Test 2 HIM - Chapters 3, 4, & 5 part 2 Flashcards
bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat
upper respiratory infection (URI); common cold or head cold
infect/o-
disease within
-ion
action; condition
hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles with bronchospasm; inflammation and swelling severely narrow the lumens
asthma or reactive airway disease
-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack
status asthmaticus
asthm/o-
asthma
-atic
pertaining to
acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the bronchi
bronchitis
chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the broncioles
bronchiectasis
-ectasis
condition of dilation
types of abnormal breath sounds
pleural friction rub, rales, rhonchi, stridor, wheezes
creaking, grating or rubbing sound when the two layers of inflamed pleura rub against each other during inspiration
pleural friction rub
irregular crackling or bubbling sounds during inspiration
rales
humming, whistling, or snoring sounds during inspiration or expiration
rhonchi
high-pitched, harsh, crowing sound due to edema or obstruction in the trachea or larynx
stridor
high-pitched whistling or squeaking sounds during inspiration or expiration
wheezing
severe infection, extensive burns, or injury to the lungs damages the alveoli
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
this develops in premature infants who produce too little surfactant because their lungs are not fully mature
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
tract/o-
pulling
incomplete expansion or collapse of part or all of a lung due to mucus, tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus
atelectasis
atel/o-
incomplete
combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema; caused by chronic exposure to pollution or smoking
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chron/o-
time
obstruct/o-
blocked by a barried
-ive
pertaining to
em-
in
phys/o-
distend; grow; inflate
-ema
condition
hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene
cystic fibrosis (CF)
cyst/o-
bladder; fluid-filled sac; semisolid cyst
fibr/o-
fiber
-osis
condition; process
localized collection of purulent material (pus) in the thoracic cavity from an infection in the lungs
empyema or pyothorax
py/o-
pus
-ema
condition
purul/o-
pus
-ent
pertaining to
chronic, irreversibly damaged alveoli that are enlarged and trap air in the lungs
emphysema
acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory sstem
influenza
severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection
legionnaries’ disease
canceorus tumor of the lungs that is more common in smokers than nonsmokers
lung cancer
malign/o-
cancer; intentionally causing harm
-ant
pertaining to
aden/o-
gland
constant exposure to inhaled particles that causes pulmonary fibrosis, and the alveoli lose their elasticity
occupational lung diseases
type of occupational lung disease caused by coal dust
anthracosis (col minger’s lung or black lung disease)
antrach/o-
coal
type of occupational lung disease caused by asbestos fibers
asbestosis
asbest/o-
asbestos
general word for any occupational lung disease caused by chronically inhaling some type of dust or particle
pneumoconiosis
coni/o-
dust
infection of some or all of the lobes of the lungs
pneumonia
-ia
condition; state; thing
caused by a foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs
aspiration pneumonia
aspir/o-
breathe in; suck in
caused by bacteria
bacterial pneumonia
affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lungs
bonchio-pneumonia
bacteri/o-
bacterium
involves both lungs
double pneumonia
affects part or all of just one lobe of the lung
lobar pneumonia
this type of lobar pneumonia affects all of the lobes of one lung
panlobar pneumonia
pan-
all
lob/o-
lobe of an organ
-ar
pertaining to
acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneomococcal pneumonia
cocc/o-
spherical bacterium
-al
pertaining to
severe pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci
Pneumocytis jiroveci pneumonia
type of infection that waits for an opportunity to cause disease in a person whose immune system is weakened
opportunistic infection
opportun/o-
taking advantage of an opportunity; well timed
type of pneumonia caused by a virus
viral pneumonia
mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae
walking pneumonia
fluid (edema) collections in the alveoli; result of backup of blood in the pulmonary circulation because of failure of the left side of the heart to adequately pump blood
pulmonary edema
vir/o-
virus
blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus
pulmonary embolism
embol/o-
embolus; occluding plug
acute viral respiratory illness that can be fatal; fever, dyspnea, and cough, together with a history of travel in an airplane or close contact with another patient w/ this syndrome
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
lung infection caused by the bacterium Myobacterium tuberculosis and spread by airborne droplets and coughing
tuberculosis (TB)
soft nodules of necrosis produces by the bacteria in TB
tubercles
tuber/o-
nodule
-cle
small thing
presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma
hemothorax
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space due to inflammation or infection of the pleura and lungs
pleural effusion
effus/o-
pouring out
inflammation or infection of the pleura due to pneumonia, trauma, or tumor
pleurisy or pleuritis
-isy
condition of infection; condition of inflammation
large volume of air in the pleural space; increasingly separates the two layers of the pleura and compresses or collapses the lung
pneuomothorax
brief or prolonged absence of spontaneous respirations due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest
apnea
a-
away from; without
middle-aged, obese patients who snore excessively have this
obstructive sleep apnea
abnormally slow rate of breathing (less than 10 breaths per minute in adults)
bradypnea
