Test 2 - infertility Flashcards
women with no history of pregnancy
Primary infertility
history of prior pregnancy
Secondary infertility
implies an intrinsic inability to achieve pregnancy
Sterility
the probability of achieving a live birth in 1 menstrual cycle
Fecundity
the likelihood of conception per month of exposure.
Fecundability
T/F: The cause or causes of infertility can involve one or both partners.
TRUE
Causes of male infertility
General health and lifestyle issues
Overexposure to certain environmental factors
Men older than 40 may be less fertile than younger men.
Causes of female infertility
Fallopian tube damage or blockage (Chlamydia is most frequent cause.)
Endometriosis, Ovulation disorders, Hyper-prolactemia, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine fibroids,
pelvic adhesions, thyroid problems and some medications
Early menopause
Risk factors and infertility - age
After 30, a women’s facundability declines and Women over the age of 40 have a higher rate of
chromosomal abnormalities in eggs & Men over the age of 40 become less fertile.
Risk factors and infertility - others
Tobacco smoking
Alcohol and caffeine consumption
Over/Under weight
Exercise > 7 days/ week
Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement (7)
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Resolution Recognition and understanding
Diagnosing infertility : evaluation of male factors
Post-ejaculatory urine sample
(If the semen analysis reveals abnormal or borderline parameters: Repeat the test in 2-3 months, since spermatogenesis takes approximately 74 days)
The male factor is diagnosed in ____% of infertile couples: the majority of the diagnosis involves
testicular pathology such as a varicocele
25-40%
If semen is abnormal:
Blood tests for _______ and _____ levels are usually taken first
testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Low levels of FSH, LH and testosterone indicate ______
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Ovulatory dysfunction is responsible for approximately ___% of the overall 40% of infertility related to female causes.
20-25%
decline in fecundity is a result of progressive follicular atresia through apoptosis, which accelerates in the early 30’s and progresses rapidly in the late 30’s and early 40’s ->_____ decreases the ovaries responsiveness to gonadotropins decreases
ovarian reserve
Higher levels of _____ and ____ are associated with lower pregnancy rates due to inhibitory effects on the reproductive system
premenstrual tension and stress
increase follicular phase and delay ovulation
soy
lengthens luteal phase cycles
flaxseed
antioxidants and anti-inflammatory
fish
reduces decline of ovarian reserve
vitamin E
protects from heavy metals
selenium
reduces the risk of miscarriages due to lack and chromosomal changes
zinc
