia

A
  • yellow knob consisting of three fused sporangia
  • the sporangia structure on whisk ferns
102
Q

fronds

A

Large leaves on ferns often divided into leaflets

103
Q

rhizome

A

The stem of the fern sporophyte is an underground from which the roots and leaves extend.

104
Q

fiddlehead

A
  • The frond is initially coiled in a form for protection
  • The fiddlehead uncoils into a frond.
105
Q

prothalli

A

Spores that land on a favorable environment germinate into small green heart-shaped gametophytes called prothalli

106
Q

seed

A
  • consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
  • a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat
107
Q

ovule

A

consists of: a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

108
Q

integument

A

a layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium

109
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

110
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants that produce seeds inside a fruit

111
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • Gymnosperm is derived from two Greek words: gymnos, meaning “naked,” and sperma, “a seed.”
  • The name refers to the exposed seed that is produced on the surface of a sporophyll or similar structure and not enclosed by a fruit
  • The sporophytes of gymnosperms are trees and shrubs.
  • The gametophyte is reduced and develops within sporophyte structures.
  • The gymnosperms include phyla (divisions): Cycadophyta; Ginkgophyta; Gnetophyta; Coniferophyta
112
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta

A
  • Cycads
  • Individuals have large cones and palm like leaves
  • Often mistaken as palms (angiosperms) but they have cones like conifers not fruits.
  • Cycads are dioecious with male and female strobili.
113
Q

Phylum Ginkgophyta

A
  • Ginkgo
  • there is only one living species of Ginkgo,Ginkgo biloba.
  • It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree
  • The males are usually planted because the female seeds smell so foul.
  • Leaves are large and fan shaped and the trees are deciduous.
  • Male and female reproductive structures are usually on separate trees. The fruits look like plums.
114
Q

Phylum Gnetophyta

A
  • Gnetophytes
  • Different than other gymnosperms in that they have vesselsin the xylem
  • Three distinct genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitshcia
115
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A
  • Conifers
  • .Includes:pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods, cedar, and other cone bearing woody plants.
  • Structure and Form of Pine: Pine leaves are needle like and arranged in clusters, called fascicles, commonly of two to fiveleaves or a single needle.
  • Leaves- The epidermis is coated with a thick cuticle.
  • Resin canals develop that are lined with cells that secrete resin. The resinis aromatic and prevents the development of fungi and deters insect pests. Resin is also produced in response to injury.
  • Pine leaves are lost, absciss, within two to five years of maturity. They do not all fall off at the same time thus the term evergreen.
116
Q

pollen grain

A

contains an immature male gametophyte surrounded by a pollen wall

117
Q

pollen wall

A

polymer of sporopollenin which is secreted by sporophyte cells

118
Q

generative cell

A

haploid cell that will generate the sperm cells via mitosis

119
Q

tube cell

A

haploid cell that will make the pollen tube through the ovule to transport sperm

120
Q

micropyle

A

An open pore pierces the integument.

121
Q

Phylum Anthophyta

A
  • flowering plants.
  • Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
  • They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
122
Q

sepals

A

leaf like structures at the base of the flower which enclose the flower when it is still a bud

123
Q

calyx

A

a collection of sepals

124
Q

petals

A

a whorl of leaf like structures above the sepals which are brightly colored and attract pollinators

125
Q

corolla

A

a collection of petals

126
Q

stamens

A

male portion of the flower. composed of a filament and an anther.

127
Q

filament

A

a thin stalk that supports the saclike anther

128
Q

anther

A

saclike structure that forms microspores via meiosis that develop into pollen grains

129
Q

Carpels(Pistils)

A

the female portion of the plant. composed of a stigma, style, and ovary

130
Q

stigma

A

enlarged tip of the pistil on which the pollen grain adheres

131
Q

style

A

the long neck of the pistil through which the pollen tube grows

132
Q

ovary

A

enlarged base of the pistil that house one or more ovules

133
Q

complete flowers

A

contain all four floral organs

134
Q

incomplete flowers

A

lack one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels

135
Q

inflorescences

A

Clusters of flowers

136
Q

fruit

A

a mature ovary but can include other flower parts

137
Q

pericarp

A

the tissue of the fruit

138
Q

simple fruit

A

derived from a single pistil/carpel.

139
Q

dehiscent fruits

A
  • split open when ripe. Often have a pod or legume\
  • Follicle
  • Legume
  • Capsule
140
Q

follicle

A

splits along one suture

141
Q

legume

A

splits along two sutures

142
Q

capsule

A

splits along three sutures.

143
Q

indehiscent fruits

A
  • do not split open when ripe. Usually contain only one seed and the pericarp has only one single layer
  • Achenes
  • Nut
144
Q

fleshy simple fruit

A
  • fleshy pericarp
  • berry
  • drupe
145
Q

aggregate fruit

A

composed of a cluster of small fruits derived from numerous pistils of a single flower, raspberries and blackberries

146
Q

multiple fruits

A

cluster of small individual fruits, with each fruit derived from the pistil of a different flower with compact inflorescence, pineapple, fig

147
Q

accessory fruits

A

a fruit composed primarily of tissue (such as the receptacle) other than the ovary tissue, apple, pear

148
Q

embryo sac

A

The remaining cell divides via mitosis to become the female gametophyte

149
Q

polar nuclei

A

In the embryo sac are eight haploid nuclei found in sevencells. One central cell has two nuclei

150
Q

pollination

A

is the transfer of pollen from theanther to the stigma

151
Q

self-­pollination

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma in the same flower or from one flower to another on the same plant. No genetic recombination occurs

152
Q

cross-­pollination

A

transfer of pollen from one genetically distinct plant to the stigma of another plant. Genetic recombination occurs

153
Q

double fertilization

A

occurs when one sperm cell combines with the egg to form a zygote and the other combines with the two haploid polar nuclei in the central cell to form a triploid, 3n, cell

154
Q

seed coat

A

hard covering that surrounds the embryo

155
Q

cotyledons

A

two seeds leave that surround the embryo

156
Q

Epicotyl (plumule)

A

the embryonic shoot end of the embryo

157
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

158
Q

hypocotyl

A

stem‐like region between the radical and the cotyledons

159
Q

tubers

A

are enlarged underground stems, which may also break apart in asexual reproduction

160
Q

bulbs

A

are short underground buds in which fleshy leaves are attached.

161
Q

stolons

A

are horizontal, above-­‐ground stems that have long internodes.

Biology 213 (8 decks)

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