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HIM 103 - Medical Terminology > Chapter 19 - Radiology and Nuclear Medicine > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Uses x-rays to produce a diagnostic image

A

radiography

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2
Q

These are produced when a positively charged metal plate inside a vacuum tube is bombarded with a stream of electrons

A

x-rays

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3
Q

X-rays are a form of invisible _____?

A

radiation

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4
Q

dia-

A

complete; completely through

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5
Q

gnos/o-

A

knowledge

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6
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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7
Q

radi/o

A

forearm bone; radiation; x-rays

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8
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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9
Q

-ation

A

being; having; process

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10
Q

Another term for radiography

A

roentgenography

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11
Q

roentgen/o-

A

radiation; x-rays

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12
Q

luc/o-

A

clear

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13
Q

-ent

A

pertaining to

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14
Q

Areas of low density (air) that appear black on an x-ray image

A

radiolucent

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15
Q

Areas of high density (bone) that appear white on an x-ray image

A

radiopaque

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16
Q

Blurred image

A

motion artifact

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17
Q

Film image of an x-ray

A

radiograph

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18
Q

-graph

A

instrument used to record

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19
Q

project/o-

A

orientation

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20
Q

-ion

A

action; condition

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21
Q

Standardized, fixed orientation between the patient, the x-ray cassette, and the x-ray machine

A

projection or view

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22
Q

radiation exposure is measured in ____

A

roentgen-equivalent man (REM)

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23
Q

Process of measuring the amount of radiation exposure

A

dosimetry

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24
Q

dos/i-

A

dose

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25
Q

Instrument used to measure dose

A

dosimeter

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26
Q

Used to shield parts of the patient’s body that are not being x-rayed

A

lead apron

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27
Q

Any radiograph that is taken without the use of a radiopaque contrast dye

A

plain film

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28
Q

Radiograph taken at the patient’s bedside on the nursing unit or in the emergency department when the patient cannot be transported to the radiology department

A

portable film

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29
Q

Preliminary x-ray that is taken to provide an initial view of an area before a radiopaque contrast dye is administered

A

scout film

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30
Q

Case that holds the x-ray film

A

x-ray cassette

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31
Q

Adjustable frame that is mounted on the wall, beneath the x-ray table, or is a mobile frame on wheels. It positions and holds the x-ray cassette.

A

Bucky

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32
Q

X-ray beam enters through the patient’s posterior upper back, exits through the anterior chest, and enters the x-ray plate.

A

PA chest x-ray (posteroanterior)

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33
Q

X-ray beam enters through the patient’s anterior chest, exits through the posterior upper back, and enters the x-ray plate.

A

AP chest x-ray (anteroposterior)

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34
Q

PA chest x-ray position

A

Patient is standing with the anterior chest next to the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is by their back.

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35
Q

AP chest x-ray position

A

Patient is lying with the posterior upper back next to the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is overhead.

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36
Q

X-ray beam enters the patient’s chest from the side and exits through the chest on the other side.

A

lateral chest x-ray

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37
Q

Lateral chest x-ray position

A

Patient is standing or lying. In a left-lateral chest x-ray, the left side of the chest is beside the x-ray plate and the x-ray machine is on the other side.

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38
Q

X-ray beam enters the body from an oblique angle, midway between anterior and lateral.

A

oblique x-ray

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39
Q

Oblique x-ray position

A

Patient can be standing or lying.

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40
Q

X-ray beam enters the patient’s chest and abdomen from the side. For this x-ray, the x-ray plate is on one side, the x-ray machine on the other, and the x-ray beam travels across the x-ray table.

A

Cross-table lateral x-ray

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41
Q

X-ray beam enters the patient’s chest and abdomen from the side. For this x-ray, the x-ray plate is beneath the x-ray table and the x-ray machine is overhead.

A

lateral decubitus x-ray

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42
Q

X-ray beam enters the patient’s abdomen, exits through the lower back, and enters the x-ray plate. Patient is lying down flat on their back with the x-ray plate beneath the x-ray table and the x-ray machine overhead.

A

flat plate of the abdomen

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43
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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44
Q

Uses x-rays to create an image of the breast

A

mammography

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45
Q

Uses a special x-ray plate that is processed with dry chemicals to create an image of the breast; this image is printed on paper instead of x-ray film

A

xeromammography

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46
Q

xer/o-

A

dry

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47
Q

Uses x-rays to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and determine if demineralization (from osteoporosis) has occurred

A

bone densitometry

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48
Q

Two types of bone density testing

A

DEXA (or DXA) and quantitative computerized tomography (QCT)

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49
Q

What does DEXA stand for?

A

dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry

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50
Q

Uses dual x-ray beams with different energy levels to create a 2D image.

A

DEXA (DXA)

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51
Q

Uses x-rays and a CT scan to create a 3D image.

