Test 2 HIM - Chapters 3, 4, & 5 part 1 Flashcards
gastr/o-
stomach
intestin/o-
intestine
-al
pertaining to
Other terms for Gastrointestinal System:
- gastrointestinal tract
- digestive system
- digestive tract
- alimentary canal
digest/o-
break down food; digest
-ive
pertaining to
aliment/o-
food; nourishment
-ary
pertaining to
or/o-
mouth
Gastrointestinal system begins where?
In the mouth or oral cavity
What is contained in the oral cavity?
Teeth, gums, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, and uvula
lingu/o-
tongue
gloss/o-
tongue
gustat/o-
sense of taste
-ory
having the function of
Receptors on the tongue perceive taste and send this sensory information where?
Gustatory cortex in the brain
Lubricant that moistens food as it is chewed and swallowed
saliva
What enzyme is contained in saliva?
Amylase
saliv/o-
saliva
Three pairs of salivary glands:
- parotid glands
- sublingual glands
- submandibular glands
Process of chewing food
mastication
par-
beside
ot/o-
ear
-id
origin; resembling; source
sub-
below; underneath
lingu/o-
tongue
mandibul/o-
lower jaw; mandible
mastic/o-
chewing
-ation
being; having; process
Process of swallowing food
deglutition
degluti/o-
swallowing
-tion
being; having; process
pharyng/o-
pharynx; throat
-eal
pertaining to
How does the body prevent swallowed food from going into the larynx and into the lungs?
When the food is swallowed, muscles in the neck pull the larynx upward towards the epiglottis. This seals off the opening so that the food does not enter into the larynx.
flexible, muscular tube that connect the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
esopha/o-
esophagus
What process does the esophagus use to move food towards the stomach?
peristalsis
peri-
around
stal/o-
contraction
-sis
condition; process
pylor/o-
pylorus
-ic
pertaining to
large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity
stomach
Four regions of the stomach
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
Gastric mucosa is arranged in thick, deep folds called
Rugae
Two sphincters in the stomach
- Lower esophageal sphincter
* Pyloric sphincter
Semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and fluids in the stomach
Chyme
Long, hollow tube that receives chyme from the stomach
Small intestine or small bowel
Three parts of the small intestine:
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
duoden/o-
duodenum
10-inch, C shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the jejunum
duodenum
Second part of the small intestine; 8-foot segment that repeatedly twists and turns in the abdominal cavity
jejunum
Final part of the small intestine; 12-foot long segment where absorption of nutrients is completed
ileum
jejun/o-
jejunum
ile/o-
ileum
Ileum contains thousands of these small, thin structures
villi
Central, open area
lumen
Larger tube that receives undigested material and some water from the small intestine
Large intestine or large bowel
Four parts of the large intestine:
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
- anus
short sac; appendix hangs from it
cecum
cec/o-
cecum
appendic/o-
appendic
-ix
thing
The walls of the large intestine contain these puckered pouches that can greatly expand as needed
haustra
Longest part of the large intestine; travels through all 4 quadrants of the abdomen
colon
4 parts of the colon:
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
colon/o-
colon
short, straight segment that connects to the outside of the body
rectum
the external opening of the rectum located between the buttocks
anus
rect/o-
rectum
an/o-
anus
proct/o-
rectum and anus
celi/o-
abdomen
This cavity contains the largest organs of the GI system
abdominopelvic cavity
double-layer serous membrane; one later lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and the other later surrounds each of the organs
peritoneum
peritone/o-
peritoneum
periton/o-
peritoneum
watery fluid that fills the spaces between organs and allows them to slide past each other during the movements of digestion; secreted by the peritoneum
paritoneal fluid
Supports the stomach and hangs down as a broad, fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine; extension of the peritoneum
omentum
The peritoneum also becomes this thick, fan-shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum
mesentery
meso-
middle
The blood supply to the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas comes from this branch of the aorta
celiac trunk
Accessory organs of digestion
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Large, dark red-brown organ located in the upper abdomen.
Liver
hepat/o-
liver
-cyte
cell
yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid
bile
Bile is a combination of what?
bile acids, mucus, fluid, and two pigments, bilrubin and biliverdin
all of the bile ducts are collectively known as
biliary tree
Bile produced by the liver flows through the ____ and into the ____ towards the duodenum
common hepatic duct; common bile duct
bili/o-
bile; gall
rub/o-
red
-in
substance
teardrop-shaped, dark green sac posterior to the liver; concentrates and stores bile
gallbladder
The presence of what in the duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract and release it’s bile
fatty chyme
yellow gland shaped like an elongated triangle
pancreas
Duct that the pancreas secrets its digestive enzymes through to the duodenumo
pancreatic duct
Two types of digestion:
- mechanical
* chemical
What processes are involved in mechanical digestion?
