Learning

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established; thus, in classical conditioning, acquisition is the phase in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the US.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Learning through the process of association.

A biologically potent stimulus (Food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (a bell)

Question 3

Conditioned response

Answer 3

A conditioned response (CR) is the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a once neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned re- sponse because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Contiguity

Answer 5

the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind.
They should be no more than 0.5 seconds apart

Question 6

Contingency

Answer 6

The predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus of from the presence of another.

If you hear a bell, food is coming.

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

Extinction is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.

Question 8

Learning

Answer 8

Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience.

Question 9

Aversion therapy

Answer 9

a type of behaviour therapy designed to make patients give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.

Question 10

Behaviour modification

Answer 10

inducing positive change in an individual’s behavior through such techniques as positive and negative reinforcement, or punishment for poor behavior.

Question 11

Operant learning

Answer 11

a type of learning in which behavior is in uenced by consequences

Question 12

Reinforcement

Answer 12

Reinforcement is a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

Pun- ishment is a process that decreases the future prob- ability of a response

Question 14

Primary reinforcers

Answer 14

These primary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs.

Question 15

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 15

Secondary reinforcers consist of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their value through learning.

Question 16

Nucleus accumbens (primary reinforcers motivation)

Answer 16

The nucleus accumbens becomes activated during the processing of all kinds of
rewards, including primary ones such as eating and hav- ing sex, as well as “arti cial” rewards such as using cocaine and smoking a cigarette.

Question 17

Token economies (secondary reinforcers motivation

Answer 17

A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior.

Question 18

Negative reinforcement

Answer 18

Negative reinforcement involves the strengthening of a behavior because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

Question 19

Postitive reinforcement

Answer 19

positive reinforcement, a stimulus is added to a situation (the “positive” in positive reinforcement indicates the addition of a reward)