Intro

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

the whole group of people of interest to the researchers

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

The participants being studied in the research pulled from the population

Question 3

what makes a good sample

Answer 3

a sample that is representative of the populations which makes the results able to generalise. For the sample size to be big enough it must be 10% of pop

Question 4

How big must the sample size be

Answer 4

10% of the pop

Question 5

Characteristics of an experimental design

Answer 5

Random allocation, manipulation of IV, control of extraneous variables.

Question 6

What does an experimental design give you

Answer 6

Cause and effect

Question 7

Where can experiments be conducted

Answer 7

in a field or lab setting. Lab gives more control, field is more realistic

Question 8

Three types of extraneous variables

Answer 8

Participant, situation and experimenter

Question 9

Participant variable

Answer 9

pre-existing conditions (age, gender, sex)

Question 10

Situation variable

Answer 10

Temp, wind, time of day, noise, brightness

Question 11

Experimenter variable

Answer 11

clarity of instructions, behaviour towards participants, biases.

Question 12

What is an extraneous variable

Answer 12

Any variable other than the IV and DV that may influence the results of the experiment

Question 13

What is the difference between the experimental group and the control group

Answer 13

The only difference between the two should be the treatment

Question 14

When is a quantitative observational design used

Answer 14

when it is not possible or ethical to use an experimental design

Question 15

What does a quantitative observational do differently to an experimental

Answer 15

It does not show cause and effect as it does not manipulate the IV.

Question 16

What does a quantitative observational show instead of a cause and effect

Answer 16

A correlation

Question 17

Is there random allocation in quantitative observational?

Answer 17

No, there are pre-existing groups (married people, 17 years olds, people with blue eyes, etc).

Question 18

Why doesn’t quantitative observational show cause and effect

Answer 18

Because we don’t manipulate the IV, therefore can not say that the change in DV was due to that and not other factors.

Question 19

Qualitative design

Answer 19

Self-reporting data that does not seek to prove a specific hypothesis and could not prove it even if it did.

Question 20

Focus groups

Answer 20

6-12 people
Group discussion
Lead by a researcher and discusses a topic of interest
A benefit of this is the snowballing effect

Question 21

Delphi technique

Answer 21

A questionnaire is sent out to experts and cross-referenced to come to a consensus on the issue. Criticised for forcing an agreement.

Question 22

How to we analyse qualitative data

Answer 22

Through content analysis

Question 23

How do we analyse content

Answer 23

we short out answers into categories from which we can find the frequency of that answer

Question 24

Why do we analyse content

Answer 24

to convert qualitative data into quantitative data.

Question 25

Advantages of experimental design

Answer 25

• Cause and effect
• Maximum control
• Replicable

Question 26

Disadvantages of experimental design

Answer 26

• Often artificial and not applicable

- Sometimes unethical

Question 27

Advantages of quantitative design

Answer 27

Can study subjects that it would be unethical to experiment on

Question 28

Disadvantages of quantitative design

Answer 28

does not allow for cause and effect

Question 29

Advantages of qualitative design

Answer 29

In-depth responses
Avoid ethical problems
Can be used with illiterate people
Snowballing effect

Question 30

Disadvantages of qualitative design

Answer 30

Does not show cause and effect
not useful for testing hypothesis
results can’t be generalised
social desirability

Question 31

Quantitative data

Answer 31

Numerical measurements

Heart rate, reaction time, cm, mm, litres, behaviour counts, rating scale, time

Question 32

Qualitative data

Answer 32

Non-numerical qualities, characteristics, images, descriptions

Question 33

Objective data

Answer 33

can be directly observed and verified

Question 34

Subjective data

Answer 34

Depends on perception, opinion or judgement. Cannot be directly observed or confirmed. Any type of self-report

Question 35

Quantitative objective

Answer 35

heart rate, IQ, behavioural counts

Question 36

Quantitve subjective

Answer 36

rating-scale personality test

Question 37

Qualitative objective

Answer 37

does not exist

Question 38

Qualitative subjective

Answer 38

Content analysis
Focus groups
Statements

Question 39

Validity

Answer 39

whether the measurement tool (surveys, apparatuses for measurement, questionnaires, etc) actually measure what it is meant to.

Question 40

Face validity

Answer 40

Whether a measure APPEARS as though it would measure what it is designed to measure

Question 41

External validity

Answer 41

Can the findings be applied to the population? Are they correct for other situations other than a lab.

Question 42

Reliability

Answer 42

How consistent the result of a measurement are. This is why we replicate.

Question 43

Can a measure be reliable but not valid

Answer 43

Yes.

Question 44

Social desirability

Answer 44

Is a participant variable
The tendency of some respondents to report an answer in a way they deem to be more socially acceptable than their true answer would be.