Chapter 19 - Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
Uses x-rays to produce a diagnostic image
A
radiography
2
Q
These are produced when a positively charged metal plate inside a vacuum tube is bombarded with a stream of electrons
A
x-rays
3
Q
X-rays are a form of invisible _____?
A
radiation
4
Q
dia-
A
complete; completely through
5
Q
gnos/o-
A
knowledge
6
Q
-tic
A
pertaining to
7
Q
radi/o
A
forearm bone; radiation; x-rays
8
Q
-graphy
A
process of recording
9
Q
-ation
A
being; having; process
10
Q
Another term for radiography
A
roentgenography
11
Q
roentgen/o-
A
radiation; x-rays
12
Q
luc/o-
A
clear
13
Q
-ent
A
pertaining to
14
Q
Areas of low density (air) that appear black on an x-ray image
A
radiolucent
15
Q
Areas of high density (bone) that appear white on an x-ray image
A
radiopaque
16
Q
Blurred image
A
motion artifact
17
Q
Film image of an x-ray
A
radiograph
18
Q
-graph
A
instrument used to record
19
Q
project/o-
A
orientation
20
Q
-ion
A
action; condition
21
Q
Standardized, fixed orientation between the patient, the x-ray cassette, and the x-ray machine
A
projection or view
22
Q
radiation exposure is measured in ____
A
roentgen-equivalent man (REM)
23
Q
Process of measuring the amount of radiation exposure
A
dosimetry
24
Q
dos/i-
A
dose
25
Instrument used to measure dose
dosimeter
26
Used to shield parts of the patient's body that are not being x-rayed
lead apron
27
Any radiograph that is taken without the use of a radiopaque contrast dye
plain film
28
Radiograph taken at the patient's bedside on the nursing unit or in the emergency department when the patient cannot be transported to the radiology department
portable film
29
Preliminary x-ray that is taken to provide an initial view of an area before a radiopaque contrast dye is administered
scout film
30
Case that holds the x-ray film
x-ray cassette
31
Adjustable frame that is mounted on the wall, beneath the x-ray table, or is a mobile frame on wheels. It positions and holds the x-ray cassette.
Bucky
32
X-ray beam enters through the patient's posterior upper back, exits through the anterior chest, and enters the x-ray plate.
PA chest x-ray (posteroanterior)
33
X-ray beam enters through the patient's anterior chest, exits through the posterior upper back, and enters the x-ray plate.
AP chest x-ray (anteroposterior)
34
PA chest x-ray position
Patient is standing with the anterior chest next to the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is by their back.
35
AP chest x-ray position
Patient is lying with the posterior upper back next to the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is overhead.
36
X-ray beam enters the patient's chest from the side and exits through the chest on the other side.
lateral chest x-ray
37
Lateral chest x-ray position
Patient is standing or lying. In a left-lateral chest x-ray, the left side of the chest is beside the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is on the other side.
38
X-ray beam enters the body from an oblique angle, midway between anterior and lateral.
oblique x-ray
39
Oblique x-ray position
Patient can be standing or lying.
40
X-ray beam enters the patient's chest and abdomen from the side. For this x-ray, the x-ray plate is on one side, the x-ray machine on the other, and the x-ray beam travels across the x-ray table.
Cross-table lateral x-ray
41
X-ray beam enters the patient's chest and abdomen from the side. For this x-ray, the x-ray plate is beneath the x-ray table and the x-ray machine is overhead.
lateral decubitus x-ray
42
X-ray beam enters the patient's abdomen, exits through the lower back, and enters the x-ray plate. Patient is lying down flat on their back with the x-ray plate beneath the x-ray table and the x-ray machine overhead.
flat plate of the abdomen
43
KUB
kidneys, ureters, and bladder
44
Uses x-rays to create an image of the breast
mammography
45
Uses a special x-ray plate that is processed with dry chemicals to create an image of the breast; this image is printed on paper instead of x-ray film
xeromammography
46
xer/o-
dry
47
Uses x-rays to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and determine if demineralization (from osteoporosis) has occurred
bone densitometry
48
Two types of bone density testing
DEXA (or DXA) and quantitative computerized tomography (QCT)
49
What does DEXA stand for?
dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry
50
Uses dual x-ray beams with different energy levels to create a 2D image.
