Chapter 2 - The Body in Health and Disease Flashcards by Samson Garrett

ana-

apart; excessive

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tom/o-

cut; layer; slice

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-ical

pertaining to

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coron/o-

structure that encircles like a crown

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front/o-

front

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anter/o-

before; front part

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ventr/o-

abdomen; front

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poster/o-

back part

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-ior

pertaining to

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sagitt/o-

front to back

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mid-

middle

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medi/o-

middle

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later/o-

side

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-verse

travel; turn

* the ending -verse contains the combining form vers/o- and the one-letter suffix -e

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super/o-

above

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infer/o-

below

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cephal/o-

head

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-ad

in the direction of; toward

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caud/o-

tail bone

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dist/o-

away from the center; away from the point of origin

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proxim/o-

near the center; near the point of origin

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extern/o-

outside

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intern/o-

inside

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cav/o-

hollow space

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-ity

condition; state

crani/o-

cranium; skull

spin/o-

backbone; spine

thorac/o-

chest; thorax

abdomin/o-

abdomen

pelv/o-

hip bone; pelvis; renal pelvis

viscer/o-

large internal organs

-ant

pertaining to

chondr/o-

cartilage

lumb/o-

area between the ribs and pelvis; lower back

-ar

pertaining to

umbilic/o-

navel; umbilicus

physi/o-

physical function

cellul/o-

cell

cyt/o-

cell

-plasm

formed substance; growth

organ/o-

organ

-elle

small thing

plasm/o-

plasma

lys/o-

break down; destroy

-some

body

kary/o-

nucleus of a cell

nucle/o-

nucleus of an atom; nucleus of a cell

gene/o-

gene

-tic

pertaining to

rib/o-

ribonucleic acid

mit/o-

thread-like structure

-osis

condition; process

micr/o-

one millionth; small

scop/o-

examine w/ an instrument

macr/o-

large

spir/o-

breathe; coil

-atory

pertaining to

vascul/o-

blood vessel

hemat/o-

blood

immun/o-

immune response

lymph/o-

lymph; lymphatic system

-atic

pertaining to

demat/o-

skin

integument/o-

skin

orth/o-

straight

ped/o-

child

skelet/o-

skeleton

muscul/o-

muscle

nerv/o-

nerve

ur/o-

urinary system; urine

product/o-

produce

genit/o-

genitalia

gynec/o-

female; woman

obstetr/o-

pregnancy and childbirth

crin/o-

secrete

ophthalm/o-

eye

ot/o-

ear

onc/o-

mass; tumor

radi/o-

forearm bone; radiation; x-rays

medic/o-

medicine; physician

dent/o-

tooth

-istry

process related to a specialty

dietet/o-

diet; foods

pharmac/o-

drug; medicine

ne/o-

new

nat/o-

birth

iatr/o-

medical treatment; physician

ger/o-

old age

dors/o-

back; dorsum

inguin/o-

groin

prevent/o-

prevent

eti/o-

cause of disease

congenit/o-

present at birth

de-

reversal of; without

gener/o-

creation; production

-ative

pertaining to

heredit/o-

genetic inheritance

infect/o-

disease within

-ious

pertaining to

path/o-

disease

-gen

that which produce

communic/o-

impart; transmit

-able

able to be

plast/o-

formation; growth

nosocomi/o-

hospital

nutrit/o-

nourishment

symptomat/o-

collection of symptoms

syn-

together

-drome

running

chron/o-

time

exacerb/o-

increase; provoke

-ation

being; having; process

remiss/o-

send back

therapeut/o-

therapy; treatment

fract/o-

bend; break up

surg/o-

operative procedure

-ery

process

pro-

before

gnos/o-

knowledge

-osis

condition; process

recuper/o-

recover

termin/o-

boundary; end; word

inspect/o-

looking at

palpat/o-

feeling; touching

auscult/o-

listening

percuss/o-

tapping

dia-

complete; completely through

-ician

skilled expert; skilled professional

-eon

person who performs

techn/o-

technical skill

log/o-

study of; word

therap/o-

treatment

ancill/o-

accessory; servant

ambulat/o-

walking

-ory

having the function of

habilitat/o-

give ability

palliat/o-

reduce the severity

A&P

anatomy and physiology

anteroposterior

ASC

ambulatory surgery center

CNM

certified nurse midwife

CRNA

certified registered nurse anesthetist

cardiovascular

D.C.

Doctor of Chiropracty

D.D.S.

Doctor of Dental Surgery

D.O.

Doctor of Osteopathy

D.P.M.

