Test 2 (lecture Recording 1)

Question 1

Rock Cycle

Answer 1

-Processes involved in the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
-Connection between magma,
igneous rocks, sediments, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
-Erosion sources for sediments.

Question 2

Formation of Rocks

Answer 2

-Cooling and crystallization for igneous rocks.
-Weathering, erosion, and sediment transport for sedimentary rocks.
-Metamorphism for metamorphic rocks.

Question 3

Lithification and Diagenesis

Answer 3

Explanation of the processes involved in forming sedimentary rocks.

Question 4

Tectonic Environments

Answer 4

-Different tectonic settings where igneous rocks can form.
-Brief overview of large igneous provinces.

Question 5

Ways Rocks Melt to Form Magma

Answer 5

1-Decompression melting
2-Heat transfer melting
3-Flux melting

Question 6

Decompression melting:

Answer 6

decrease in pressure leading to melting.

Question 7

Flux melting:

Answer 7

addition of volatiles like water and CO2.

Question 8

Heat transfer melting

Answer 8

transfer of heat from hotter magma to cooler rocks.

Question 9

Igneous Rocks:

Answer 9

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of magma.

Question 10

Sediments:

Answer 10

Small pieces of rocks, minerals, and organic materials that are transported and deposited.

Question 11

Sedimentary Rocks:

Answer 11

Rocks formed from the lithification of sediments through compaction and cementation.

Question 12

Metamorphic Rocks:

Answer 12

Rocks formed from the alteration of existing rocks due to changes in temperature and pressure.

Question 13

Lithification:

Answer 13

The process of compacting and cementing sediments to form sedimentary rocks.

Question 14

Diagenesis:

Answer 14

Another term for the process of lithification.

Question 15

Metamorphism:

Answer 15

The process through which existing rocks undergo changes in temperature and pressure to form metamorphic rocks.

Question 16

Subduction Zones:

Answer 16

Areas where one tectonic plate moves under another.

Question 17

Divergent Boundaries:

Answer 17

Areas where tectonic plates move away from each other.

Question 18

Hotspots:

Answer 18

Areas where magma from the mantle rises to the Earth’s surface.

Question 19

Magma Formation:

Answer 19

1-Decompression Melting: Melting that occurs when rocks experience a decrease in pressure, typically at divergent boundaries.
2-Flux Melting: Melting caused by the addition of volatiles like water and CO2, often associated with subduction zones.
3-Heat Transfer Melting: Melting that happens when hotter magma transfers heat to cooler rocks.

Question 20

Magma Processes:

Answer 20

1-Cooling and Crystallization:The process through which magma cools and solidifies to form igneous rocks.
2-Weathering:The breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
3-Erosion: The transportation of weathered materials.
4-Sediment Transport:The movement of sediments by water, wind, or ice.

Question 21

Igneous Rocks Formation:

Answer 21

Tectonic environments like subduction zones or divergent boundaries lead to magma formation.

Question 22

Sedimentary Rocks Formation:

Answer 22

Deposition of sediments in areas such as oceans or lakes.

Question 23

Metamorphic Rocks Formation:

Answer 23

High pressure and temperature conditions in regions of tectonic activity.

Question 24

Protolith:

Answer 24

Initial rock before metamorphism.

Question 25

Metamorphism:

Answer 25

Process where rocks undergo changes in pressure and temperature, resulting in the formation of new rocks.

Question 26

Metamorphic Rocks:

Answer 26

Resulting rocks from metamorphism, such as marble from limestone and quartzite from sandstone.

Question 27

Migmatites:

Answer 27

Rocks formed from partial melting during metamorphism.

Question 28

Lava vs. Magma:

Answer 28

Lava is found on the surface, while magma is beneath the Earth’s surface.

Question 29

Extrusive vs. Intrusive Igneous Rocks:

Answer 29

Extrusive rocks form on the surface, while intrusive rocks form beneath the surface.

Question 30

Volcanic vs. Plutonic Rocks:

Answer 30

Volcanic rocks erupt to the surface, while plutonic rocks remain beneath the Earth’s surface.

Question 31

Tectonic Environments for Igneous Activity:

Answer 31

1-Subduction Zones: Occur where plates collide, leading to magma formation.
2-Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust.
3-Hotspots: Deep mantle plumes create magma, forming islands like Hawaii.
4-Continental Rifts: Rifts form as continents split, leading to volcanic activity.
5-Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs): Massive outpourings of igneous rock, potentially related to mantle plumes.

Question 32

Ways to Melt the Earth’s Mantle:

Answer 32

1-Decompression Melting: Decreasing pressure allows rocks to melt, occurring at divergent boundaries.
2-Flux Melting: Adding volatiles like water and CO2 lowers the melting temperature of rocks, occurring at subduction zones.
3-Heat Transfer Melting: Hotter magma can transfer heat to cooler rocks, causing them to melt, less common but still significant.

Question 33

Understanding Igneous Processes:

Answer 33

1-Partial Melting: Only a portion of the rock melts, leading to the formation of magma.
2-Influence of Volatiles: Water plays a crucial role in melting rocks by lowering their melting temperature.
3-Complex Interactions: Igneous processes involve a combination of factors, including pressure, temperature, and the presence of volatiles.