protective mechanism to forcefully expel accidentally inhaled food, irritating particles, or internally produced mucos
coughing
brady-
slow
coughing up sputum from the lungs
expectoration
coughing up blood-tinged sputum
hemoptysis
-ptysis
condition of coughing up
difficult, labored, or painful respiration due to lung disease
dyspnea, shortness of breath (SOB)
form of dyspnea that occurs after brief activity in patients with severe COPD
dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
form of dyspnea where shortness of breath is occurs at night because fluid builds up in the lungs while the patient is lying down
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
paroxysm/o-
sudden, sharp attack
need to be propped in an upright or semi-upright position in order to breathe and sleep comfortable
orthopnea
orth/o-
straight
abnomally rapid rate of breathing (greater than 20 breaths per minute in adults) that is caused by lung disease
tachypnea
complete lack (or a severely decreased level) of oxygen in the arterial blood and body tissues
anoxia
an-
not; without
decrease in heart rate and blueness of the skin that occur because of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide and an abnormally low level of oxygen
asphyxia
bluish-gray discoloration of the skin because of a very low level of oxygen and a very high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
cyanosis
circum-
around
very high level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
hypercapnia
very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood
hypoxemia
very low level of oxygen in the cells
hypoxia
blood test to measure the partial pressure (P) of the gases oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in a sample of arterial blood
arterial blood gases (ABG)
blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood of patients exposed to fires, smoke, or fumes in a closed, unventilated space
carboxyhemoglobin
procedure in which a small, noninvasive clip device is place on the patient’s index finger or earlobe to measure the degree of oxygen saturation of the blood
oximetry
procedure to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air during inhalation and exhalation
pulmonary function test
procedure to determine if a patient has sleep apnea and what is causing it
sleep study or polysomnography
test to identify which bacterium is causing a pulmonary infection and to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs
sputum culture and sensitivity
poly-
many; much
somn/o-
sleep
sensitiv/o-
affected by; sensitive to
-ity
condition; state
test to determine if a patient has TB
tuberculosis tests
type of TB screening test that uses a four-pronged device to puncture the skin and introduce PPD (purified protein derivative), part of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tine test
type of TB test that uses an intradermal inject of PPD
Mantoux test
radiologic procedure that uses x-rays to create an image of the lungs
chest radiography or chest x-ray (CXR)
radiologic procedures that scan a narrow slice of tissues and create an image
computerized axial tomography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging
nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled radioactive gas to show air-flow in the lungs.
ventilation and perfusion scan (V/Q)
procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds
auscultation
uses the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patient’s back over a lobe of the lung
percussion
auscult/o-
listening
percuss/o-
tapping
procedure to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood if the patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped beating
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
procedure in which an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted
endotracheal intubation
tub/o-
tube
alternative to the endotracheal tube where the tube is insurted through the nasopharynx to reach the trachea
nasotracheal tube
procedure to assist a choking victim with an airway obstruction
heimlich maneuver
medical device to encourage patients to breathe deeply to prevent atelectasis
incentive spirometry
portable plastic device with a mouthpiece
spirometer
procedure to provide additional oxygen to patents with pulmonary disease
oxygen therapy
oxygen from oxygen therapy delivered through this device
nasal cannula or face mask
-ator
person who does; person who produces; thing that does; thing that produces
mechanical device that breathes for a patient or assists with some breaths
ventilator or respirator
hand-held device that is used to manually breathe for the patient on a temporary basis
ambu bag
procedure during a physical examination in which the temperature, pulse, respirations (TPR), and blood pressure (BP) are measured
vital signs
procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi
bronchoscopy
procedure that inserts a plastic tube between the ribs and into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air, fluid, pus, or blood due to trauma or infection
chest tube insertion
procedure to remove part or all of a lung
lung resection
type of lung resection where a small wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue is removed
wedge resection
type of lung resection where a large piece or a segment of a lobe is removed
segmental resection
type of lung resection where an entire lobe is removed
lobectomy
type of lung resection where an entire lung is removed
pneumonectomy
resect/o-
cuto out; remove
procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid from the pleural space
thoracentesis or thoracocentesis
-centesis
procedure to puncture
incision into the thoracic cavity; first step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and the lungs
thoracotomy
procedure that begins with an incision into the trachea to create an opening; tracheostomy tube is then inserted to keep the opening from closing
tracheostomy
treat respiratory infections caused by bacteria
