Test 1

Question 1

the specific molecular changes produced by a drug when it binds to a particular target site or receptor

Answer 1

drug action

Question 2

when drug-produced molecular changes lead to more widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functions

Answer 2

drug effects

Question 3

drug effects based on the physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue

Answer 3

specific effects

Question 4

drug effects based not on the chemical activity of a drug-receptor interaction, but on certain unique characteristics of an individual

Answer 4

nonspecific effects

Question 5

the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific target sites to elicit drug action

Answer 5

bioavailability

Question 6

What are the 5 factors that contribute to the pharmacokinetic component of drug action?

Answer 6

route of administration
absorption and distribution
binding characteristics
inactivation
elimination

Question 7

determines how much drug is liberated and absorbed into the blood, how quickly it reaches the target, and how quickly the drug takes effect

Answer 7

route of administration

Question 8

chemicals added to drugs to facilitate the drug’s ability to exist in different forms

Answer 8

excipients

Question 9

What are the two factors ionization depends on?

Answer 9

acidity and drug ionization characteristics

Question 10

Apparent volume is heavily influenced by what?

Answer 10

lipid solubility

Question 11

the relative amount of drug that leaves circulation and enters organs

Answer 11

apparent volume (Vd)

Question 12

the process of one drug leaving one site for another based on blood flow and lipid solubility

Answer 12

redistribution

Question 13

the ability of a drug to move across the membrane

Answer 13

lipid solubility

Question 14

inactive sites where drug binding occurs

Answer 14

drug depots

Question 15

type of tolerance that causes a decrease in potency due to the reduction in efficacy through which drug carries out action

Answer 15

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 16

type of tolerance in which the biologic system responds to drug by reducing the drug concentration delivered to target site, changes enzymes in the system

Answer 16

pharmacokinetic tolerance

Question 17

tolerance due to secondary consequence of drug action; pharmacodynamic tolerance at one synapse alters activity downstream at another

Answer 17

physiologic tolerance

Question 18

reduction in perceived potency of drug secondary to intentional change in behavior of consumer based on the anticipation of the possible adverse effects

Answer 18

behavioral tolerance

Question 19

rapid induction of tolerance

Answer 19

acute tolerance

Question 20

reduction in potency of one drug because of exposure to another drug in the same class

Answer 20

cross tolerance

Question 21

increase in potency of the drug following continued exposure to the drug

Answer 21

reverse tolerance/sensitization

Question 22

model of drug abuse/dependence: states physical dependence is key in establishment/maintenance of addiction

Answer 22

physical dependence model

Question 23

in the physical dependence model, ___ properties of withdrawal lead to drug relapse

Answer 23

negative reinforcing

Question 24

the concept of withdrawal symptoms conditioning users comes from with model?

Answer 24

physical dependence

Question 25

model of drug abuse/dependence: craving is wanting to re-experience euphoria caused by activating neural circuits implicated in natural reward

Answer 25

positive reinforcement model

Question 26

model of drug abuse/dependence: key element is distinction between drug liking (high) and drug wanting (craving)

Answer 26

incentive sensitization

Question 27

model of drug abuse/dependence: craving is caused by neuroadaptation - alterations in brain circuits

Answer 27

incentive sensitization

Question 28

model of drug abuse/dependence: neural mechanisms underlying affect are organized so any stimulus that provokes a strong affect response (e.g. pleasure) will activate opposing affective response (e.g. displeasure) after the initial stimulus

Answer 28

opponent process

Question 29

the disease/medical model is a synthesis of which two models?

Answer 29

susceptibility and exposure

Question 30

model of drug abuse/dependence: we have an inherited susceptibility to uncontrolled use

Answer 30

susceptibility model

Question 31

model of drug abuse/dependence: chronic use alters brain, responsible for loss of control

Answer 31

exposure model

Question 32

model of drug abuse/dependence: drug use is driven by many biological, psychological, and sociological factors that may or may not be present at time of initial experimentation

Answer 32

biopsychosocial model

Question 33

3 basic factors involved in experimental use in biopsychosocial model

Answer 33

social/interpersonal, cultural/attitudinal, intrapersonal

Question 34

3 levels of influence in biopsychosocial model

Answer 34

proximal (most direct and predictive)
distal
ultimate (less influential, greatest long term risk)

Question 35

4 drug-effect related factors for development/maintenance of compulsive drug use in biopsychosocial model

Answer 35

postive reinforcing effects
discriminative subjective effects
stimuli conditioned to drug effects
aversive effects of drugs

Question 36

pathway in which substance abuse is linked to trait cluster of impulsivity, antisociality, unconventiality, and aggressiveness combined with low levels of constraint and harm avoidance

Answer 36

behavioral disinhibition

Question 37

pathway in which high scores on traits such as stress reactivity, anxiety, and neuroticism are indicative of heightened vulnerability to stressful life events (self medication hypothesis)

Answer 37

stress reduction

Question 38

pathway in which there are high scores on sensation seeking, reward seeking, extraversion, gregariousness (drugs for positive reinforcing effects)

Answer 38

reward sensitivity