A

quantitative computerized tomography (QCT)

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52
Q

densit/o-

A

density

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53
Q

quantitat/o-

A

quantity; amount

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54
Q

-ive

A

pertaining to

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55
Q

tom/o-

A

cut; layer; slice

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56
Q

axi/o-

A

axis

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57
Q

Uses x-rays and a computer to create an image; x-ray emitter moves in a circle around the patient lying on a narrow bed and the x-ray detector moves along the opposite side of the circle

A

computerized axial tomography (CAT) or computerized tomography (CT)

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58
Q

Has an area (not just a row) that allows it to scan multiple “slices” simultaneously

A

Multidetector-row CT scanner (MDCT)

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59
Q

When a CT scan is used to guide the insertion of a needle (for a biopsy), what is this called?

A

interventional radiology

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60
Q

inter-

A

between

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61
Q

vent/o-

A

coming

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62
Q

iodin/o-

A

iodine

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63
Q

-ated

A

composed of; pertaining to a condition

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64
Q

Details on an x-ray image can be enhanced by using what to outline anatomical structures?

A

barium medium or iodinated contrast dye

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65
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injected to outline a blood vessel

A

angiography

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66
Q

angi/o-

A

blood vessel; lymphatic vessel

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67
Q

In ______, two x-ray images are obtained, one without contrast dye and one with.

A

digital subtraction angiography

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68
Q

X-ray machine moves around the area to be examined, taking multiple x-rays after contrast dye has been injected.

A

rotational angiography

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69
Q

Contrast dye is injected into an artery to show blockage, narrowed areas, or aneurysms

A

arteriography

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70
Q

arteri/o-

A

artery

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71
Q

Uses contrast dye injected into the aorta, the largest artery.

A

aortography

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72
Q

aort/o-

A

aorta

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73
Q

Contrast dye is injected into a vein to show weakened valves and dilated walls.

A

Venography

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74
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injectioned into a joint.

A

arthrography

75
Q

Barium contrast medium is inserted into the rectum.

A

barium enema

76
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injected intravenously. The dye travels through the blood to the liver and is then excreted with bile into the gallbladder.

A

cholangiography, intravenous (IVC)

77
Q

cholangi/o-

A

bile duct

78
Q

intra-

A

within

79
Q

An endoscope is passed through the mouth and into the duodenum. A catheter is passed through the endoscope and contrast dye is injected to visualize the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

80
Q

pancreat/o-

A

pancreas

81
Q

Iodinated contrast dye in a tablet form is taken orally. After the tablet dissolves in the small intestine, the dye enters the blood, is processed by the liver, and then excreted with bile into the gallbladder.

A

cholecystography, oral (OCG)

82
Q

cholecyst/o-

A

gallbladder

83
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is inserted through a catheter that was passed through the vagina and into the uterus.

A

hysterosalpingography

84
Q

salping/o-

A

uterine tube

85
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel.

A

lymphangiogram

86
Q

lymph/o-

A

lymph; lymphatic system

87
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injected into the subarachnoid space between the L3 and L4 vertebrae.

A

myelography

88
Q

myel/o-

A

bone marrow; myelin; spinal cord

89
Q

Iodinated contrast dye is injected into a vein, circulates through the blood, and is excreted in the urine by the kidneys.

A

intravenous pyelography or execretory urography

90
Q

pyel/o-

A

renal pelvis

91
Q

excret/o-

A

removing from the body

92
Q

ur/o-

A

urinary system; urine

93
Q

Cystoscopy is performed, and iodinated contrast dye is injected through a catheter inserted through the urethra, bladder, and then into each ureter.

A

retrograde pyelography

94
Q

Barium contrast medium is swallowed.

A

upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) or barium swallow

95
Q

Follows the barium as it outlines the small intestine.

A

small-bowel follow-through

96
Q

Uses continuous x-rays to capture the moving images of the internal organs as they occur.

A

Fluoroscopy

97
Q

fluor/o-

A

fluorescence

98
Q

-scopy

A

process of using an instrument to examine

99
Q

Process of digitally recording of a fluoroscopy

A

cineradiography

100
Q

Uses a scanner and a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patient’s body. Then high-frequency radiowaves are sent through the patient’s body. The protons absorb these waves and emit signals which create an image.

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

101
Q

Uses gadolinium injected intravenously or into a body cavity to produce an enhanced MRI image

A

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

102
Q

cin/e-

A

movement

103
Q

magnet/o-

A

magnet

104
Q

ultra-

A

beyond; higher

105
Q

son/o-

A

sound

106
Q

Uses pulses of inaudible, ultra high-frequency sound waves to create an image.

A

Ultrasonography or sonography

107
Q

Handheld device the emits sound waves is held against the skin over the organ or structure to be imaged.

A

Ultrasound transducer

108
Q

duc/o-

A

bring; move

109
Q

-er

A

person who does; person who produces; thing that does; thing that produces

110
Q

ech/o-

A

echo of a sound wave

111
Q

Uses ultra high-frequency sound waves to show real-time, moving images of the heart during contraction and relaxation.

A

echocardiography

112
Q

Patient swallows an endoscope that contains a tiny sound wave-emitting transducer at its tip. The tip is positioned in the esophagus directly behind the heart.