antibiotic drugs
treat tuberculosis; several of these must be used together to be effective
antitubercular drugs
suppress the cough center in the brain
antitussive drugs
prevent and treat influenza virus infection in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease
antiviral drugs
dilate constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles
bronchodilator drugs
block the immune system from causing inflammation in the lung
corticosteroid drugs
reduce the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up
expectorant drugs
cortic/o-
cortex; outer region
-steroid
steroid
block leuotriene, which causes inflammation and edema
leukotriene receptor blocker drugs
stabilize mast cells and prevent them from releasing histamine that causes brochospasm during an allergic reaction
mast cell stabilizer drugs
bind to nicotine receptors and prevent them from being activated by nicotine from smoking
stop smoking drugs
A&P
ausculation and percussion
ABG
arterial blood gases
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
AP
anteroposterior
ARDS
adult respiratory distress syndrome; acute respiratory distress syndrome
BS
breathing sounds
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO
carbon monoxide
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CT
computerized tomography
CXR
chest x-ray
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
ETT
endotracheal tube
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in one sec
FiO2
fraction (percentage) of inhaled oxygen
FVC
forced vital capacity
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
LLL
left lower lobe
LUL
left upper lobe
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
O2
oxygen
PA
posteroanterior
PCO2, pCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PFT
pulmonary function test
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
PO2, pO2
partial pressure of oxygen
PPD
packs per day (of cigs); purified protein test (TB test)
RA
room air
RDS
respiratory distress syndome
RLL
right lower lobe
RML
right middle lobe
RRT
registered respirator therapist
RUL
right upper lobe
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
TPR
temperature, pulse, and respiration
URI
upper respiratory infection
V/Q
ventilation and perfusion (scan)
continuous, circular body system that includes the heart and the vascular structures (blood vessels)
cardiovascular or circulatory system
vacul/o-
blood vessel
angi/o-
blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
vas/o-
blood vessel; vas deferens
circulat/o-
movement in a circular route
-ory
having the function of
purpose of the cardiovascular system
move the blood to every part of the body as it transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste
muscular organ that contracts at least once every second to pump blood throughout the body
heart
heart contains these four champers
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- left atrium
- left ventricle
atri/o-
atrium; chamber that is open at the top
ventricul/o-
ventricle; chamber that is filled
central wall that divides the heart into right and left sides
septum
inferior tip of the heart
apex
sept/o-
dividing wall; septum
apic/o-
apex; tip
these four valves control the flow of blood through the heart
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
- mitral
- aortic
this valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it has 3 triangular cusps
tricuspid valve
this valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle; it has 2 cusps
mitral or bicuspid valve
this valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta
aortic valve
rope-like stands attached to their valve leaflets; found in the tricuspid and mitral valves
chordae tendinae
S1 or first heart sound, “lubb,” is caused by?
sound is made as the tricuspid and mitral valves close
S2 or second heart sound, “dubb,” is caused by?
sound is made as the pulmonary and aortic valves close
muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
my/o-
muscle
innermost layer that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves
endocardium
outermost layer; surrounds the heart as the pericardial sac and secretes paricardial fluid
pericardium
part of the pericardium that is next to the surface of the heart
visceral pericardium or epicardium
part of the pericardium that is the outer wall of the pericardial sac
parietal pericardium
slippery, watery fluid that allows the two membranes to slide past each other as the heart contracts and relaxes
pericardial fluid
explain the process that pumps blood to the body
myocardium around the two atria contracts, forcing blood into the two ventricles > myocardium around the two ventricles contracts > blood in the right ventricle goes into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs > blood in the left ventricle goes into the aorta that goes to the entire body
why is the myocardium the thickest on the left side of the heart?
because it is the left ventricle that must work the hardest to pump blood to the entire body
what are the great vessels?
aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary arteries and veins
reflects the close relationship between the heart and the thoracic cavity
cardiothoracic
pariet/o-
wall of a cavity
peri-
around
-um
period of time; structure
vascular channels through which blood circulates in the body
blood vessels
refers to the blood vessels associated with a particular organ
vasulature
-ature
system composed of
smooth inner lining that promotes the flow of blood
endothelium or intima
theli/o-
cellular layer
large blood vessels
arteries
arteries branch into smaller _____
arterioles
arteri/o-
artery
arter/o-
artery
-ole
small thing
Characteristics/functions shared by arteries
- carry blood away from the heart to the body or to the lungs
- most arteries carry bright red blood that has a high level of oxygen. the pulmonary arteries from the heart to the lungs cary dark red-purple blood that has a low level of oxygen.
