Chapter 2 - The Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
ana-
apart; excessive
tom/o-
cut; layer; slice
-ical
pertaining to
coron/o-
structure that encircles like a crown
front/o-
front
anter/o-
before; front part
ventr/o-
abdomen; front
poster/o-
back part
-ior
pertaining to
sagitt/o-
front to back
mid-
middle
medi/o-
middle
later/o-
side
-verse
travel; turn
* the ending -verse contains the combining form vers/o- and the one-letter suffix -e
super/o-
above
infer/o-
below
cephal/o-
head
-ad
in the direction of; toward
caud/o-
tail bone
dist/o-
away from the center; away from the point of origin
proxim/o-
near the center; near the point of origin
extern/o-
outside
intern/o-
inside
cav/o-
hollow space
-ity
condition; state
crani/o-
cranium; skull
spin/o-
backbone; spine
thorac/o-
chest; thorax
abdomin/o-
abdomen
pelv/o-
hip bone; pelvis; renal pelvis
viscer/o-
large internal organs
-ant
pertaining to
chondr/o-
cartilage
lumb/o-
area between the ribs and pelvis; lower back
-ar
pertaining to
umbilic/o-
navel; umbilicus
physi/o-
physical function
cellul/o-
cell
cyt/o-
cell
-plasm
formed substance; growth
organ/o-
organ
-elle
small thing
plasm/o-
plasma
lys/o-
break down; destroy
-some
body
kary/o-
nucleus of a cell
nucle/o-
nucleus of an atom; nucleus of a cell
gene/o-
gene
-tic
pertaining to
rib/o-
ribonucleic acid
mit/o-
thread-like structure
-osis
condition; process
micr/o-
one millionth; small
scop/o-
examine w/ an instrument
macr/o-
large
spir/o-
breathe; coil
-atory
pertaining to
vascul/o-
blood vessel
hemat/o-
blood
immun/o-
immune response
lymph/o-
lymph; lymphatic system
-atic
pertaining to
demat/o-
skin
integument/o-
skin
orth/o-
straight
ped/o-
child
skelet/o-
skeleton
muscul/o-
muscle
nerv/o-
nerve
ur/o-
urinary system; urine
product/o-
produce
genit/o-
genitalia
gynec/o-
female; woman
obstetr/o-
pregnancy and childbirth
crin/o-
secrete
ophthalm/o-
eye
ot/o-
ear
onc/o-
mass; tumor
radi/o-
forearm bone; radiation; x-rays
medic/o-
medicine; physician
dent/o-
tooth
-istry
process related to a specialty
dietet/o-
diet; foods
pharmac/o-
drug; medicine
ne/o-
new
nat/o-
birth
iatr/o-
medical treatment; physician
ger/o-
old age
dors/o-
back; dorsum
inguin/o-
groin
prevent/o-
prevent
eti/o-
cause of disease
congenit/o-
present at birth
de-
reversal of; without
gener/o-
creation; production
-ative
pertaining to
heredit/o-
genetic inheritance
infect/o-
disease within
-ious
pertaining to
path/o-
disease
-gen
that which produce
communic/o-
impart; transmit
-able
able to be
plast/o-
formation; growth
nosocomi/o-
hospital
nutrit/o-
nourishment
symptomat/o-
collection of symptoms
syn-
together
-drome
running
chron/o-
time
exacerb/o-
increase; provoke
-ation
being; having; process
remiss/o-
send back
therapeut/o-
therapy; treatment
fract/o-
bend; break up
surg/o-
operative procedure
-ery
process
pro-
before
gnos/o-
knowledge
-osis
condition; process
recuper/o-
recover
termin/o-
boundary; end; word
inspect/o-
looking at
palpat/o-
feeling; touching
auscult/o-
listening
percuss/o-
tapping
dia-
complete; completely through
-ician
skilled expert; skilled professional
-eon
person who performs
techn/o-
technical skill
log/o-
study of; word
therap/o-
treatment
ancill/o-
accessory; servant
ambulat/o-
walking
-ory
having the function of
habilitat/o-
give ability
palliat/o-
reduce the severity
A&P
anatomy and physiology
AP
anteroposterior
ASC
ambulatory surgery center
CNM
certified nurse midwife
CRNA
certified registered nurse anesthetist
CV
cardiovascular
D.C.
Doctor of Chiropracty
D.D.S.
Doctor of Dental Surgery
D.O.
Doctor of Osteopathy
D.P.M.
