Test 1 vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Saprobes
A
group of fungi that act as decomposers
2
Q
Decomposer
A
an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as dead plants or animals
3
Q
Parasites
A
live on living organisms, harming the host
4
Q
Mutualists
A
live in harmony with another organism where both benefit.
5
Q
hyphae
A
The vegetative (non-reproductive) body plan of most fungi consists of long, branched, threadlike filaments
6
Q
mycelium
A
Hyphae form atangled mass or tissue-like aggregation
7
Q
coenocytic fungi.
A
Some fungi are not divided into individual cells but are elongated, multinucleated giant cells
8
Q
septa
A
Other hyphae are divided by cross walls
9
Q
Spores (fungi)
A
non-motile reproductive haploid cells dispersed by wind, water, or animals.
10
Q
Fruiting Body
A
large, complex reproductive structures in which spores are produced
11
Q
Meiospore
A
spores produced by meiosis.
12
Q
Mitospores
A
spores produce by mitosis.
13
Q
plasmogamy
A
In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their cytoplasm
14
Q
karyogamy
A
In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their nuclei fuse
15
Q
zygote
A
In sexual reproduction two genetically compatible mating types come together, and their cytoplasm and nuclei fuse forming the zygote
16
Q
pheromones
A
In sexual reproduction, sexual signaling molecules, to test if mycelia are of different mating types.
17
Q
Heterokaryon
A
mycelium with unfused nuclei from different parents
18
Q
dikaryotic
A
In some fungi, the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell; The cells are n + n. The two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.
19
Q
sexual reproduction.
A
- Hyphae that are designated +and -unite in plasmogamy..
- The fusion of + and -produce an n + n mycelium (heterokaryotic stage).
- Eventually the haploid nuclei fuse in karyogamy and produce a 2n nucleus.
- The 2n nucleus goes through meiosis to produce 4 haploid genetically unique meiospores.
- Meiosporesgrow into haploid mycelia via mitosis starting the life cycle again.
20
Q
asexual reproduction
A
- Haploid mycelium produce haploid spores by mitosis (these species are known as molds)
- Mitospores germinate growing into haploid mycelia starting the life cycle again.
21
Q
molds
A
Haploid mycelium produce haploid spores by mitosis
22
Q
Zygomycetes
A
(phylum zygomycota)reproduce sexually by forming zygosporangium
23
Q
zygosporagngium
A
the location of where zygmycetes reproduce (n+n then diploid)
24
Q
gametangia (fungus)
A
the reporductive structures that the septa do form to separate the hyphae, however hyphae is normally coenocytic
25
sporangiophore
the hypha that grow upward and develop spore sacs
26
sporangia (fungi)
the spore sacs on the sporangiophore
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zygosporangium
when the gametangia unites and forms the zygosporangium (that may lie dormant for a long time)
28
ascomycetes
* (phylum ascomycota)
* *Peziza*
* sac fungi
* hyphae usually have septa with pores
* yeasts, powdery mildewsand most blue-green, pink and brown molds, cup fungi and edible morels and truffles
* reproduce asexually and sexually
29
ascospores
the form of reproduction of ascomycetes
30
sac fungi
sexual spores that are produces in microscopic sacs called asci
31
conidia
asexual spores of ascomycetes
32
conidiophore
tips of specialized hyphae that produce conidia
33
budding
asexual reproduction where parent cell splits unequally resulting in mother and daughter cell; offspring is smaller than parent
34
binary fission
asexual reproductions where the parent is replaced by 2 daughter cells because the parent divides in two
35
ascocarp
fruiting body that contains the spore forming asci
36
asci
* the tip of the dikaryotic hyphae where two of the dikaryotic nuclei fuse, (karyogamy) to form a zygote
* miccroscopic sacs that are sexual spores
37
ascospores
walls form around the nuclei (making the ascospores) that are released to form new mycelium
38
basidiomycetes
* Phylum Basidiomycota
* mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs
* parasites - wheat rust and corn smut
* club fungi
* basidia form n+n
* sexual reproduction
39
club fungi
the shape of the basidia gives basidiomycetes this name
40
basidiocarp
the dikaryotic hyphae grow together to form this reproductive body
41
basidia
the tips of the hyphae in the gills of the basidiocarp (the dikaryotic spore producing structure)
42
chytrids
* phylum Chytridiomycota
* classified by molecular data
* decomposers, parasites of protists, plants or animals orther are mutualists
* unique in having zoospores
43
zoospores
flagellates spores in chytrids
44
glomeromycetes
* phylum Glomeromycota
* identified by molecular data
* reproduction is similar to zygomycetes
* nearly all form arbuscular mycorrhizae
45
lichen
a symbiotic relationship between a phototrophic organism (green algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus; looks like one organism
46
soredia
consists of a fungal hyphae wrapped around a photobiont cell
47
endophytes
fungi that live inside leaves or other parts of plants without causing harm
48
mycorrhizae
("fungus-root") mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of some plants
49
ectomycorrhizal fungi
form sheeths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
50
arbuscular mycorrhizzal fungi
extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
51
haustoria
a special hyphae that may penetrate the plants cells
52
stomata
small holes in the leaf surface of places to control gas exchange and water loss
53