- most arteries lie deep beneath the skin. the few that lie near the surface bulge each time they contract and can be felt as a pulse.
- all arteries have smooth muscle in their walls
contraction of the smooth muscle that causes the lumen of the artery decreases in size
vasoconstriction
relaxation of the smooth muscle that causes the lumen of the artery to increase in size
vasodilation
constrict/o-
drawn together; narrowed
dilat/o-
dilate; widen
smallest blood vessels in the body; lumen of these blood vessels is so small that blood cells must pass through in a single file
capillaries
capill/o-
capillary; hair-like structure
what connects the arterioles and venules?
a network of capillaries
these small veins combine to form a large vein
venules
ven/o-
vein
characteristics/fuctions shared by veins
- all veins carry blood from the body and lungs to the heart
- most veins carry dark red-purple blood that has a low level of oxygen. the pulmonary veins from the lungs to the heart carry bright red blood that has just picked up oxygen in the lungs.
- largest veins have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction–back toward the heart
- many veins are near the surface of the body and can be seen just under the skin as bluish, sometimes bulging lines
phleb/o-
vein
largest artery in the body
aorta
travels from the heart in a superior direction
ascending aorta
these arteries to the myocardium are the first arteries to branch off from the ascending aorta
coronary arteries
coron/o-
structure that encircles like a crown
the ascending aorta becomes this inverted, U-shaped segment
aortic arch
3 major arteries that branch off from the aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
what two arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?
- right common carotid artery
* right subclavian artery
carot/o-
sleep; stupor
-id
origin; resembling; source
sub-
below; underneath
clav/o-
clavicle; collar bone
-ian
pertaining to
these arteries bring oxygenated blood to the neck, face, head, and brain
carotid arteries
these arteries bring oxygenated blood to the shoulders
subclavian arteries
continuation of the subclavian arteries in the area of the armpit
axillary arteries
axill/o-
armpit
continuation of the axillary arteries that brings oxygenated blood to the upper arm
brachial artery
brachi/o-
arm
two divisions of the brachial artery
radial and ulnar arteries
division of the brachial artery that brings oxygenated blood to the thumb side of the lower arm
radial artery
division of the brachial artery that brings oxygenated blood to the little finger side of the lower arm
ulnar artery
radi/o-
forearm bone; radiation; x-rays
uln/o-
forearm bone; ulna
this artery travels inferiorly through the thoracic cavity and branches into arteries that bring oxygenated blood to the esophagus, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, upper spinal cord, and back
thoracic aorta
as the thoracic aorta goes through the diaphragm it becomes this artery; brings oxygenated blood to the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal aorta
branches of the abdominal aorta that provide blood to the kidneys
renal arteries
ren/o-
kidney
ilio-
hip bones; ilium
in the pelvic cavity, the abdominal aorta ends and splits in two to form the inverted Y of these arteries
right and left iliac arteries
bring oxygenated blood to the hip and groin
iliac arteries
continuation of the iliac artery which brings oxygenated blood to the upper leg
femoral artery
as the femoral artery nears the knee joint, it becomes this artery
popliteal artery
poplite/o-
back of the knee
femor/o-
femur; thigh bones
popliteal artery divides into these arteries
tibial and peroneal arteries
artery that brings oxygenated blood tot he front and back of the lower leg
tibial artery
artery that brings oxygenated blood to the little toe side of the lower leg along the fibula bone
peroneal artery
tibi/o-
shin bone; tibia
perone/o-
fibula; lower leg bone
originate from the pulmonary trunk which comes from the right ventricle of the heart; carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
two major veins of the body
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
carries deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the right atrium
superior vena cava
carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body (abdomen, pelvis, and legs, but not the lungs)
inferior vena cava
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
carries deoxygenated blood from the head to the superior vena cava
jugular vein
carries blood from the intestines to the liver
portal vein
carries deoxygenated blood from the leg to the groin
saphenous and femoral veins
jugul/o-
jugular; throat
port/o-
point of entry
saphen/o-
clearly visible
two pathways through which blood circulation occurs
- systemic
* pulmonary
arteries, arterioles, cappilaries, venules, and veins everywhere in the body except the lungs
systemic circulation
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs
pulmonary circulation
refers to the close connection between the heart and the lungs
cardiopulmonary
system/o-
body as a whole
systemic circulation through the veins
dark red-purple blood coming from cells in the upper body travels through capillaries, venules, and veins to the superior vena cava > blood coming from cells in the lower body travels through capillaries, venules, and veins to the inferior vena cava > blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae travels through the right atrium > tricuspid vale > right ventricle
