test 2 social cog

Question 1

Social cog def

Answer 1

• The mental processes involved in interpreting, analysing, remembering and using information about the world
• Deals with the socio-cultural level of explanation for behaviour, meaning how other people influence our behaviour

Question 2

Attitudes def

Answer 2

An evaluation of something, be it a person, object or idea.

Question 3

Attitudes can be

Answer 3

Negative
Posititive
neutral
ambivalent

Question 4

Neutral vs ambivalent

Answer 4

Neutral - indifferent

Ambivalent - recognise good and bad

Question 5

Tri-component model

Answer 5

Also known as ABC

A widely accepted theory used to explain behaviour

suggests that any attitude has 3 components, all of which must be present for an attitude to be formed

Question 6

A

Answer 6

Affective (Emotional reaction)

Question 7

B

Answer 7

Behavioural (physical actions in response)

Question 8

C

Answer 8

Cognitive (beliefs we have)

Question 9

Can the ABC contradict

Answer 9

A and C can contradict with B which creates cognitive dissonance

Question 10

Functions of attitude

Answer 10

Adaptive
Self-expressive
Ego-defensive
Knowledge

Question 11

Adaptive

Answer 11

Helps people maximise rewards and minimise penalties

Voting

Question 12

Self expression

Answer 12

Allows us to express values internal to our person. We establish our identity and manage how we are viewed by peers

Question 13

Ego defensive

Answer 13

Helps people avoid harsh truths about themselves

Question 14

Knowledge

Answer 14

Informs how to act in a specific situation. Changes our behaviour due to attitude changes based on knowledge.

Question 15

Bi-directional relationship between B and A

Answer 15

The relationship between attitude and behaviour is bi-directional, meaning A affects B and B affects A

Question 16

A affect B

Answer 16

If we have a positive attitude to something our behaviour will reflect this

Question 17

A affect B factors

Answer 17

Strength
Specific
Social situation

Question 18

Strength of attitude

Answer 18

They stronger the underlying emotion, the stronger the impact it has on behaviour. Attitudes born from direct experiences are more durable

Question 19

Specific of attitude

Answer 19

The more specific, the more it will impact

Question 20

Social situation

Answer 20

situations affect how freely we express our attitudes.

Question 21

B affect A

Answer 21

If we behave in a certain way it may impact our attitude

Question 22

B affect A (self-perception theory)

Answer 22

Suggests that we observe our own behaviour and conclude our attitude from this
I play this sport so therefore I like it

Question 23

B affect A (cog dis)

Answer 23

When our attitudes and behaviours are inconsistent it makes us uncomfortable so we change on of them

Question 24

Factors of attitude formation and change

Answer 24

Central/peripheral
Direct/indirect/learning
Source/audience/message

Question 25

Learning

Answer 25

Classical (association)
Operant (Reward)
Observational (Copying)

Question 26

Central route

Answer 26

Based on content and logic of message
High elaboration
More durable attitude change

Question 27

Peripheral route

Answer 27

Based on non-message such as attractiveness and emotions
Low elaboration
Less durable

Question 28

Source

Answer 28

Who conveys the message 
Credibility (Experts) 
Trustworthy (Talking fast) 
Attractiveness (Halo effect) 
Likability

Question 29

Audience

Answer 29

Characteristics of audience
Intelligence
Self esteem
1 sided vs 2 sided

Question 30

Message

Answer 30

Type of info

• Facts
• Emotion
• Imagery
• repetition

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

A negative attitude towards people in a certain group purely because they belong to said group

to reduce p we must change attitudes

Question 32

How do we become prejudice

Answer 32

Observation or rewards

Question 33

Suggestions to reduce prejudice

Answer 33

• equal eco and legal status
• Normal for groups to have equality
• Increased contact
• Co-op goals
• Creating cog dis
• Cognitive intervention (Acknowledgement)

Question 34

Public safety

Answer 34

Encouraging discussions is helpful

Using fear tactics is only helpful when providing a way to avoid its negative impacts

Question 35

2 factors of impression formation

Answer 35

Verbal and non-verbal

Question 36

Verbal

Answer 36

What we say

Question 37

Paralinguistic

Answer 37

Empahsis 
pitch 
Inflection 
Rhythm 
Loudness 
Hesitation

Question 38

Non-verbal communications

Answer 38

Physical appearance 
Facial expression
Eye contact 
open vs closed posture 
gestures 
Distance 
Body language

Question 39

Impression managment

Answer 39

the attempts we make to influence the impression we make on others

Question 40

(Management) social comparison

Answer 40

Gaining self knowledge when comparing ourselves
Downward
Upward
Similar

Question 41

Self handicapping (management)

Answer 41

Making an excuse as to why you may present a less than desirable impression (must be done before performance)

Question 42

Real handicapping

Answer 42

Genuine reason (decreased performance)

Question 43

Artificial handicapping

Answer 43

You make up an excuse (Lower standards

Question 44

Research investigations

Answer 44

Behavioural observations and attitude inference

Self reports

Question 45

Ethics

Answer 45

Confiedentality 
Withdrawel rights 
Voluntary participation 
Informed consent 
Debriefing 
Accurate reporting 
professional conduct