A

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

113
Q

esophag/o-

A

esophagus

114
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

115
Q

Uses ultra-high frequency sound waves and Doppler technology to produce the audible sound of blood flowing through an artery.

A

Doppler ultrasonography

116
Q

Combines a 2D ultrasound with Doppler technology to create an image that shows anatomy as well as colors that correlate to the velocity, direction, and turbulence of the blood flow in that area.

A

color flow duplex ultrasonography

117
Q

electr/o-

A

electric

118
Q

-on

A

structure; substance

119
Q

Uses a beam of electrons and a computer to create an image. Also known as a full body scan.

A

electron beam tomography (EBT)

120
Q

Medical specialty that uses radioactive substances (radionuclides) to create an image of the internal structures and function of the body.

A

Nuclear medicine

121
Q

act/o-

A

action

122
Q

pharmaceutic/o-

A

drug; medicine

123
Q

Man-made or naturally occurring radioactive substances that have been processed and measured so that they can be given as a drug dose.

A

radiopharmaceuticals or tracers

124
Q

Length of time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive substance to decay and become stable

A

half-life

125
Q

trac/o-

A

visible path

126
Q

Radiopharmaceutical drugs that emit gamma rays

A
  • gallium-67
  • indium-111
  • iodine-123 and iodine-131
  • krypton-81m
  • technetium-99m
  • thallium-201
  • xenon-133
127
Q

When a gamma ray from the radioactive radiopharmaceutical drug enters the scintillation camera, it strikes a crystal structure, the crystal emits a flash of light (photon), and a computer compiles the flashes of light into a 2D image.

A

scintigraphy or scintiscan

128
Q

scint/i-

A

point of light

129
Q

Areas of increased uptake on a scintigram

A

hot spots

130
Q

Areas of decreased uptake on a scintigram

A

cold spots

131
Q

Used to detect areas of decreased uptake in the gallbladder that are related to cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis.

A

HIDA scan or cholescintigraphy

132
Q

chol/e-

A

bile; gall

133
Q

Intravenous drug used to detect inflammation, infection, and benign and cancerous tumors.

A

gallium-67

134
Q

Intravenous drug used to detect cancerous tumors. Usually combined with a hormone or a monoclonal antibody

A

indium-111

135
Q

Intravenous drug used to image the thyroid gland.

A

iodine-123 and iodine-131

136
Q

Inhaled gas used to image the lungs. Also used in lasers.

A

krypton-81m

137
Q

Intravenous drug used to image many different areas of the body. Most commonly used.

A

technetium-99m

138
Q

Intravenous drug used to image the heart.

A

thallium-201

139
Q

Inhaled gas used to image lungs.

A

xenon-133

140
Q

Used to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract. Also calculates the ejection fraction.

A

Multiple-gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) or gated blood pool scan

141
Q

Most accurate predictor of overall heart function

A

Ejection fraction

142
Q

venticul/o-

A

chamber that is filled; ventricle

143
Q

MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual “slices” of the heart

A

single-photon emission computed tomography scan (SPECT)

144
Q

Used to detect areas of increased activity that are metastases from a cancerous tumor’s primary site in the colon or ovary.

A

OvoScint scan

145
Q

Used to detect areas of increased activity that are metastases from a cancerous tumor’s primary site in the prostate.

A

ProstaScint scan

146
Q

2-part test that uses two radio-active substances, one that is inhaled and one that is given intravenously.

A

Ventilation-perfusion scan (V/Q) or lung scan (q stands for quotient)

147
Q

ventilat/o-

A

movement of air

148
Q

per-

A

through; throughout

149
Q

fus/o-

A

pouring

150
Q

Radioactive substances that emit positions are used in _____?

A

positron emission tomography

151
Q

Difference between CT or MRI scans and PET scan

A

CT/MRI scans produce images of the anatomy of an organ, PET scans produce images of the physiology and metabolism of an organ.

152
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

153
Q

Ba

A

barium

154
Q

BE

A

barium enema

155
Q

CAT

A

computerized axial tomography

156
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography

157
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray

158
Q

DEXA

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

159
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

160
Q

DXA

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

161
Q

EBT

A

electron beam tomography

162
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

163
Q

HIDA

A

hydroxyiminodiacetic acid

164
Q

IVC

A

intravenous cholangiography/cholangiogram

165
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography/pyelogram

166
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder

167
Q

Lat

A

lateral

168
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

169
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

170
Q

MUGA

A

Multiple-gated acquisition scan

171
Q

PA

A

posteroanterior

172
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

173
Q

QCT

A

quantitative computerized tomography

174
Q

R. r

A

roentgen

175
Q

rad

A

radiation absorbed dose

176
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

177
Q

rem

A

roentgen-equivalent man

178
Q

RRT

A

registered radiologic technologist

179
Q

SPECT

A

single-photon emission computerized tomography

180
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiography/echocardiogram

181
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal series

182
Q

US

A

ultrasonography; ultrasound

183
Q

V/Q

A

ventilation-perfusion scan

HIM 103 - Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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