pulmonary circulation
once blood enters the right ventricle, pulmonary circulation begins > blood travels through the pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries and arterioles to the capillaries in the lungs > in a capillary beside an alveolus, gas exchange occurs > blood becomes bright red > blood travels through the pulmonary veins > left atrium of the heart
systemic circulation through the arteries
once blood enters the left atrium of the heart, circulation is systemic again > blood travels through the mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic vale > aorta > upper and lower body > oxygenated blood is distributed to the entire body via arteries, arterioles, and capillaries
heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm that is coordinated by
the conduction system
conduct/o-
carrying; conveying
pacemaker of the heart located in the wall of the right atrium
sinoatrial node (SA node)
sin/o-
channel; hollow cavity
electrical impulse travels from the SA node through ___ located in the right atrium near the septum
atrioventricular node (AV node)
electrical impulse travels from the AV node through the _____
bundle of His
electrical impulse travels from the bundle of His and into the right and left _____
bundle branches
bundle branches end in a network of nerves called
Purkinje fibers
heartbeat physiology
SA node sends electrical impulse > both atria contract > impulse travels to the AV node > bundle of His > right and left bundle branches > Purkinje fibers > both ventricles contract
contraction
systole
resting period between contractions
diastole
systol/o-
contracting
diastol/o-
dilating
when the SA node controls the heart beat, the heart is in?
normal sinus rhythm
these sites can take over and produce an abnormal heart rhythm is the SA node fails to produce impulses, those impulses are blocked, or if these areas become hyperexcited
ectopic sites
ectop/o-
outside
polar/o-
negative state; positive state
fract/o-
bend; break up
cusp/o-
point; projection
syndrome that includes acute ischemia of the myocardium and unstable angina pectoris
acute coronary syndome
ich/o-
block; keep back
-emia
condition of the blood; substance in the blood
mid-to-severe chest pain caused by ischemia of the myocardium
angina pectoris
crushing, squeezing, heaviness, or pressure-like sensation in the chest, with pain extending up into the jaw, teeth, neck, or down the left arm, often with extreme sweating and a sense of doom
anginal pain
angin/o-
angina
enlargement of the heart, usually due to congestive heart failure
cardiomegaly
any disease condition of the heart muscle that includes heart enlargement and heart failure
cardiomyopathy
-pathy
disease
left ventricle is dilated and the myocardium is so stretched that it can no longer contract to pump blood
dilated cardiomyopathy
cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause
idiopathic cardiomyopathy
idi/o-
unknown; individual
inability of the heart to pump sufficient ammounts of blood; caused by coronary artery disease or hypertension
congestive heart failure (CHF)
during early CHF, the myocardium undergoes hypertrophy (enlargement) and this temporarily improves blood flow; patient is in ____?
compensated heart failure
congest/o-
accumulation of fluid
-trophy
process of development
compens/o-
compensate; counterbalance
-ated
composed of; pertaining to a condition
in later stages of CHF, the heart can no longer enlarge and the myocardium becomes flabby and loses its ability to contract; patient is in _____
decompensated heart failure
de-
reversal of; without
death of myocardial cells due to severe ischemia
myocardial infarction (MI); heart attack
infarct/o-
small area of dead tissue
necr/o-
dead body; dead cells; dead tissue
inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium lining a heart valve
endocarditis
structural abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly; can be congenital or caused by infection
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where the aorta is abnormally narrow
coarctation of the aorta
coarct/o-
pressed together
(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there is a permanent hole in the interatrial septum
atrial septal defect (ASD)
(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there is a pemanent hole in the interventricular septum
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where there are four defects: ventricular septal defect, narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and abnormal posotion of the aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
tetr/a-
for
(occurs in fetal heart as it develops) congenital heart abnormality where the aorta incorrectly comes from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary trunk incorrectly comes from the left ventricle
transposition of the great vessels
(occurs at the time of birth during the change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation) ductus arteriosus fails to close
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
pat/o-
open
-ent
pertaining to
(occurs at the time of birth during the change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation) foramen ovale fails to close
Patent foramen ovale
abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as the blood leaks through a defective heart valve
murmur
infection or inflammation of the pericardial sac with an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid
