Test 2: Glutamate and GABA Flashcards
ionized glutamic acid - amino acid used for protein synthesis
glutamate
the primary excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
glutamate is synthesized from __ by __
glutamine; glutaminase
What does glutaminase do?
removes an amine group
packages GLU into small classical synaptic vesicles, provides means for releasing predetermined amount and protects from degradation by terminal enzyme
VGLUT 1-3
True or False: glutamate neurons possess both a VGLUT1 and VGLUT2
false: can only possess one of each
GLU is released by __ dependent mechanisms (pre-synaptic potential)
Ca++
___ are responsible for GLU reuptake
excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs)
EAAT 1 and 2 are located on __; EAAT3 is primarily expressed on __
astrocytes; neurons
___ is the main NT in large pyramidal neurons (major output neurons of the cortex projecting to striatum, thalamus, limbic area)
GLU
the most active GLU receptor subtype, depolarizes due to increase in Na+ influx
AMPA
3 subtypes of ionotropic GLU receptors
AMPA, kainate, NMDA
ionotropic GLU receptor that depolarizes due to increase Na+ and Ca+, most powerful
NMDA
AMPA/kainate antagonist that produces sedation, reduced locomotion, impaired motor coordination
NBQX
__ GLU receptors allow Ca influx by activating 2nd messengers
NMDA
2 additional binding sites on NMDA receptors
MG binding site and Phencyclidine (PCP)/ketamine binding site
What transmitters are required to open an NMDA channel?
glutamate and gylcine/D-serine (co-agonist)
Which GLU receptor plays an important role in learning and memory?
NMDA
phase during/immediately after tetanus; action during/after repeated exposure
induction phase
phase of enhanced synaptic strength measured at a later time
expresion phase
a rapid successive train of stumuli that leads to prolonged GLU activity
tetanus
persistent increase in synaptic strength produced by a burst of activity in the pre-synaptic neuron
long term potentiation (LTP)
inhibitory neurons use __ as a small molecule neurotransmitter
GABA
amino acid precursor to GABA
glutamate
glutamate is synthesized into GABA by ___
glutamic acid decarboxylase
packages GABA into small synaptic vesicles and provides means for releasing predetermined amount
vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)
GABA is released by __ dependent mechanisms (pre-synaptic potential)
Ca
GABA reuptake uses __
GAT transporters
GAT1 and 2 are located on __, GAT3 is located on __
astrocytes and neurons, astrocytes only
GABA is metabolized by 2 mechanisms: __ and __
neuronal and astrocytic
the primary fast acting inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
GABA A receptors are [metabotropic/ionotropic]; GABA B receptors are [metabotropic/ionotropic]
ionotropic; metabotropic
__ are GABA receptors that inhibit cAMP production and open K+ channels (hyperpolarization)
GABA B
__ are GABA receptors that work on Cl- ion channels for blunt depolarization; cause Cl shunts
GABA A
