Learning Flashcards
Acquisition
Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established; thus, in classical conditioning, acquisition is the phase in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the US.
Classical conditioning
Learning through the process of association.
A biologically potent stimulus (Food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (a bell)
Conditioned response
A conditioned response (CR) is the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a once neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned re- sponse because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Contiguity
the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind.
They should be no more than 0.5 seconds apart
Contingency
The predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus of from the presence of another.
If you hear a bell, food is coming.
Extinction
Extinction is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.
Learning
Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience.
Aversion therapy
a type of behaviour therapy designed to make patients give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.
Behaviour modification
inducing positive change in an individual’s behavior through such techniques as positive and negative reinforcement, or punishment for poor behavior.
Operant learning
a type of learning in which behavior is in uenced by consequences
Reinforcement
Reinforcement is a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
Punishment
Pun- ishment is a process that decreases the future prob- ability of a response
Primary reinforcers
These primary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs.
Secondary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning.
Nucleus accumbens (primary reinforcers motivation)
The nucleus accumbens becomes activated during the processing of all kinds of
rewards, including primary ones such as eating and hav- ing sex, as well as “arti cial” rewards such as using cocaine and smoking a cigarette.
Token economies (secondary reinforcers motivation
A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement involves the strengthening of a behavior because it removes or diminishes a stimulus
Postitive reinforcement
positive reinforcement, a stimulus is added to a situation (the “positive” in positive reinforcement indicates the addition of a reward)