Doctor of Podiatry
Dr.
doctor
DX, Dx
Diagnosis
ED
Emergency Department
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
ER
Emergency Room
GI
gastrointestinal
GYN
gynecology
H&P
History and Physical (examination)
HX, Hx
History
ICU
Intensive Care Unit
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LPN
licensed practical nurse
LUQ
lower upper quadrant
LVN
licensed vocational nurse
M.D.
Doctor of Medicine
NP
nurse practitioner
OB
obstetrics
OB/GYN
obstetrics and gynecology
O.D.
Doctor of Optometry
PA
physician assistant
PCP
primary care physician
PE
physical examination
Pharm. D.
Doctor of Pharmacy
PT
physical therapy
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RN
registered nurse
R/O
rule out
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SNF
skilled nursing facility
Sx
symptoms
Tx
treatment
Seven Different Ways to Study the Body
- Body planes & body directions
- Body cavities
- Body quadrants & regions
- Anatomy & physiology
- Microscopic to macroscopic
- Body systems
- Medical Specialties
plane
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two parts
3 Body Planes
Coronal (frontal), sagittal, and transverse
Vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections
Coronal (frontal) plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections
Sagittal plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections
Transverse plane
Coronal plane is named after what?
The coronal suture in the cranium
Sagittal plane is named after what?
The sagittal suture in the cranium
Midsagittal plane
Occurs when the sagittal plane divides the body at the midline into two equal left and right sections
Front of the body is the?
Anterior or ventral section
Back of the body is the?
Posterior or dorsal section
Lying down with the anterior section of the body down is what position?
Prone position
Lying down with the posterior section of the body down is what position?
Supine or dorsal position
Moving from the side of the body towards the midline is to move in what direction?
Medial direction
Moving from the midline towards the side of te body is to move in what direction?
Lateral direction (bilateral indicates both sides)
When split by a transverse plane: what is the upper half of the body called?
Superior section
When split by a transverse plane: what is the lower half of the body called?
Inferior section
Moving toward the head is to move in what direction?
Superior or cephalad direction
Moving toward the tailbone is to move in what direction?
Inferior or caudad direction
Moving from the trunk to the end of a limb is to move in what direction?
Distal direction
Moving from the end of a limb to the trunk is to move in what direction?
Proximal direction
Structures on the surface of the body are?
External/superficial
Structures below the surface of the body are?
Internal/deep
Hollow space surrounded by bones or muscle
Cavity
Lies within and is protected by the cranium
Cranial cavity
A continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back; lies within and is protected by the vertebrae
Spinal cavity/spinal cord
Lies within the chest and is protected by the sternum anteriorly, the vertebrae posteriorly, and the ribs bilaterally; contains the lungs
Thoracic cavity
Inferior border of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Lies within the abdomen and is protected anteriorly by the abdominal wall and posteriorly by the vertebrae
Abdominal cavity
A continuation of the abdominal cavity and is surrounded by the pelvic bones anteriorly and bilaterally and the vertebrae posteriorly
Pelvic cavity
The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into what? (2 things)
4 quadrants or 9 regions
What are the four quadrants the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into? Include abbreviations.
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
What are the nine regions the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into? List them in order (top to bottom, left to right)
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric
- Left hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Umbilical region
- Left lumbar region
- Right inguinal region
- Hypogastric
- Left inguinal region
Study of the structures of the body
Anatomy
Study of the functions of the structs of the body
Physiology
Small parts that make up the body
Cells
Cells combine to form what?
Tissues
Tissues combine to form what?
Organs
Gel-like substance found within a cell?
Cytoplasm
Parts of a cell are called?
Organelles
Cell division
Mitosis
Organs combine to form what?