- mastication
- deglutition
- peristalsis
- emulsification
Hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile
cholecystokin
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
kin/o-
movement
emulsific/o-
liquid with suspended particles
Chemical digestion uses what to break down foods?
- enzymes
* acid
3 substances the stomach secretes during chemical digestion
- hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- pepsinogen
- gastrin
strong acid that breaks down food fibers, converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food
HCl
inactive substance converted by HCl to pepsin
pepsinogen
digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods into protein molecules
pepsin
hydr/o-
fluid; water
chlor/o-
cholide
pepsin/o-
pepsin
-gen
that which produces
peps/o-
digestion
hormone that stimulates the release of more HCl and pepsinogen
gastrin
Chemical digestion continues in the small intestine as cholecystokin from the duodenum stimulates the pancreas to secrete what?
- amylase
- lipase
- protein-digesting enzymes
amyl/o-
carbohydrate; starch
-ase
enzyme
lip/o-
fat; lipid
lact/o-
milk
villi of the small intestine produce this digestive enzyme
lactase
This enzyme breaks down the sugars in carbohydrates, starches, and milk to the simple sugar glucose
lactase
What is absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood in the small intestine?
nutrients and water
What is absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the blood in the large intestine?
any remaining water
absorpt/o-
absorb; take in
chez/o-
pass feces
fec/o-
feces; stool
fec/a-
feces; stool
This occurs when undigested materials and water are eliminated from the body in a solid waste form known as feces
elimination; defecation
de-
reversal of; without
mucous membrane that lines the GI system and produces thin mucus
mucosa
hard bone and posterior soft tissues that form the roof of the mouth
palate
first part of the stomach just after the esophagus
cardia
rounded, top part of the stomach
fundus
narrowed, last part of the stomach just before it joins the duodenum
pylorus
decreased appetite because of disease or gastrointestinal side effects of a drug
anorexia
an-
not; without
orex/o-
appetite
-ia
condition; state; thing
difficult or painful eating or swallowing
dysphagia
dys-
painful; abnormal; difficult
phag/o-
swallowing; eating
excessive overeating due to an overactive thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, or a psychiatric illness
polyphagia
poly-
many; much
inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or a nutritional deficiency
cheilitis
cheil/o-
lip
-itis
infection of; inflammation of
stone that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva
sialolithiasis
sial/o-
saliva; salivary gland
lith/o-
stone
-iasis
process; state
-lith
stone
inflammation of the oral mucosa
stomatitis
stomat/o-
mouth
consists of reccuring outbreaks of small, painful ulcers (canker sores) on the lips or oral mucosa
aphthous stomatitis
aphth/o-
ulcer
-ous
pertaining to
inflammation that involves only the tongue
glossitis
Indigestion with mild, temporary epigastric pain, sometimes with gas or nausea
dyspepsia
Swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus or stomach
esophageal varices
Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach due to spicy foods, excess acid production, or a bacterial infection
gastritis
Acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus (flu) or bacterium
gastroenteritis
Chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esphagus because the LES does not close tightly.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Temporary inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid.
heartburn; pyrosis
pyr/o-
burning; fire
-osis
condition; process
Vomitting of blood because of bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
hematemesis
eme/o-
vomitting
emet/o-
vomitting
Expelled food or chyme
vomitus
reflux of small amounts of food and acid back into the mouth, but without vomitting
regurgitation
regurgitat/o-
backward flow
Excessive vomitting during the first months of pregnancy
hyperemisis gravidarum
Chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer (stomach, esophagus, and duodenum)
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in the glands in the gastric mucosa
stomach cancer
stomach cancer is categorized as an?
adenocarcinoma
cancer/o-
cancer
aden/o-
gland
carcin/o-
cancer
-oma
mass; tumor
abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines.