Doctor of Podiatry

Dr.

doctor

DX, Dx

Diagnosis

Emergency Department

ENT

ear, nose, and throat

Emergency Room

gastrointestinal

GYN

gynecology

H&P

History and Physical (examination)

HX, Hx

History

ICU

Intensive Care Unit

LLQ

left lower quadrant

LPN

licensed practical nurse

LUQ

lower upper quadrant

LVN

licensed vocational nurse

M.D.

Doctor of Medicine

nurse practitioner

obstetrics

OB/GYN

obstetrics and gynecology

O.D.

Doctor of Optometry

physician assistant

PCP

primary care physician

physical examination

Pharm. D.

Doctor of Pharmacy

physical therapy

RLQ

right lower quadrant

registered nurse

R/O

rule out

RUQ

right upper quadrant

SNF

skilled nursing facility

symptoms

treatment

Seven Different Ways to Study the Body

* Body planes & body directions * Body cavities * Body quadrants & regions * Anatomy & physiology * Microscopic to macroscopic * Body systems * Medical Specialties

plane

imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two parts

3 Body Planes

Coronal (frontal), sagittal, and transverse

Vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections

Coronal (frontal) plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections

Sagittal plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Transverse plane

Coronal plane is named after what?

The coronal suture in the cranium

Sagittal plane is named after what?

The sagittal suture in the cranium

Midsagittal plane

Occurs when the sagittal plane divides the body at the midline into two equal left and right sections

Front of the body is the?

Anterior or ventral section

Back of the body is the?

Posterior or dorsal section

Lying down with the anterior section of the body down is what position?

Prone position

Lying down with the posterior section of the body down is what position?

Supine or dorsal position

Moving from the side of the body towards the midline is to move in what direction?

Medial direction

Moving from the midline towards the side of te body is to move in what direction?

Lateral direction (bilateral indicates both sides)

When split by a transverse plane: what is the upper half of the body called?

Superior section

When split by a transverse plane: what is the lower half of the body called?

Inferior section

Moving toward the head is to move in what direction?

Superior or cephalad direction

Moving toward the tailbone is to move in what direction?

Inferior or caudad direction

Moving from the trunk to the end of a limb is to move in what direction?

Distal direction

Moving from the end of a limb to the trunk is to move in what direction?

Proximal direction

Structures on the surface of the body are?

External/superficial

Structures below the surface of the body are?

Internal/deep

Hollow space surrounded by bones or muscle

Cavity

Lies within and is protected by the cranium

Cranial cavity

A continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back; lies within and is protected by the vertebrae

Spinal cavity/spinal cord

Lies within the chest and is protected by the sternum anteriorly, the vertebrae posteriorly, and the ribs bilaterally; contains the lungs

Thoracic cavity

Inferior border of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Lies within the abdomen and is protected anteriorly by the abdominal wall and posteriorly by the vertebrae

Abdominal cavity

A continuation of the abdominal cavity and is surrounded by the pelvic bones anteriorly and bilaterally and the vertebrae posteriorly

Pelvic cavity

The anterior surface of the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into what? (2 things)

4 quadrants or 9 regions

What are the four quadrants the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into? Include abbreviations.

* Right upper quadrant (RUQ) * Left upper quadrant (LUQ) * Right lower quadrant (RLQ) * Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What are the nine regions the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into? List them in order (top to bottom, left to right)

* Right hypochondriac region * Epigastric * Left hypochondriac region * Right lumbar region * Umbilical region * Left lumbar region * Right inguinal region * Hypogastric * Left inguinal region

Study of the structures of the body

Anatomy

Study of the functions of the structs of the body

Physiology

Small parts that make up the body

Cells

Cells combine to form what?

Tissues

Tissues combine to form what?

Organs

Gel-like substance found within a cell?

Cytoplasm

Parts of a cell are called?

Organelles

Cell division

Mitosis

Organs combine to form what?

Organ system/body system

14 Body Systems

* Gastrointestinal System * Respiratory System * Cardiovascular System * Blood * Skeletal System * Muscular System * Lymphatic System * Eyes * Ear, Nose, and Throat System * Reproductive (Male and Female) Systems * Nervous System * Urinary System * Endocrine System * Integumentary System

Medical specialty and specialist for the gastrointestinal system

Gastroenterology; gastroenterologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the respiratory system

Pulmonology; pulmonologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the cardiovascular system

Cardiology; cardiologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the blood system (lol)

Hematology; hematologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the blood plus lymphatic system

Immunology; immunologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the integumentary system

Dermatology; dermatologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the endocrine system

Endocrinology; endocrinologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the eyes

Ophthalmology; ophthalmologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the ear, nose, and throat

Otolaryngology; otolaryngologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the skeletal system

Orthopedics; orthopedist

Medical specialty and specialist for the nervous system

Neurology; neurologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the urinary system