Organ system/body system
14 Body Systems
- Gastrointestinal System
- Respiratory System
- Cardiovascular System
- Blood
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Lymphatic System
- Eyes
- Ear, Nose, and Throat System
- Reproductive (Male and Female) Systems
- Nervous System
- Urinary System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
Medical specialty and specialist for the gastrointestinal system
Gastroenterology; gastroenterologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the respiratory system
Pulmonology; pulmonologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the cardiovascular system
Cardiology; cardiologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the blood system (lol)
Hematology; hematologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the blood plus lymphatic system
Immunology; immunologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the integumentary system
Dermatology; dermatologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the endocrine system
Endocrinology; endocrinologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the eyes
Ophthalmology; ophthalmologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the ear, nose, and throat
Otolaryngology; otolaryngologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the skeletal system
Orthopedics; orthopedist
Medical specialty and specialist for the nervous system
Neurology; neurologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the urinary system
Urology; urologist
Medical specialty and specialist for the male reproductive system
Male reproductive system; reproductive specialist
Medical specialties and specialists for the female reproductive system
Gynecology and obstetrics; gynecologist and obstetrician
Healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease
Preventative medicine
Any change in the normal structure and function of the body
Disease
Study of the cause or origin of a disease
Etiology
List the 11 disease categories
- Congenital
- Genetic
- Degenerative
- Environmental
- Nosocomial
- Nutritional
- Hereditary
- Neoplastic
- Iatrogenic
- Idiopathic
- Infectious
Caused by an abnormality in the fetus as it develops or caused by an abnormal process that occurs during gestation/birth
Congenital
Caused by the progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the aging process
Degenerative
Caused by exposure to external substances in the environment
Environmental
Spontaneous mutation in a person’s own gene and chromosome during fetal development
Genetic
Inherited recessive defective gene passed to the child from a parent who carries the defective gene but does not have the disease
Hereditary
Caused by medicine/medical treatment given to the patient
Iatrogenic
Having no identifiable/confirmed cause
Idiopathic
Caused by a pathogen
Infectious
An infectious disease that is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with an infected person, animal, or insect
Communicable disease
Caused by new growth of either a benign or malignant mass/tumor
Neoplastic
Caused by exposure to a disease-causing agent while in a hospital environment
Nosocomial
Caused by a lack of nutritional food, insufficient amounts of food, or an inability to utilize the nutrients in food
Nutritional
Deviation from health that is experienced/felt by the patient
Symptom
Symptom that is visible or detectable by others
Sign
Clinical picture of all the patient’s symptoms and signs
Symptomatology
Set of symptoms and signs associated with and characteristic of one particular disease
Syndrome
A patient who shows no symptoms or signs is said to be
Asymptomatic
Symptom that is sudden in nature and severe in intensity
Acute
Symptom that is sudden but less severe in intensity
Subacute
Symptom that continues for 3 months or more
Chronic
Sudden worsening in the severity of symptoms/signs
Exacerbation
Temporary improvement in sypmtoms/signs without the underlying disease being cured
Remission
Return of the original symptoms/signs of a disease
Relapse/recurrence
Abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has been resolved
Sequela
A treatment is called _______ if the symptoms/signs of the disease disappear
Therapeutic
A disease that is ______ is one that does not respond to treatment
Refractory (resistant)
Predicted outcome of the disease
Prognosis
The course of a disease ends in one of the following outcomes
- Recuperation/recovery
- Disability
- Terminal illness
Techniques used in a physical examination
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Percussion
- Auscultation
Using eyes or an instrument to examine external surfaces and internal cavities
Inspection
Using fingers to feel masses or enlarged organs or to detect tenderness/pain
Palpation
Using the finger of one hand to tap on the finger of the other hand that is spread over a body cavity
Percussion
Using a stethoscope to listen to the heart, lungs, or intestines
Auscultation
Leader of the healthcare team; examines patients, orders tests, diagnosis diagnoses, and treats diseases via drugs/therapy
Physician
Healthcare professionals that work under the supervision of a physician or doctor to examine, diagnose, and treat patients
Physician Extenders
Examples of physician extenders
- Physician’s Assistant
- Nurse Practitioner
- Certified Nurse Midwife
- Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
Nurses examine patients, make nursing diagnoses, and administer treatments/drugs ordered by the physician; give hands on care and focus on the physical/emotional needs of the patient and family
Allied Health Professionals
Examples of allied health professionals (other than nurses)
- Technologists
- Technicians
- Dietitians
- Therapists
- Medical assistants
- Phlebotomists
- Dental hygienists
- Audiologists
Traditional healthcare setting for providing care for patients who are acutely ill and require medical/surgical care for longer than 24 hours
Hospital
Patient in a hospital
Inpatient
One of the most frequently used healthcare settings; a single physician, or group of physicians, maintains an office where patients are seen, diagnosed, treated, and counceled
Physician’s Office
Provides healthcare services similar to a physician’s office but for one type of patient or type of disease
Clinic
Facility where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight
Ambulatory Surgery Center
Primarily a residential facility for older patients or those with disabilities (residents) who are unable to care for themselves; 4 hour nursing care
Long-term Care Facility
Type of LTC facility that provides high level of medical/nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital
Skilled Nursing Facility
Provides range of healthcare services to patients (known as clients) in their homes when they are unable to come to a physician’s office or clinic and do not want to live in an LTC facility
Home Health Agency
Inpatient facility for patients who are dying from a terminal illness; their physicians have certified that they have less than 6 months to live
Hospice
