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Biology 1610 > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Removing water and linking together monomers to create polymers.

One less water molecule than number of monomers

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding h2o and to break polymer bonds

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3
Q

Lactose

A

Substrate and disaccharide

Fructose and glucose

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4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed by dehydration reaction

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5
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide stored by plants

They’re glycosidic linkage is in an alpha structure

Hydroxyl attached below the plane of the ring

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose that animals store

Polysaccharide

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7
Q

Peptide bond

A

Dehydration bond used to assemble amino acids

Similar to glycosidic linkage for polysaccharide

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide that comprises plant’s cell wall

Glycosidic linkage is in a beta structure the hydroxyl alternates one above and one below

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9
Q

Chitin

A

The polysaccharide used by anthropods (crustaceans and insects)

Also found in fungi

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Not considered true polymers because their monomers vary in structure

Aren’t big enough to be macromolecules

They are grouped together because they don’t mix with water

Mostly hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) and non-polar

Have a carboxyl on the end that makes them a fatty acid

Created by an ester linkage between hydroxyl and carboxyl

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11
Q

Triaglycerol

A

Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

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12
Q

Saturated fat

A

No double bonds between carbons in the tail

Solid at room temp because there are a lot of the hydrocarbons packed together

Example: butter, lard

It saturated with hydrogen

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13
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

One or more double bonds in the tail with one fewer hydrogen atoms on each double bonded carbon

Causes a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

Liquid at room temp

Hydrogenated means that hydrogen has been synthetically added to make it a saturated fat (bad ie peanut butter, margarine)

Lots of fluidity because of the kinks

Animals and plants in colder climates will have more unsaturated fats which will mean that it’ll take colder temps for them to become solid

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14
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Hydrophilic head (polar)

Hydrophobic tail (non-polar)

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid obtained from diet

They involve four interconnected rings CH3

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16
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymer chains of amino acids

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17
Q

Amino acids

A

Composed of an amino group and carboxyl group

H\N/H

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18
Q

Peptide bond

A

Removal of water (dehydration reaction) to make a protein polymer

Polypeptides

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19
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and occasionally quaternary

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20
Q

Primary structure

A

Involves an amino acid chain link with a unique sequence

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21
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils and folds that occur because of hydrogen

Alpha helix - a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding occurring between every fourth amino acid

Beta pleated sheet - two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are held together by hydrogen bonds between the backbone

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22
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (r groups)

Hydrophobic interactions

Disulfide bridge

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23
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The overall structure that occurs with two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional molecule

Ie hemoglobin

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24
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Includes a problem with the protein’s structure (sickle shaped) hemoglobin which cause them to clog tiny blood vessels impeding blood flow

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25
Q

Chaperonins

A

Chaperone proteins that assist in proper protein folding of other proteins

It shields the protein from “bad influences” in the cytoplasm

Misfolding is serious and causes Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and mad cow disease

Is like a capsule that keeps the protein safe while folding

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26
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomer

Nucleic acids are polymer

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27
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA provides instructions for its own replication and RNA contains instructions for creating proteins

DNa has deoxyribose and rna has ribose

Rna single strand and DNa is double helix

T-A (U in rna) G-C

28
Q

Pyramidine

A

Cut

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

29
Q

Aldehyde sugars

A

Carbonyl group at the end

30
Q

Ketones

A

Carbonyl group inside the carbon skeleton

31
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures from another

Centrifuge

High speed = pellet with smaller component

Lower speed = bigger component

32
Q

Cell size

A

Determined by surface to volume ratio

High surface to volume ratio facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment

33
Q

Glucose

A

Monomer

Carbohydrate

C6H12O6

34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

35
Q

Motor proteins

A

Attach to the cytoskeleton and help direct vesicles

36
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes

13 columns of tubulin molecules

Chromosome movements in cell division

Formed in centrosome

Has a pair of centrioles that have nine sets of Microtubules

Cilia flagella

Have dyenin motor proteins attached to them

37
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin and myosin

Two strands of intertwined actin

Help with muscle contraction
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cell pseudopodia (cell motility)

38
Q

Middle lamella

A

Exists between primary walls of adjacent plant cells

Glues them together with pectin

39
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm in plant cells

40
Q

Tight junctions

A

Exist between animal cells

The PMs are tightly pressed against each other bound by proteins forming continuous deals around the cells.

Exist in skin s to prevent leakage between cells in our sweat glands

41
Q

Gap junctions

A

Like Plasmodesmata in plant cells

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another

42
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

43
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

A lipid digesting enzyme is missing or inactive

44
Q

Allosteric enzyme

A

Involves an enzyme with more than one receptor site

Remember ligand

45
Q

Smooth er

A

Makes lipids

Gauscher disease: deficiency in smooth er

46
Q

Cell-cell recognition

A

Is mediated by way of glycoproteins

47
Q

Selective permeability

A

Allow small molecules in that are nonpolar and hydrophobic

These dissolve easily :Hydrocarbons
CO2

48
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Change shape to aid in transporting items

49
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

A combination between the chemical force (the ion’s concentration gradient) and the electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential or charge on the ion’s movement)

50
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

Animals - sodium potassium

Plants, fungi, bacteria: proton pump

51
Q

Cotransport

A

An ATP pump that transports a specific solute that indirectly drives the active transport of several other solutes

Plants actively pump hydrogen atoms, but amino acids and sugars come with it.

52
Q

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

A

Human cells use this to take in cholesterol for membrane synthesis and synthesis of steroids

LDLs act as ligands (a molecule that bonds to the receptor site of another molecule)
Familial hypercholesterol, ldls cannot enter the cells because the ldl receptor proteins are defective or missing

53
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

Cellular respiration

Hydrolysis

Increases entropy

Heat/condensation increases entropy

54
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

Ie dehydration synthesis

Decreases entropy

55
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transformed, but never destroyed

56
Q

Second law

A

Every transformation of energy increases the entropy of the universe

57
Q

Why does hydrolysis occur more than condensation

A

Because we’re increasing the order from simpler structures to larger ones

58
Q

The change in free energy

A

Delta G= deltaH-TdeltaS

Delta g= change in free energy

Delta h = enthalpy or total energy

Delta s = entropy

T equals temp in kelvin

59
Q

Exergonic

A

Release free energy

Delta G is negative

Ie cellular respiration

60
Q

Endergonic

A

Absorbs free energy

Delta g is positive

Water being moved uphill

61
Q

Activation energy

A

The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction

62
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyst that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction

63
Q

Cofactors or coenzymes

A

Block substrates from attaching to enzyme active sites

Zinc as an example

Helps catty natural elements

Optimal temp for typical human enzyme 37

Optimal temp for bacteria enzyme is much higher 77

64
Q

Pepsin

A

Stomach acid ph enzyme is much lower (2)

65
Q

Trypsin

A

More basic enzyme so optimum ph is higher (8)

Biology 1610 (14 decks)

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