Urology; urologist

Medical specialty and specialist for the male reproductive system

Male reproductive system; reproductive specialist

Medical specialties and specialists for the female reproductive system

Gynecology and obstetrics; gynecologist and obstetrician

Healthcare specialty that focuses on keeping a person healthy and preventing disease

Preventative medicine

Any change in the normal structure and function of the body

Disease

Study of the cause or origin of a disease

Etiology

List the 11 disease categories

* Congenital * Genetic * Degenerative * Environmental * Nosocomial * Nutritional * Hereditary * Neoplastic * Iatrogenic * Idiopathic * Infectious

Caused by an abnormality in the fetus as it develops or caused by an abnormal process that occurs during gestation/birth

Congenital

Caused by the progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the aging process

Degenerative

Caused by exposure to external substances in the environment

Environmental

Spontaneous mutation in a person's own gene and chromosome during fetal development

Genetic

Inherited recessive defective gene passed to the child from a parent who carries the defective gene but does not have the disease

Hereditary

Caused by medicine/medical treatment given to the patient

Iatrogenic

Having no identifiable/confirmed cause

Idiopathic

Caused by a pathogen

Infectious

An infectious disease that is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with an infected person, animal, or insect

Communicable disease

Caused by new growth of either a benign or malignant mass/tumor

Neoplastic

Caused by exposure to a disease-causing agent while in a hospital environment

Nosocomial

Caused by a lack of nutritional food, insufficient amounts of food, or an inability to utilize the nutrients in food

Nutritional

Deviation from health that is experienced/felt by the patient

Symptom

Symptom that is visible or detectable by others

Sign

Clinical picture of all the patient's symptoms and signs

Symptomatology

Set of symptoms and signs associated with and characteristic of one particular disease

Syndrome

A patient who shows no symptoms or signs is said to be

Asymptomatic

Symptom that is sudden in nature and severe in intensity

Acute

Symptom that is sudden but less severe in intensity

Subacute

Symptom that continues for 3 months or more

Chronic

Sudden worsening in the severity of symptoms/signs

Exacerbation

Temporary improvement in sypmtoms/signs without the underlying disease being cured

Remission

Return of the original symptoms/signs of a disease

Relapse/recurrence

Abnormal condition or complication that arises because of the original disease and remains after the original disease has been resolved

Sequela

A treatment is called _______ if the symptoms/signs of the disease disappear

Therapeutic

A disease that is ______ is one that does not respond to treatment

Refractory (resistant)

Predicted outcome of the disease

Prognosis

The course of a disease ends in one of the following outcomes

* Recuperation/recovery * Disability * Terminal illness

Techniques used in a physical examination

* Inspection * Palpation * Percussion * Auscultation

Using eyes or an instrument to examine external surfaces and internal cavities

Inspection

Using fingers to feel masses or enlarged organs or to detect tenderness/pain

Palpation

Using the finger of one hand to tap on the finger of the other hand that is spread over a body cavity

Percussion

Using a stethoscope to listen to the heart, lungs, or intestines

Auscultation

Leader of the healthcare team; examines patients, orders tests, diagnosis diagnoses, and treats diseases via drugs/therapy

Physician

Healthcare professionals that work under the supervision of a physician or doctor to examine, diagnose, and treat patients

Physician Extenders

Examples of physician extenders

* Physician's Assistant * Nurse Practitioner * Certified Nurse Midwife * Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist

Nurses examine patients, make nursing diagnoses, and administer treatments/drugs ordered by the physician; give hands on care and focus on the physical/emotional needs of the patient and family

Allied Health Professionals

Examples of allied health professionals (other than nurses)

* Technologists * Technicians * Dietitians * Therapists * Medical assistants * Phlebotomists * Dental hygienists * Audiologists

Traditional healthcare setting for providing care for patients who are acutely ill and require medical/surgical care for longer than 24 hours

Hospital

Patient in a hospital

Inpatient

One of the most frequently used healthcare settings; a single physician, or group of physicians, maintains an office where patients are seen, diagnosed, treated, and counceled

Physician's Office

Provides healthcare services similar to a physician's office but for one type of patient or type of disease

Clinic

Facility where minor surgery is performed and the patient does not stay overnight

Ambulatory Surgery Center

Primarily a residential facility for older patients or those with disabilities (residents) who are unable to care for themselves; 4 hour nursing care

Long-term Care Facility

Type of LTC facility that provides high level of medical/nursing care for patients recently discharged from the hospital

Skilled Nursing Facility

Provides range of healthcare services to patients (known as clients) in their homes when they are unable to come to a physician's office or clinic and do not want to live in an LTC facility

Home Health Agency

Inpatient facility for patients who are dying from a terminal illness; their physicians have certified that they have less than 6 months to live

Hospice