pericarditis
when an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid compressed the heart and prevents it from beating
cardiac tamponade
tampon/o-
stop up
-ade
action; process
autoimmune response to a noncardiac streptococcal infection, such as strep throat
rheumatic heart disease
rheumat/o-
watery discharge
these irregular collections of platelets, fibrin, and bacteria form on the valves during rheumatic heart disease
vegetations
vegetat/o-
frowth
condition where the valves become scarred and narrowed
stenosis
sten/o-
constriction; narrowness
any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of heart
arrhythmia or dysrhythmia
a-
away from; without
rrhythm/o-
rhythm
-ia
condition; state; thing
arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly
bradycardia
arrhythmia in which there is a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium
fibrillation
arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm (250 beats per minute) of the atria or ventricles
flutter
arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
heart block
in ____ degree heart block, the electrical impulses reach the ventricles but are very delayed
first
in ____ degree heart block, only some of the electrical impulses reach the ventricles
second
in ____ degree heart block (complete heart block), no electrical impulses reach the ventricles
third
in ____ block, the electrical impulses are unable to travel down the right or left bundle of His
right or left bundle branch
fibrill/o-
muscle fiber; nerve fiber
arrhythmia in which there are one or more extra contractions in between systole and distole
premature contraction
two types of premature contractions
premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
repeating pattern of one premature contraction followed by one normal contractions
bigeminy
repeating pattern of one premature contraction followed by two normal contractions
trigeminy
extra contraction between systole and distole
extrasystole
contract/o-
pull together
extra-
outside
-systole
contraction
two premature contractions occurring together
couplet
arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia
sick sinus syndrome
arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm (up to 200 beats/minute)
tachycardia
type of tachycardia that occurs because of an abnormality in the SA node.
sinus tachycardia
type of tachycardia that occurs when an ectopic site somewhere in the atrium prduces an electrical impulse that overrides the SA node rhythm
atrial tachycardia
type of tachycardia that occurs when an ectopic site above (superior to) the ventricles produces an electrical impulse
supraventricular tachycardia
supra-
above
episode of tachycardia that occurs suddenly and then goes away without treatment
paroxysmal tachycardia
complete absence of a heartbeat
asystole; cardiac arrest
uncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during a premature contraction of the heart
palpitation
palpit/o-
throb
area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery; with each heartbeat, the weakened artery wall balloons outward
aneurysm
aneurysm that enlarges by tunneling between the layers of the artery wall
dissecting aneurysm
dissect/o-
cut part
-ing
doing
aneurysm/o-
aneurysm; dilation
progressive degenerative changes that produce a narrowed, hardened artery.
arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)
low-density lipoproteins (LPDs) in the blood deposit cholesterol and form an _____ inside the artery
atheroma or atheromatous plaque
scler/o-
hard; sclera of the eye
ather/o-
soft, fatty substance
-oma
mass; tumor
atheromat/o-
fatty deposity; fatty mass
harsh, rushing sound made by blood passing through an artery narrowed and roughed by atherosclerosis
bruit
arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries
coronary artery disease (CAD)
elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood
hyperlipidemia
lipid/o-
fat; lipid
elevated level of cholesterol in the blood
hypercholesterolemia
cholesterol/o-
cholesterol
elevated level of triglycerides in the blood
hypertriglyceridemia
triglycerid/o-
triglyceride
elevated blood pressure (above 140/90 mm Hg)
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure readings between 120/80 mm Hg and 140/90 mm Hg
prehypertension
tens/o-
tension; pressure
pre-
before; in front of
blood pressure lower than 90/60 mm Hg
hypotension
sudden, temporary, but self-correcting decrease in systolic blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes from a lying to a standing position and experiences lightheadedness
orthostatic hypotension
stat/o-
standing still; staying in one place
atherosclerosis of the arteries in the legs
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
in PAD, blood flow or _____ to the extremities is poor, and there is ischemia of the tissues
perfusion
In PAD, patient experiences pain in the calf or ______ while walking
intermittent claudication
fus/o-
pouring out
per-
through; through out
claudicat/o-
limping pain
peripher/o-
outer aspects
any disease of the arteries of the extremities; includes PAD and Raynaud’s
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
inflammation of a vein, usually accompanied by infection; area around the vein is painful and the skin overlying the vein may show a red streak
phlebitis
phleb/o-
vein
phlebitis with the formation of a blood clot
thrombophlebitis
thromb/o-
blood clot
sudden, severe vasoconstriction and spasm of the arterioles in the fingers and toes, often triggered by cold or emotional upset
