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Biology 1610 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

NaCl

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2
Q

Element

A

Substance that can’t be broken down into other substances

92 elements ie gold, copper, silver

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3
Q

Essential elements

A

20-25% of the natural elements that an organism needs in order to lead a healthy life

Humans need 25

Plants need 17

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4
Q

Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)

Nitrogen (N)

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

The remaining four percent of an organism’s mass (only needed in small or trace amounts)

Calcium (Ca)

Potassium (K)

Sulfur (S)

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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7
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Proton positive
Electron negative
Neutron neutral

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8
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Densely packed with protons and neutron at the core of an atom.

Protons give the nucleus a positive charge and electrons form an electron cloud outside of the nucleus.

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9
Q

Dalton

A

A unit of measurement for describing the mass of an atom (atomic mass unit or amu)

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons for an element which is written as a subscript to the left of the element’s symbol

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11
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Written above the atomic number

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12
Q

Hydrogen

A

Simplest element and and has no neutrons

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13
Q

Atomic mass

A

Equals the atomic number (approximately ___ daltons)

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14
Q

Isotope

A

When the same element has varying numbers of neutrons

Most common isotope for carbon is 12/6 C

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15
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Isotope that is unstable or loses particles

It’s nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. When it changes its number of protons, it becomes another element.

14/6 C

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16
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change

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17
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy matter possesses because of its location or structure

Ie water in a reservoir on a hill has potential energy because of its altitude

18
Q

Electron shells

A

Determine the amount of energy an electron has - closer it is to the nucleus, the lower the potential energy.

When an electron loses energy in the form of heat, it falls back to a shell closer to the nucleus.

19
Q

Valence electrons

A

Located in the outermost (valence) shell and determines the majority of the behavior of the atom.

Elements with the same number of valence electrons exhibit similar behavior. Ie chlorine and flourine

20
Q

Inert atoms

A

Atoms with full valence shells don’t react with anything else chemically.

Helium
Neon
Argon

21
Q

Orbital

A

Space where an electron is found 90% of the time

22
Q

Chemical bonds

A

When atoms are held together by valence electrons (either sharing it transferring)

Strongest are ionic and covalent

23
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

24
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

Ie H2

25
Q

Single bond

A

A pair of shared electrons

26
Q

Double bond

A

Sharing two pair of valence electrons

27
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capacity of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost valence shell.

28
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and had mass

29
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

30
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

In a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally.

31
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

An atom bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons are not shared equally.

Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements

32
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom or molecule

33
Q

Cation

A

Positive charged atom or molecule

34
Q

Anion

A

Negative charged molecule

35
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bond formed by the attraction between cations and anions.

36
Q

Ionic compounds or salts

A

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

37
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The noncovalent attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Weak

38
Q

Van see waals interactions

A

Are individually weak attractions and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together. There are ever-changing regions of positive and negative charges that stick to one another.

39
Q

Reactants

A

Starting material in the chemical reactions

40
Q

Chemical reactions

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

41
Q

Products

A

End result in a chemical reaction

42
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly

Biology 1610 (14 decks)

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