DEXA (DXA)
51
Uses x-rays and a CT scan to create a 3D image.
quantitative computerized tomography (QCT)
52
densit/o-
density
53
quantitat/o-
quantity; amount
54
-ive
pertaining to
55
tom/o-
cut; layer; slice
56
axi/o-
axis
57
Uses x-rays and a computer to create an image; x-ray emitter moves in a circle around the patient lying on a narrow bed and the x-ray detector moves along the opposite side of the circle
computerized axial tomography (CAT) or computerized tomography (CT)
58
Has an area (not just a row) that allows it to scan multiple "slices" simultaneously
Multidetector-row CT scanner (MDCT)
59
When a CT scan is used to guide the insertion of a needle (for a biopsy), what is this called?
interventional radiology
60
inter-
between
61
vent/o-
coming
62
iodin/o-
iodine
63
-ated
composed of; pertaining to a condition
64
Details on an x-ray image can be enhanced by using what to outline anatomical structures?
barium medium or iodinated contrast dye
65
Iodinated contrast dye is injected to outline a blood vessel
angiography
66
angi/o-
blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
67
In ______, two x-ray images are obtained, one without contrast dye and one with.
digital subtraction angiography
68
X-ray machine moves around the area to be examined, taking multiple x-rays after contrast dye has been injected.
rotational angiography
69
Contrast dye is injected into an artery to show blockage, narrowed areas, or aneurysms
arteriography
70
arteri/o-
artery
71
Uses contrast dye injected into the aorta, the largest artery.
aortography
72
aort/o-
aorta
73
Contrast dye is injected into a vein to show weakened valves and dilated walls.
Venography
74
Iodinated contrast dye is injectioned into a joint.
arthrography
75
Barium contrast medium is inserted into the rectum.
barium enema
76
Iodinated contrast dye is injected intravenously. The dye travels through the blood to the liver and is then excreted with bile into the gallbladder.
cholangiography, intravenous (IVC)
77
cholangi/o-
bile duct
78
intra-
within
79
An endoscope is passed through the mouth and into the duodenum. A catheter is passed through the endoscope and contrast dye is injected to visualize the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
80
pancreat/o-
pancreas
81
Iodinated contrast dye in a tablet form is taken orally. After the tablet dissolves in the small intestine, the dye enters the blood, is processed by the liver, and then excreted with bile into the gallbladder.
cholecystography, oral (OCG)
82
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
83
Iodinated contrast dye is inserted through a catheter that was passed through the vagina and into the uterus.
hysterosalpingography
84
salping/o-
uterine tube
85
Iodinated contrast dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel.
lymphangiogram
86
lymph/o-
lymph; lymphatic system
87
Iodinated contrast dye is injected into the subarachnoid space between the L3 and L4 vertebrae.
myelography
88
myel/o-
bone marrow; myelin; spinal cord
89
Iodinated contrast dye is injected into a vein, circulates through the blood, and is excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
intravenous pyelography or execretory urography
90
pyel/o-
renal pelvis
91
excret/o-
removing from the body
92
ur/o-
urinary system; urine
93
Cystoscopy is performed, and iodinated contrast dye is injected through a catheter inserted through the urethra, bladder, and then into each ureter.
retrograde pyelography
94
Barium contrast medium is swallowed.
upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) or barium swallow
95
Follows the barium as it outlines the small intestine.
small-bowel follow-through
96
Uses continuous x-rays to capture the moving images of the internal organs as they occur.
Fluoroscopy
97
fluor/o-
fluorescence
98
-scopy
process of using an instrument to examine
99
Process of digitally recording of a fluoroscopy
cineradiography
100
Uses a scanner and a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patient's body. Then high-frequency radiowaves are sent through the patient's body. The protons absorb these waves and emit signals which create an image.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
101
Uses gadolinium injected intravenously or into a body cavity to produce an enhanced MRI image
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
102
cin/e-
movement
103
magnet/o-
magnet
104
ultra-
beyond; higher
105
son/o-
sound
106
Uses pulses of inaudible, ultra high-frequency sound waves to create an image.
Ultrasonography or sonography
107
Handheld device the emits sound waves is held against the skin over the organ or structure to be imaged.
Ultrasound transducer
108
duc/o-
bring; move
109
-er
person who does; person who produces; thing that does; thing that produces
110
ech/o-
echo of a sound wave
111
Uses ultra high-frequency sound waves to show real-time, moving images of the heart during contraction and relaxation.
echocardiography
112
Patient swallows an endoscope that contains a tiny sound wave-emitting transducer at its tip. The tip is positioned in the esophagus directly behind the heart.