Raynaud’s disease
damaged or incompetent valves in a vein that allow blood to flow backward and collect in the preceding section of vein. the vein becomes distended with blood, twisting and bulging under the surface of the skin
varicose veins
varic/o-
varicose vein; varix
-ose
full of
test to measure the levels of enzymes that are released into the blood when myocardial cells die during a myocardial infarction
cardiac enzymes
Creatine kinase (CK) is found in all muscle cells, but a specific form of it (____) is only found in myocardial cells; rises 2-6 hours after a myocardial infarction
CK-MB or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
Found in many different cells, including the heart; level begins to rise 12 hours after a myocardial infarction
Lactate dehyrogenase (LDH)
test to measure the level of inflammation in the body
c-reactive protein (CRP)
test included as part of a cardiac risk assessment; this amino acid damages the blood vessel walls
homocysteine
test that provides a comprehensive picture of the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and their lipoprotein carriers
lipid profile
test to measure the level of two proteins that are released into the blood when myocardial cells dia
troponin
procedure performed to study the anatomy and pressures in the heart
cardiac catheterization
catheter/o-
catheter
-ization
process of creating; process of inserting; process of making
procedure performed to evaluate the heart’s response to exercise in patients with chest pain, palpitations, or arrhythmias
cardiac exercise stress test
procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
electr/o-
electricity
procedure to map the heart’s conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia
electrophysiologic study (EPS)
physi/o-
physical function
procedure during which the patients heart rate and rhythm are continuously monitored as an outpatient for 24 hours
Holter monitor
procedure performed instead of a cardiac stress test for patients who cannot exercise vigorously.
pharmacologic stress test
procedure to monitor a patient’s heart rate and rhythm in the hospital
telemetry
tele/o-
distance
procedure in which radiopaque contraste dye is injected into a blood vessel to fill and outline it
angiography
radiopaque conrast dye is injected into an artery to show blockage, narrowed areas, or aneurysms
arteriography
radiopaque contrast dye is injected into a vein to show weakened valves and dilated walls
venography
procedure that uses a transducer to produce ultra high-frequency sound waves that are bounced off of the heart to create an image
echocardiography
creates a real-time picture of the heart and its chambers and valves as it contracts and relaxes
two-dimensional echocardiography
patient swallows an endoscopic tube that contains a tiny, sound-emitting transducer. this is positioned in the esophagus directly behind the heart
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
images the flow of blood in an artery or vein
doppler ultrasonography
son/o-
sound
ultra-
beyond; higher
combines the ultrasound image with a color-coded Doppler image; variations in blood flow and turbulence are shown (faster flow = red, slower flow = blue)
color flow duplex ultrasonography
nuclear medicine procedure that uses the radioactive tracer technetium-99m; also calculates the ejection fraction
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan, radionuclide ventriculography (RNX), or gated blood pool scan
nucle/o-
nucleus of an atom; nucleus of a cell
-ide
chemically modified structure
nuclear medicine procedure that combines a cardiac exercise stress test with intravenous injections of a radioactive tracer; tracer collects in those parts of the myocardium that have the best perfusion
myocardial perfusion scan or cardiolite stress test
procedure that is a variation of a myocardial perfusion scan or a MUGA scan. instead of being stationary above the patient’s chest, the gamma camera is moved in a circle around the patient; creates images that are “slices”
single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)
procedure that uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart sounds
auscultation
during auscultation, stethoscope is placed at the ____, which is at the apex of the heart
point of maximum impulse (PMI)
procedure to circulate the blood and ventilate the lungs after a patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
procedure to treat an arrhythmia that cannot be controlled with antiarrhythmic drugs; uses a defibrillator
cardioversion
procedure in which a sclerosing drug is injected into a varicose vein
sclerotherapy
-therapy
treatment
pulse in the wrist; most commonly used site
radial pulse
pulse used during an emergency because, if the patient is in shock, there is less blood flow to the extremities
carotid pulse
pulse that can be heard with a stethoscope and is also used to evaluate the heart rhythm and heart sounds
apical pulse
blood pressure is measured with a _____ and a stethoscope
sphygmomanometer
sphygm/o-
pulse
man/o-
frenzy; thin
top number in blood pressure reading, which represents the force of the contraction of the ventricles
systolic pressure
second number in blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
procedure to remove an aneurysm and repair the defect in the artery wall
aneurysmectomy
procedure used during open heart surgery inwhich the patient’s blood is rerouted through a cannula in the femoral vein to a heart-lung machine