vascular tissue
cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body
54
xylem
transports water and minerals up from the roots
55
phloem
transports sugars from leaf to other parts
56
spores (plants)
walled haploid reproductive cells produced in sporangia
57
sporangia (plants)
multicellular organ of sporophyte (mother spore cells)
58
cuticle
plants have a thin waxy _cuticle_ that prevents desiccation via evaporation
59
apical meristems
localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
60
pollen
in seed plants a structure consisting of maile gametophyte enclosed with a pollen wall
61
gametangia (plants)
plant sex organs that are surrounded and protected by a layer of sterile cells
62
embryophytes
after fertilization the embryo is protected and nourished via maternal tissue during development
63
haploid (n)
a cell containing one of each typ of chromosome (one set of chromosomes)
64
diploid (2n)
a cell containing two of each type of chromosome (two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent)
65
mitosis
process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that conserves chromosome number
66
meiosis
cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division that results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
67
gametes
* haploid reproductive cells used in sexual reproduction
* Includes sperm and eggs
* Fertilization: fusion of gametes forming a diploid zygote
68
Fertilization
fusion of gametes forming a diploid zygote.
69
Spore (plant)
* in the life cycle of plant or some alga undergoing alternation of generations, a spore is a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
* A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
70
Alternation of Generation
life style in which the plant lives part of its life in a multicellular haploid stage and part in a multicellular diploid stage.
71
Gametophyte Generation
the multicellular haploid generation when haploid (n) gametes (eggs and sperm) are formed. The gametes fuse to form the sporophyte (diploid zygote)
72
Sporophyte Generation
the multicellular diploid generation in which haploid spores are produced. The spores become the gametophyte.
73
gametophyte
produces reproductive structures called gametangia which produce gametes
74
antheridia
* the male gametangium that produces sperm cells.
* male gametophores.
75
archegonium
* the female gametangium that produces eggs.
* female gametophores
76
spore mother cells/sporocytes
specialized cells produced by the sporophytes that divide by meiosisto form haploid spores
77
seed
embryo and nutrients surrounded by protective coat
78
bryophytes
Nonvascular plants
79
protonema
(first threads): germinating spores, produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments
80
gametophore
gamete (eggs and sperm) producing structure
81
rhizoids
root like filaments that hold the organism to the soil.
82
thallus
refers to plant body not differentiated into leaf, stem, and roots
83
foot
connects the sporophyte to the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients
84
seta (stalk)
stem like structures which conduct nutrients from the foot to the sporangium
85
capsules (sporangium)
sporangia that produce spores via meiosis
86
peristome
ring of interlocking tooth like structures; open under dry conditions
87
calyptra
“cap” of the capsule
88
brood bodies
small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent.
89
gemmae cup
a small cup shaped structure scattered over the top of the thallus that contain small pieces of oval shaped tissue called gemmae
90
roots
organs that anchor vascular plants enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
91
leaves
organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants to capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
92
microphylls
leaves with a single vein
93
megaphylls
leaves with a highly branched vascular system
94
sporophylls
modified leaves with sporangia
95
sori
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
96
strobili
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
97
homosporous
produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
98
heterosporous
produce megaspores and microspores
99
megaspores
which give rise to female gametophytes
100
microspores
which give rise to male gametophytes
101
synangia
* yellow knob consisting of three fused sporangia
* the sporangia structure on whisk ferns
102
fronds
Large leaves on ferns often divided into leaflets
103
rhizome
The stem of the fern sporophyte is an underground from which the roots and leaves extend.
104
fiddlehead
* The frond is initially coiled in a form for protection
* The fiddlehead uncoils into a frond.
105
prothalli
Spores that land on a favorable environment germinate into small green heart-shaped gametophytes called prothalli
106
seed
* consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
* a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat
107
ovule
consists of: a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
108
integument
a layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium
109
pollination
the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
110
angiosperms
flowering plants that produce seeds inside a fruit
111
Gymnosperms
* Gymnosperm is derived from two Greek words: gymnos, meaning “naked,” and sperma, “a seed.”
* The name refers to the exposed seed that is produced on the surface of a sporophyll or similar structure and not enclosed by a fruit
* The sporophytes of gymnosperms are trees and shrubs.
* The gametophyte is reduced and develops within sporophyte structures.
