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Geology > Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is lava found?

A

Above/on the Earth’s surface

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2
Q

Where is magma found?

A

Beneath the Earth’s surface

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3
Q

What do extrusive magma create?

A

Lava flows and pyroclastic deposits

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4
Q

Where do intrusive rocks form?

A

They form below the ground

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5
Q

The extrusive realm is __ the ground

A

Above

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6
Q

The intrusive realm is ___ the ground

A

Below

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7
Q

Many volcanoes are part of the ___ zone volcanism

A

Subduction

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8
Q

Where do igneous rocks come from?

A

They come from lava or magma

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9
Q

Where do most igneous activities occur in?

A

They occur along the mid-ocean ridge. And most occur below the sea level.

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10
Q

Magma is a mixture of…?

A

Melts

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11
Q

How is magma formed?

A

When water melts the mantle it forms magma

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12
Q

What does rift-related lithospheric thinning cause?

A

It causes decompressional melting of the asthenosphere

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13
Q

When heat transfer melts the crust what does the process create?

A

It creates felsic magmas

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14
Q

What kind of activity does mantle plume hot spots generate?

A

They generate igneous activity

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15
Q

What can hot-spot volcanoes do?

A

They can track igneous activity

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16
Q

What does the acronym LIPs stand for?

A

Large Igneous Provinces

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17
Q

What are LIPs?

A

Large areas of mafic melt that appear periodically over geologic time

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18
Q

What can LIPs result from?

A

They can result from mantle plumes at the base of the lithosphere that create huge volumes of low-viscosity mafic magma

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19
Q

What are some ways to melt the Earth (or the mantle)?

A
  • Get it hot (add heat)
  • Decrease pressure
  • Add fluids or volatiles
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20
Q

In slide 12 of lecture 5, what is the green line called?

A

Solidus

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21
Q

In slide 12 of lecture 5, what is the red line called?

A

Liquidus

22
Q

Where does decompression melting occur?

A

They occur at:
- Mantle plumes
- Continental rifts
- Divergent-plate boundaries

23
Q

In a subduction zone, what volatiles are driven from the oceanic crust and into the asthenosphere?

A

H20 and CO2

24
Q

What are the different types of melt?

A
  • Mafic
  • Ultramafic
  • Felsic
  • Intermediate
25
Q

The type of melt you make depends on the ….?

A

Silica content

26
Q

In the word “felsic” what do the words “fel” and “sic” stand for?

A

“Fel” stands for felsic

“Sic” stands for silica content

27
Q

What magma has the highest silica content?

A

Felsic magma

28
Q

What magma has the second highest silica content?

A

Intermediate magma

29
Q

What magma has the third highest silica content?

A

Mafic magma

30
Q

What magma has the fourth highest silica content?

A

Ultramafic magma

31
Q

What is resistant to flow called?

A

Viscosity

32
Q

How does viscosity work in colder materials?

A
  • They tend to be more viscous (will move more slowly)
  • They have a high SiO2 content (they’re more felsic)
  • The volatile content is lower
33
Q

How does viscosity work in hotter materials?

A
  • They tend to be less viscous (will move quicker)
  • They have a lower count of SiO2 content (they’re more mafic)
  • The volatile content is higher
34
Q

What does the viscosity of a rock depend on?

A
  • Temperature
  • Volatile content
  • Silica content
35
Q

Partial melting of the rocks makes the melt ______ because ___ minerals melt first?

A

Silica-enriched; felsic

36
Q

What is assimilation?

A

As a melt rises, it assimilates the wall rock, changing the
composition of the melt

37
Q

What type of minerals crystallize first?

A

Mafic

38
Q

What type of minerals crystallize last?

A

Felsic

39
Q

In the Bowen’s reaction series, the rocks that formed first are called ….?

A

Mafic

40
Q

Name a rock that crystallizes first

A

Olivine

41
Q

Name a rock that crystallizes last

A

Quartz

42
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Are deadly fast-moving avalanches of superheated volcanic ash and debris

43
Q

Dikes tend to run through ___

A

Vertically

44
Q

Sills tend to run through ____

A

Horizontally

45
Q

What are most sills a result of?

A

They result in the change in the elevation of a land surface

46
Q

What do dikes do?

A

They cut across layers and spread the rock sideways

47
Q

What are laccoliths?

A

Magma that usually stays in one area like a blister-shaped intrusion

48
Q

What are plutons?

A

Blob-shaped intrusions that solidify from magma chambers

49
Q

What is a batholith?

A

A group of plutons that cover a large area

50
Q

What are xenoliths?

A

Chunks of wall rock incorporated into the magma

51
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Through cooling and crystallization of magma

Geology (19 decks)

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