ileus
occurs after the intestines are manipulated during abdominal surgery and peristalsis is slow to return
postoperative ileus
post-
after; behind
operat/o-
perform a procedure; surgery
Telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment
intussusception
intussuscept/o-
receive within
twisting or rotating of the intestine around itself because of a structural abnormality of the mesentery
volvulus or malrotation
mal-
bad; inadequate
rotat/o-
rotate
inflammation and infection of the appendix
appendicitis
common disorder in babies; crampy abdominal pain soon after eating
colic
cancerous tumor of the colon
colon cancer or colorectal adenocarcinoma
weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms a pouch or tube
diverticulum
condition of multiple diverticula
diverticulosis or diverticular disease
Inflammation, abdominal pain, infection, and fever caused by feces trapped inside of diverticulum
diverticulitis
diverticul/o-
diverticulum
bacterial infection caused by an unusual strain of E. coli; there is watery diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus
dysentery
-entery
condition of the intestine
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grains; damages the small intestine
gluten sensitivity enteropathy
-pathy
disease
Gluten sensitivity enteropathy is also known as
celiac disease
-ac
pertaining to
chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Type of IBD that affects the ileum and colon; has areas of normal mucosa, “skip areas,” and then inflammation
Chron’s disease or regional enteritis
Type of IBD that affects the colon and rectum and causes inflammation and ulcers
Ulcerative colitis
ulcerat/o-
ulcer
disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation
irritable bowel syndrome
IBS is also known as
Spastic colon or mucous colitis
spast/o-
spasm
small, fleshy, benign, or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon
polyp
has a thin stalk that supports an irregular, ball-shaped top
pedunculated polyp
mound with a broad base
sessile polyp
an inherited condition in which family members have multiple colon polyps
benign familial polyposis
polyp/o-
polyp
swollen, protruding veins in the rectum (internal) or on the skin around the anus (external)
hemorrhoid
hemorrh/o-
flowing of blood
-oid
resembling
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy for cancer or from ulcers or infection
proctitis
protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal or even to protrude to the outside of the body
rectocele
-cele
hernia
failure to have a regular, soft bowel movement
constipation
constip/o-
compacted feces
severe, unrelieved constipation that can lead to a mechanical obstruction of the bowel
obstipation
obstip/o-
severe constipation
hardened feces that becomes a stone-like mass
fecalith
abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces
diarrhea
dia-
completely; through
-rrhea
discharge; flow
presence of excessive amounts of gas (flatus) in the stomach or intestines
flatulence
flatul/o-
gas; flatus
-ence
state
blood in the feces
hematochezia
chez/o-
pass feces
dark, tar-like feces that contains digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
melena
inability to voluntarily control bowel movements
incontinence
in-
in; not; within
contin/o-
hold together
greasy, frothy, foul-smelling feces that contain undigested fats
steatorrhea
steat/o-
fat
fibrous bands that form after surgery in the abdominal cavity; bind intestines to each other or other organs
adhesions
adhes/o-
stick to
weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall; intestine bulges through this defect
hernia
Hernias are named after what?
how easily the intestine can move back into its normal position and their location
moves back and forth between the hernia sac and the abdominopelvic cavity
sliding or reducible hernia
intestine swells within the hernia sac and becomes trapped; the intestine can no longer be pushed back into the abdomen
incarcerated (irreducible) hernia
incarcer/o-
imprison
-ated
composed of; pertaining to a condition
incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off; leads to tissue death (necrosis)
strangulated hernia
hernia where the stomach bulges up into the opening where the esophagus comes through the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
hiat/o-
gap; opening
hernia that occurs anywhere on the anterior abdominal wall (except at the umbilicus)
ventral hernia
ventr/o-
abdomen; front
hernia at the umbilicus (navel)
umbilical hernia
umbilic/o-
umbilicus; navel
umbilical hernia that is present at birth and is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin
omphalocele
omphal/o-
navel; umbilicus
hernia in the groin; in a male patient, the intestine can slide through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum
inguinal hernia
hernia along the suture line of a prior abdominal surgical incision
incisional hernial
incis/o-
cut into
inflammation and infection of the peritoneum; occurs when an ulcer, diverticulum, or cancerous tumor breaks through the wall of the stomach or intestines or when an inflamed appendix ruptures
peritonitis
accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity
ascites
ascit/o-
ascites
chronic, progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver, with nodules and scarric
cirrhosis
cirrh/o-
yellow
inflammation and infection of the liver from the hepatitis virus
hepatitis or viral hepatitis
vir/o-
virus
acute but short-lived infection; most people recover completely. caused by exposure to water or food that is contaminated with feces from a person who is infected with this virus
hepatitis A virus or infectious hepatitis
acute infection; many people recover completely. when it is chronic, there may not be symptoms for 20 years but during this time the person is a carrier and can infect others. Spread via blood or during sexual activity via saliva or vaginal secretions.