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
113
esophag/o-
esophagus
114
-eal
pertaining to
115
Uses ultra-high frequency sound waves and Doppler technology to produce the audible sound of blood flowing through an artery.
Doppler ultrasonography
116
Combines a 2D ultrasound with Doppler technology to create an image that shows anatomy as well as colors that correlate to the velocity, direction, and turbulence of the blood flow in that area.
color flow duplex ultrasonography
117
electr/o-
electric
118
-on
structure; substance
119
Uses a beam of electrons and a computer to create an image. Also known as a full body scan.
electron beam tomography (EBT)
120
Medical specialty that uses radioactive substances (radionuclides) to create an image of the internal structures and function of the body.
Nuclear medicine
121
act/o-
action
122
pharmaceutic/o-
drug; medicine
123
Man-made or naturally occurring radioactive substances that have been processed and measured so that they can be given as a drug dose.
radiopharmaceuticals or tracers
124
Length of time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive substance to decay and become stable
half-life
125
trac/o-
visible path
126
Radiopharmaceutical drugs that emit gamma rays
* gallium-67
* indium-111
* iodine-123 and iodine-131
* krypton-81m
* technetium-99m
* thallium-201
* xenon-133
127
When a gamma ray from the radioactive radiopharmaceutical drug enters the scintillation camera, it strikes a crystal structure, the crystal emits a flash of light (photon), and a computer compiles the flashes of light into a 2D image.
scintigraphy or scintiscan
128
scint/i-
point of light
129
Areas of increased uptake on a scintigram
hot spots
130
Areas of decreased uptake on a scintigram
cold spots
131
Used to detect areas of decreased uptake in the gallbladder that are related to cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis.
HIDA scan or cholescintigraphy
132
chol/e-
bile; gall
133
Intravenous drug used to detect inflammation, infection, and benign and cancerous tumors.
gallium-67
134
Intravenous drug used to detect cancerous tumors. Usually combined with a hormone or a monoclonal antibody
indium-111
135
Intravenous drug used to image the thyroid gland.
iodine-123 and iodine-131
136
Inhaled gas used to image the lungs. Also used in lasers.
krypton-81m
137
Intravenous drug used to image many different areas of the body. Most commonly used.
technetium-99m
138
Intravenous drug used to image the heart.
thallium-201
139
Inhaled gas used to image lungs.
xenon-133
140
Used to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract. Also calculates the ejection fraction.
Multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) or gated blood pool scan
141
Most accurate predictor of overall heart function
Ejection fraction
142
venticul/o-
chamber that is filled; ventricle
143
MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual "slices" of the heart
single-photon emission computed tomography scan (SPECT)
144
Used to detect areas of increased activity that are metastases from a cancerous tumor's primary site in the colon or ovary.
OvoScint scan
145
Used to detect areas of increased activity that are metastases from a cancerous tumor's primary site in the prostate.
ProstaScint scan
146
2-part test that uses two radio-active substances, one that is inhaled and one that is given intravenously.
Ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q) or lung scan (q stands for quotient)
147
ventilat/o-
movement of air
148
per-
through; throughout
149
fus/o-
pouring
150
Radioactive substances that emit positions are used in _____?
positron emission tomography
151
Difference between CT or MRI scans and PET scan
CT/MRI scans produce images of the anatomy of an organ, PET scans produce images of the physiology and metabolism of an organ.
152
AP
anteroposterior
153
Ba
barium
154
BE
barium enema
155
CAT
computerized axial tomography
156
CT
computerized tomography
157
CXR
chest x-ray
158
DEXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
159
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
160
DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
161
EBT
electron beam tomography
162
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
163
HIDA
hydroxyiminodiacetic acid
164
IVC
intravenous cholangiography/cholangiogram
165
IVP
intravenous pyelography/pyelogram
166
KUB
kidneys, ureters, bladder
167
Lat
lateral
168
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
169
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
170
MUGA
Multiple-gated acquisition scan
171
PA
posteroanterior
172
PET
positron emission tomography
173
QCT
quantitative computerized tomography
174
R. r
roentgen
175
rad
radiation absorbed dose
176
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
177
rem
roentgen-equivalent man
178
RRT
registered radiologic technologist
179
SPECT
single-photon emission computerized tomography
180
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography/echocardiogram
181
UGI
upper gastrointestinal series
182
US
ultrasonography; ultrasound
183
V/Q
ventilation-perfusion scan
