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Geology > Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of making sedimentary rocks is called…

A

Diagenesis

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2
Q

What are sediments comprised of?

A

Loose fragments of rocks, minerals, shell, shell fragments, or mineral crystals that precipitate out of water

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3
Q

Sediment is produced through

A

Weathering

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4
Q

What are the 2 different types of weathering?

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
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5
Q

What are the 4 different types of physical weathering?

A
  • Jointing
  • Frost wedging
  • Root wedging
  • Thermal expansion
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6
Q

What is jointing?

A

Natural cracks formed in rocks due to the expansion of a rock undergoing exhumation cooling and extraction

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7
Q

When does exfoliation occur?

A

When jointing develops in layers parallel to the surface due to pressure release

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8
Q

What is frost wedging?

A

When water freezes and forces a rock apart

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9
Q

What is root wedging?

A

When roots grow and force a rock apart

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10
Q

What is dissolution?

A

When minerals dissolve in water

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11
Q

What are some things that physical and chemical weathering work to do?

A
  • Increase surface area (physical)
  • Dissolve minerals and cements (chemicals)
  • Alter hard minerals into soft minerals (chemicals)
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12
Q

What is oxidation?

A

A reaction where an element loses an electron

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13
Q

What is differential weathering?

A

When weathering occurs faster at the edges and corners than on a flat face

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14
Q

What part of the crust do sedimentary rocks occur in?

A

They occur in the uppermost part of the crust. They cover igneous and metamorphic base rocks.

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15
Q

What are the four sedimentary rock classes?

A
  • Clastic
  • Biochemical
  • Organic
  • Chemical
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16
Q

What do clastic sedimentary rocks consist of?

A

Mineral grains, rock fragments, and cementing material

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17
Q

What processes are clastic sedimentary rocks created by?

A
  • weathering (generation of
    detritus via rock disintegration)
  • erosion (removal of grains)
  • transportation (dispersal of solid particles and ions by
    gravity, wind, water, and ice)
  • deposition (settling out of the transporting fluid)
  • lithification (transformation
    into solid rock)
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18
Q

What is lithification?

A

Transforms a loose sediment into a solid rock

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19
Q

What cement glues the loose sediments together?

A

Minerals

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20
Q

As transport distance increase, grain size …

A

Decreases

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21
Q

Grain size is a measure of

A

The size of fragments or grains

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22
Q

Clasts may be comprised of

A

Individual mineral grains or rock fragments

23
Q

Angularity is

A

The degree of edge or corner smoothness

24
Q

Degree of sorting increases with

A

Transport distance

25
Q

What is Breccia?

A

Course, angular rock fragments

26
Q

What is conglomerate?

A

Rounded rock clasts

27
Q

What is Arkose?

A

Sand and gravel with abundant feldspar

28
Q

What is sandstone?

A

Clastic rock made of sand-sized particles

29
Q

Fine clastics are composed of

A

Silt and clay

30
Q

Biochemical sedimentary rocks are made up of

A

Sediments derived from the shells of once-living organism

31
Q

Limestone are almost entirely made up of

A

Calcite and aragonite

32
Q

What are some biochemical rocks?

A
  • Chert
  • Coal
  • Oil shale
33
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks are comprised of minerals precipitated from….?

A

Water solution

34
Q

What kind of texture do chemical sedimentary rocks have?

A

Crystal (interlocking) texture

35
Q

Where are evaporite rocks derived from?

A

They are derived from evaporation of large volumes of sea or lake water

36
Q

What are sedimentary structures?

A

Features that form when sediments were deposited

37
Q

Why are sedimentary structures useful?

A

They provide strong evidence about conditions in the depositional environments

38
Q

What are the prominent features of sedimentary rocks?

A
  • Bedding
  • Stratification
39
Q

The boundary between two bed is referred to as

A

Bedding Plane

40
Q

What does bedding reflect?

A

Changing conditions during deposition such as changes in sediment source, sediment composition, grain size, sorting, etc

41
Q

Formations are

A

Rock units that are so unique that they can be recognized and mapped over large regions

42
Q

Water flowing over loose sediments can create…

A

Bedforms

43
Q

Cross beds are created by ___ and ____

A

Ripple; dune migration

44
Q

Turbidity torrents occur under

A

Ocean landslides

45
Q

What are depositional environments?

A

They are locations where sediments accumulate

46
Q

What is transgression?

A

The process is which sea levels rise

47
Q

What is regression?

A

The process in which sea levels fall

48
Q

Coarse conglomerate is a characteristic of what setting?

A

Mountain stream environment

49
Q

Rift basins form at what type of plate boundary?

A

Divergent

50
Q

Foreland basins form on what side?

A

Craton side of collisional mountain belt

51
Q

Intracontinental form on what side?

A

They form in the interior craton side, far from the continental margin or tectonic-plate boundaries

52
Q

Passive margins are

A

Edges of continents that are not tectonic-plate boundaries

53
Q

Sediment deposition is strongly linked to..

A

Sea level

Geology (19 decks)

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