hepatitis B virus or serum hepatitis
begins as an acute infection that continues as a chronic infection. caused by exposure to contaminated needles or the blood of an infected person. not readily transmitted via sexual activity.
hepatitis C virus
secondary infection caused by a mutated hepatitis virus. only develops in patients who already have hepatitis B.
hepatitis D virus or delta hepatitis
similar to hepatitis A but rarely occurs in the USA
hepatitis E virus
enlargement of the liver due to cirrhosis, hepatitis, or cancer
hepatomegaly
enlargement of both the liver and the spleen
hepatosplenomegaly
splen/o-
spleen
yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes; increased level of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
a patient that does not have jaundice is?
nonicteric
non-
not
icter/o-
jaundice
jaundice caused by a gallstone obstructing the flow of bile in the bile ducts
obstructive jaundice
obstruct/o
blocked by a barrier
cancerous tumor of the liver
liver cancer, hepatoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma
cellul/o-
cell
-ar
pertaining to
acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts because of cirrhosis or gallstones
cholangitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
one or more gallstones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
chol/e-
bile; gall
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
cholangi/o-
bile duct
cancerous tumor of the pancreas
pancreatic cancer
inflammation or infection of the pancreas
pancreatitis
blood test for the major protein molecule in the blood; liver disease results in low levels
albumin
blood test for the enzyme found in both liver cells and bone cells; elevated level due to liver or bone disease
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
blood test for the enzymes which are mainly found in the liver; elevated blood levels occur when damaged liver cells release these enzymes
alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)
blood test for unconjugated, conjugated, and total bilirubin levels; levels are abnormal when these is liver diease or gallstones
bilirubin
conjugated bilirubin is also known as _____ because it reacts directly with the reagent used to perform the lab test
direct bilirubin
Unconjugated bilirubin or ______ only reacts when another substance is added to the reagent
indirect bilirubin
blood test for this enzyme found mainly in the liver; elevated blood level occurs when damaged liver cells release this enzyme into the blood
gamma-glutamyl tanspeptidase (GGT, GGTP)
panel of individual blood tests performed at the same time to give a comprehensive picture of liver function
liver function tests (LFTs)
rapid screening test to detect the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
CLO test
test that uses a culture to determine which bacterium is causing an intestinal infection and a sensitivity test to determine which antibiotic drugs it is sensitive to.
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
test for occult (hidden) blood in the feces
fecal occult blood test or stool guaiac test
test to determine the amount of hydrocloric acid in the stomach
gastric analysis
test to determine if these is a parasitic infection in the GI tract
ova and parasites
procedure that uses liquid contrast medium inserted into the rectum and colon
barium enema (BE)
procedure that uses a contrast dye to outline the bile ducts
cholangiography
contrast dye is injected intravenously, travels through the blood to the liver, and is excreted with the bile into the gallbladder
intravenous cholangiography (IVC)
needle is passed through the abdominal wall, and the contrast dye is injected into the liver
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
endoscope is used and the contrast dye is injected by a catheter to visualize the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
per-
through; throughout
retro-
backward; behind
-grade
pertaining to going
procedure that uses x-rays to create images of abdominal organs and structures in many thin, successive “slices”
computerized axial tomography (CAT, CT)
procedure that uses an x-ray without contrast dye. patient lies flat, in te supine position, on the x-ray table
flat plate of the abdomen
procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder
gallbladder ultrasound
procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patient’s body; protons emit signals to form very detailed images of abdominal organs and structures as thin, successive “slices”
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
procedure that uses tablets of iodinated contrast dye taken orally. contrast dye is dissolved in the small intestine, absorbed into the blood, travels to the liver, and is excreted with bile into the gallbladder.