* The gymnosperms include phyla (divisions): Cycadophyta; Ginkgophyta; Gnetophyta; Coniferophyta
112
Phylum Cycadophyta
* Cycads
* Individuals have large cones and palm like leaves
* Often mistaken as palms (angiosperms) but they have cones like conifers not fruits.
* Cycads are dioecious with male and female strobili.
113
Phylum Ginkgophyta
* Ginkgo
* there is only one living species of Ginkgo,Ginkgo biloba.
* It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree
* The males are usually planted because the female seeds smell so foul.
* Leaves are large and fan shaped and the trees are deciduous.
* Male and female reproductive structures are usually on separate trees. The fruits look like plums.
114
Phylum Gnetophyta
* Gnetophytes
* Different than other gymnosperms in that they have vesselsin the xylem
* Three distinct genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitshcia
115
Phylum Coniferophyta
* Conifers
* .Includes:pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods, cedar, and other cone bearing woody plants.
* Structure and Form of Pine: Pine leaves are needle like and arranged in clusters, called fascicles, commonly of two to fiveleaves or a single needle.
* Leaves- The epidermis is coated with a thick cuticle.
* Resin canals develop that are lined with cells that secrete resin. The resinis aromatic and prevents the development of fungi and deters insect pests. Resin is also produced in response to injury.
* Pine leaves are lost, absciss, within two to five years of maturity. They do not all fall off at the same time thus the term evergreen.
116
pollen grain
contains an immature male gametophyte surrounded by a pollen wall
117
pollen wall
polymer of sporopollenin which is secreted by sporophyte cells
118
generative cell
haploid cell that will generate the sperm cells via mitosis
119
tube cell
haploid cell that will make the pollen tube through the ovule to transport sperm
120
micropyle
An open pore pierces the integument.
121
Phylum Anthophyta
* flowering plants.
* Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
* They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
122
sepals
leaf like structures at the base of the flower which enclose the flower when it is still a bud
123
calyx
a collection of sepals
124
petals
a whorl of leaf like structures above the sepals which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
125
corolla
a collection of petals
126
stamens
male portion of the flower. composed of a filament and an anther.
127
filament
a thin stalk that supports the saclike anther
128
anther
saclike structure that forms microspores via meiosis that develop into pollen grains
129
Carpels(Pistils)
the female portion of the plant. composed of a stigma, style, and ovary
130
stigma
enlarged tip of the pistil on which the pollen grain adheres
131
style
the long neck of the pistil through which the pollen tube grows
132
ovary
enlarged base of the pistil that house one or more ovules
133
complete flowers
contain all four floral organs
134
incomplete flowers
lack one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels
135
inflorescences
Clusters of flowers
136
fruit
a mature ovary but can include other flower parts
137
pericarp
the tissue of the fruit
138
simple fruit
derived from a single pistil/carpel.
139
dehiscent fruits
* split open when ripe. Often have a pod or legume\
* Follicle
* Legume
* Capsule
140
follicle
splits along one suture
141
legume
splits along two sutures
142
capsule
splits along three sutures.
143
indehiscent fruits
* do not split open when ripe. Usually contain only one seed and the pericarp has only one single layer
* Achenes
* Nut
144
fleshy simple fruit
* fleshy pericarp
* berry
* drupe
145
aggregate fruit
composed of a cluster of small fruits derived from numerous pistils of a single flower, raspberries and blackberries
146
multiple fruits
cluster of small individual fruits, with each fruit derived from the pistil of a different flower with compact inflorescence, pineapple, fig
147
accessory fruits
a fruit composed primarily of tissue (such as the receptacle) other than the ovary tissue, apple, pear
148
embryo sac
The remaining cell divides via mitosis to become the female gametophyte
149
polar nuclei
In the embryo sac are eight haploid nuclei found in sevencells. One central cell has two nuclei
150
pollination
is the transfer of pollen from theanther to the stigma
151
self-pollination
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma in the same flower or from one flower to another on the same plant. No genetic recombination occurs
152
cross-pollination
transfer of pollen from one genetically distinct plant to the stigma of another plant. Genetic recombination occurs
153
double fertilization
occurs when one sperm cell combines with the egg to form a zygote and the other combines with the two haploid polar nuclei in the central cell to form a triploid, 3n, cell
154
seed coat
hard covering that surrounds the embryo
155
cotyledons
two seeds leave that surround the embryo
156
Epicotyl (plumule)
the embryonic shoot end of the embryo
157
radicle
embryonic root
158
hypocotyl
stem‐like region between the radical and the cotyledons
159
tubers
are enlarged underground stems, which may also break apart in asexual reproduction
160
bulbs
are short underground buds in which fleshy leaves are attached.
161
stolons
are horizontal, above-‐ground stems that have long internodes.