cardiopulmonary bypass
procedure to remove plaque from an occluded carotid artery
carotid endarterectomy
procedure to bypass an occluded coronary artery and restore blood flow to the myocardium
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
suturing of one blood vessel to another
anastomosis
anastom/o-
create an opening between two structures
procedure to remove a severely damaged heart from a patient with end-stage heart failure and insert a new heart rom a donor
heart transplantation
procedure in which an automated device is implanted to control the heart rate and rhythm in a patient with an arrhythmia
pacemaker insertion
procedure to reconstruct a coronary artery that is narrowed because of atherosclerosis
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
balloon within the catherer is inflated. it compresses the atheromatous plaque and widens the lumen of the artery. the balloon is then deflated and the catheter is removed
balloon angioplasty
procedure that uses a needle to puncture the pericardium and withdraw inflammatory fluid accumulated in the pericardial sac
pericardiocentesis
-centesis
procedure to puncture
procedure to destroy ectopic areas in the heart that are emitting electrical impulses and producing arrhythmias
radiofrequency ablation (RDA)
ablat/o-
destroy; take away
uses heat to collapse and seal large varicose veins
radiofrequency catheter occlusion
occlus/o-
close against
procedure to replace a severely damaged or prolapsed heart valve with an artificial valve or posthesis
valve replacement
if the replacement heart valve comes from an animal, it is known as a ____
xenograft
prosthet/o-
artificial part
xen/o-
foreign
-graft
tissue for implant; tissue for transplant
procedure to reconstruct a heart valve to correct stenosis or prolapse
valvoplasty or valvuloplasty
used the cult the valve during valvoplasty
valvulotome
valv/o-
valve
valvul/o-
valve
-tome
area with distinct edges; instrument used to cut
treat congestive heart failure and hypertension
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor drugs
treat arrhythmias
antiarrhythmic drugs
prevent a blood blot from forming in patients with arteriosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, previous myocardial infarction, or an artificial heart valve
anticoagulant drugs
anti-
against
coagul/o-
clotting
-ant
pertaining to
treat hypertension
antihypertensive drugs
prevents heart attacks; prevents blood cloths from forming by keeping platelets from sticking together
aspirin
treat angina pectoris and hypertension; decrease the heart rate and dilate the arteries by block B receptors
beta-blocker drugs
treat angina pectoris and hypertension; block the movement of Na ions into myocardial cells and smooth muscle cells of the artery walls, causing the heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
calcium channel blocker drugs
treat congestive heart failure; decrease heart rate and strengthen heart’s contractions
digitalis drugs
block sodium from being absorbed from the tubule back into the blood
diuretic drugs
treat a nonbeating heart by stimulating it to contract
drugs for cardiac arrest
treat hypercholesterolemia
drugs for hyperlipidemia
treat angina pectoris; dilate veins to decrease amount of work that the heart must due and dilate arteries to decrease blood pressure
nitrate drugs
treat a blood clot that is blocking blood flow through an artery
thrombolytic drugs
lyt/o-
break down; destroy
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE
angiotension-converting enzyme
ACS
acute coronary syndrome
AED
automatic external defibrillator
AI
aortic insufficiency; apical impulse
AICD
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator; automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AS
aortic stenosis
ASCVD
arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ASD
atrial septal defect
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV
atrioventricular
BP
blood pressure
BPM, bpm
beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
CK-MB
creatine kinase-MB
CPK-MB
creatine phosphokinase-MB
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRP
C-reactive protein
CV
cardiovascular
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
ECG/EKG
electrocardiography; electrocardiogram
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
HTN
hypertension
JVD
jugular venous distention
LA
left atrium
LBBB
left bundle branch block
LDH
lactic dehydrogenase
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
LV
left ventricle
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
myocardial infarction
mm HG
millimeters of mercury
MR
mitral regurgitation
MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
P
pulse (rate)
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PAD
peripheral artery disease
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PMI
point of maximum impulse
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
PVD
peripheral vascular disease
RA
right atrium
RBBB
right bundle branch block
RFA
radiofrequency ablation
RNV
radionuclide ventriculography
S1
first heart sound
S2
second heart sound
S3
third heart sound
S4
fourth heart sound
SA
sinoatrial
SBE
subacute bacterial endocarditis
SPECT
single-photon emission computerized tomography
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiogram
TPR
temperature, pulse, and respiration
V fib
ventricular fibrillation
VLDL
very-low density lipoprotein
VSD
ventricular septal defect
V tach
ventricular tachycardia