oral cholecystography (OCG)
procedure that uses a liquid contrast medium that is swallowed; medium coats and outlines the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
upper GI series (UGI) or barium swallow
procedure to insert a long, flexible nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach
insertion of nasogastric (NG) tube
procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a needle and a vacuum contained
abdominocentesis
-centesis
procedure to puncture
procedure to remove the appendix because of appendicitis
appendectomy
-ectomy
surgical removal
procedure to remove a small piece of tissue from an ulcer, polyp, mass, or tumor
biopsy
bi/o-
life; living organism; living tissue
-opsy
process of viewing
procedure to remove a section of diseased intestine and rejoin the intestine
bowel resection and anastomosis
anastom/o-
create an opening between two structures
resect/o-
cut out; remove
procedure to remove the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
minimally invasive cholecystectomy that uses a laparoscope
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
lapar/o-
abdomen
scop/o-
examine with an instrument
-scope
instrument used to examine
procedure to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone
choledocholithotomy
choledoch/o-
common bile duct
-tomy
process of cutting; process of making an incision
procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body
colostomy
type of colostomy where part of the ileum and colon are removed and a stoma is created
ileostomy
-stomy
surgically created opening
procedure that uses an endoscope to interally examine the GI tract
endoscopy
endo-
innermost; within
visualization and examination of the esphagus
esophagoscopy
visualization and examination of the stomach
gastroscopy
visualization and examination of the esophagus first, followed by the stomach, and then the duodenum.
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visualization and examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope
sigmoidoscopy
visualization and examination of the entire colon after the colonoscope is passed through the rectum
colonoscopy
procedure that uses a long abdominal incision to open the abdominopelvic cavity widely so that it can be explored
exploratory laparotomy
procedure to remove all or part of the stomach because of a cancerous or benign tumor
gastrectomy
procedure to treat severe obesity
gastroplasty, gastric stapling, gastric bypass
procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the stomach to insert a gastrostomy feeding tube.
gastrostomy
-plasty
process of reshaping by surgery
permanent feeding tube is inserted through the abdominal wall and then guided via endoscope to be positioned in the stomach
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
procedure to remove hemorrhoids from the rectum or around the anus
hemorrhoidectomy
procedure that uses sutures to close a defect in the muscle wall where there is a hernia
heniorrhaphy
-rrhaphy
procedure of suturing
procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum to insert a jejunostomy feeding tube
jejunostomy
procedure to remove a severely damaged liver from a patient with end-stage liver disease and insert a new liver from a donor
liver transplantation
transplant/o-
move something across and put in another place
procedure to remove one or more polyps from the colon using forceps or a snare positioned around the thin stalk of a pedunculated polyp
polypectomy
drugs that treat heartburn by neutralizing acid in the stomach
antacid drugs
treat gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria
antibiotic drugs
treat diarrhea by slowing peristalsis which increases water absorption from the feces
antidiarrheal drugs
treat nausea and vomitting and motion sickness
antiemetic drugs
dissolve gallstones (instead of surgical removal)
drugs for gallstones
treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers by blocking H2 (histamine 2) receptors in the stomach that trigger the release of HCl acid.
H2 blocker drugs
treat constipation by softening the stool, adding dietary fiber, or directly stimulating the intestinal mucosa
laxative drugs
treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers by blocking the final step in the production of HCl acid
proton pump inhibitor drugs
bullet-shaped capsule that contains a drug and is inserted into the rectum
suppository
supposit/o-
placed beneath
-ory
having the function of
ABD, abd
abdomen
AC, a.c.
before meals (Latin: ante cibum)
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ALT
alanine aminotransferase; alanine transaminase
AST
aspartate aminotransferase; aspartate transaminase
BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
BS
bowel sounds
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CAT
computerized axial tomography
CBD
common bile duct
CLO
Campylobacter-like organism
CT
computerized tomography
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GGPT, GGT
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
GI
gastrointestinal
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HCV
hepatitis C virus
IBD
inflammatory bowl disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
IVC
intravenous cholangiography
LES
lower esophageal sphincter
LFTs
liver function tests
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
N&V
nausea and vomitting
NG
nasogastric
NPO, n.p.o
nothing per mouth (Latin: nil per os)
O&P
ova and parasites
OCG
oral cholecystography
PC, p.c.
after meal (Latin: post cibum)
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PEJ
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
PO, p.o.
by mouth (Lation: per os)
PTC
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SGOT
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (older name for AST)
SGPT
serum glutamix-pyruvic transaminase (older name for ALT)
UGI
upper gastrointestinal (series)
consists of the right and left lungs and the air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of hte body
respiratory system
re-
again and again; backward; unable to
spir/o-
breathe; coil
-atory
pertaining to
What makes up the upper respiratory system?
nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat)
What makes up the lower respiratory system?
larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Purpose of the respiratory system?
bring oxygen into the body and expel the waste product carbon dioxide
this divides the nasal cavity in the center
nasal septum
sept/o-
dividing wall; septum
The 3 long, bony projections on each side of the nasal cavity
superior, middle, and inferior turbinates or nasal conchae
turbin/o-
scroll-like structure; turbinate
-ate
composed of; pertaining to
nasal cavity is lined with what?
mucosa
area of the throat that is posterior to the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
area of the throat that is posterior to the oral cavity
oropharynx
area of the throat that is posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
-pharynx
pharynx; throat
or/o-
mouth
laryng/o-
larynx; voice box
pharynx divides into these two parts
larynx and esophagus
voice box; remains open during respiration and speech, allowing air to pass in and out through the vocal cords
larynx
lid-like structure
epiglottis
epi-
above; upon
glott/o-
glottis of the larynx
vertical passageway for inhaled and exhaled air
trachea
trache/o-
trachea; windpipe
inferior end of the trachea splits to become the right and left primary ____
bronchi
primary bronchus enters the lung and branches into smaller _____
bronchioles
unlike the trachea and bronchi, the smallest bronchioles have no what?
cartilage for support; they have walls of smooth muscle
bronchiol/o-
bronchiole
refers to the bronchi and the lungs
bronchopulmonary
pulmon/o-
lung
trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles look like the trunk and branches of an upside-down tree and are called ____
bronchial tree
bronchial tree is line with these small hairs
cilia
spongy, air-filled structures
lungs
large divisions whose dividing lines are visible on the outer surface of the lung
lobes
which lung is larger and has one more lobe than the other?
right; has 3 lobes
rounded top of each lung
apex
an indentation on the medial surface of the lung; bronchus enters the lung through here
hilum
Inside the long, the bronchus branches into bronchioles, which branch into these hollow spheres of cells that expand and contract with each breath
alveoli
secreted by the alveoli; a protein-fat compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the walls of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation
surfactant
the alveoli are the pulmonary ____, the functional part of the lung
parenchyma
hil/o-
indentation
bony cage that consists of the sternum anteriorly, ribs laterally, and vertebrae posteriorly
thorax
thorac/o-
chest; thorax
pector/o-
chest
steth/o-
chest
between the lungs lies this irregularly shaped area that contains the trachea, heart, and esophagus
mediastinum
sheet of skeletal muscle that lies along the inferior border of the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
each lung is located within a ____ that is surrounded by ____, a double-layered serous membrance
pleural cavity; pleura
layer next to the lung’s surface
visceral pleura
layer next to the wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
pleur/o-
lung membrane
viscer/o-
large internal organs
pariet/o-
wall of a cavity
the pleura secretes pleural fluid into this narrow space between its two layers
pleural space
slipper, watery fluid that allows the 2 layers to slide smoothly past each other as the lungs expand and contract during respiration
pleural fluid
breathing in
inhalation; inspiration
breathing out
exhalation; expiration
in-
in; not; within
hal/o-
breathe
pne/o-
breathing
these centers in the brain regulate the depth and rate of respiration; send nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve that cause the diaphragm to contract
respiratory control centers
phren/o-
diaphragm; mind
ex-
away from; out
normal depth and rate of respiration
eupnea
Five separate process of respiration
- Ventiliation
- External respiration
- Gas transport
- Internal respiration
- Cellular respiration
eu-
good; normal
-pnea
breathing
movement of air in and out of the lungs
ventilation
movement of oygen from inhaled air into the alveoli and then into the blood and movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli and then into exhaled air
external respiration
ventil/o-
movement of air
ox/i, ox/o-, ox/y
oxygen
capn/o-
carbon dioxide
hem/o-
blood
glob/o-
comprehensive; shaped like a globe
gen/o-
arising from; produced by
-ated
composed of; pertaining to a condition
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
gas transport
compound formed when oxygen molecules in the blood bind with the hemoglobin in red blood cells
oxyhemoglobin
movement of oxygen from the blood into the cells and movement of carbon dioxide from the cells into the blood
internal respiration
oxygen is used by the cells to produce energy in the process of metabolism
cellular respiration
metabol/o-
change; transformation
-ism
disease from a specific cause; process
pneum/o-
air; lung
pneumon/o-
air; lung
diaphragmat/o-
disaphragm
cost/o-
rib
