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Criminology > test 2, crim Italian school positivist > Flashcards

test 2, crim Italian school positivist Flashcards

1
Q

Italian School of Criminology

A

Refers to the emergence of positivism and is synonymous with the Italian School of Positivism, focusing on understanding criminal behavior through scientific methods.

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2
Q

Italian School of Criminology

A

The Italian School of Criminology applied positivism through empirical research to predict and understand crime at the individual level, pioneering early forms of criminal profiling.

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3
Q

Criticism of Classical School

A

Critiqued for oversimplifying criminal behavior as solely rational decision-making. Difficulty in empirically testing and lacks consideration of complex social factors influencing crime.

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4
Q

A type of deterrence that is for the person that committed the offense. It aims to deter the individual offender from engaging in crime again by experiencing punishment.

A

Specific deterrence

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5
Q

The idea that punishments should be consistent and fair, while allowing for some variation based on precedents set by similar cases, moving away from cruel and unusual punishment towards uniformity in sentencing.

A

Proportionate sentences

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6
Q

Presumption of Innocence

A

A legal principle that assumes innocence of an accused individual until proven guilty in a court of law.

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7
Q

Classical School of Criminology

A

An approach to criminology from the late 1700s associated with the Enlightenment period, focusing on rational choices and free will of individuals.

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8
Q

Positivist School of Criminology

A

An approach that emerged later, viewing crime as a result of factors beyond an individual’s control such as biological, psychological, and social determinants.

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9
Q

Explain positivism
and who it was coined by

A

Positivism refers to the degree to which phenomena can be observed and understood empirically, coined by Auguste Comte.

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10
Q

STEM subjects

A

STEM stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, with the belief that processes in these disciplines can be applied to understand the social world.

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11
Q

The process of identifying the characteristics of an unknown criminal offender based on evidence from the crime scene and victim profile.

A

Offender Profiling

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12
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

Known as the father of the positivist school of criminology, believed in the Born Criminal Theory attributing criminal behavior to genetic misfits and biological determinism.

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13
Q

Criminal Anthropology

A

A subsect of criminology studying the perceived links between human species and criminality, focusing on biological and evolutionary aspects.

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14
Q

explain Criminal Types
who proposed it

A

Categories of criminals proposed by Lombroso, including foreign criminals, occasional criminals, insane criminals, and criminals of passion.

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15
Q

Atavistic throwbacks

A

Criminals seen as primitive forms of evolutionary life according to Lombroso’s degeneration theory.

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16
Q

Enrico Ferri

A

Student of Lombroso who focused on psychological factors in criminality, questioning offender accountability and advocating for more humane treatment.

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17
Q

Criminal Profiling

A

A technique that has limited value and is marginally more accurate than untrained individuals, often criticized as a pseudoscience technique.

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18
Q

Biological Theories

A

Biological theories in criminology aim to establish a connection between predispositions to criminality and interactions with the environment, increasing likelihood but not guaranteeing criminal behavior.

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19
Q

Testosterone Levels and criminality

A

Higher testosterone levels have been linked to criminality, although it is debated whether levels are inherent prior to criminal acts or influenced by the environment.

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20
Q

Allergic Reactions

A

Allergic reactions to foreign substances can impact mental, emotional, and behavioral disposition, affecting consciousness and behavior in extreme cases.

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21
Q

Environmental Contaminants

A

Exposure to environmental contaminants like lead can lead to lower intelligence and hyperactivity, potentially increasing the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.

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22
Q

Psychological Theories

A

Psychological theories in criminology focus on understanding individual mental functions, with main traditions including psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive theories.

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23
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

A device used to measure brain activity; EEG results do not indicate criminal behavior but may show correlation with ADHD.

24
Q

Phineas Gage

A

A man who survived a traumatic brain injury that altered his behavior, illustrating the impact of brain damage on personality.

25
Q

Classical School of Criminology

A

An approach that suggests people commit crimes after a rational analysis of benefits versus consequences. Focuses on free will and rational decision-making in criminal behavior.

26
Q

Causation in Positivist Criminology

A

Positivist criminology attributes crime to biological, physiological, psychological, and environmental factors, suggesting a lack of agency in criminals.

27
Q

Ethnocentric Bias

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and apply those cultural standards to others, leading to biased conclusions in scientific studies.

28
Q

Left-handedness

A

Lombroso associated it with future criminality, insanity, and feeble-mindedness but contradicted by left-handed individuals excelling in fields like space exploration.

29
Q

Modern Biological Theories

A

Focus on the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental triggers, emphasizing brain function, mental processes, and learning in understanding criminality.

30
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can affect brain chemistry and trigger irritability or antisocial behavior, potentially influencing criminal actions.

31
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Views

A

Freud’s theory of personality composed of id, ego, and superego, highlighting the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior.

32
Q

Classical School of Criminology

A

A criminological approach that focuses on reforming and humanizing the legal and penal systems, moving away from supernatural explanations and harsh treatments.

33
Q

Positivist School’s View on Criminals

A

Argues that criminals are different from non-criminals and commit crimes due to predispositions beyond their control, shifting the focus from individual choices to inherent traits.

34
Q

Purpose of Punishment in Classical School

A

To deter crime by adjusting the cost-benefit calculus, advocating for just enough punishment to achieve deterrence without excessive severity.

35
Q

Legacy of Classical School

A

Introduced the idea of rational actors in crime, emphasizing the cost-benefit analysis of criminal behavior. Led to concepts like deterrence in criminal justice.

36
Q

General deterrence

A

A type of deterrence that aims to deter individuals in society from committing crimes by making them aware of potential punishments and the laws in place, leading to prevention of crimes in the first place.

37
Q

Due process

A

The rules of the legal system that ensure fairness and protect constitutional rights, treating people equally under the law, and guaranteeing the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.

38
Q

Classical School’s View on Human Nature

A

Views humans as hedonistic, pleasure-seeking, rational beings with free will who maximize pleasure and minimize pain, believing that increasing the probability of experiencing pain through punishment should reduce crime.

39
Q

Phrenology

A

A pseudoscience claiming that the shape of one’s skull can determine criminal behavior, based on Franz Joseph Gall’s work and criticized for its racist implications.

40
Q

Criminality Causes

A

Refers to the factors or circumstances that lead individuals to engage in criminal behavior.

41
Q

Laws Fluctuation

A

Recognition that laws change over time and what may be considered a crime can change with legal reforms

42
Q

Lumbroso’s Legacy

A

Established a path for researchers interested in positivist approaches but had key failures including statistically unsound findings and downplaying environmental factors.

43
Q

Twin Studies on Criminality

A

Research showing that identical twins are more similar in criminal behavior than fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic influence on criminality.

44
Q

Deterrence

A

A concept derived from the classical school that suggests increasing punishments or likelihood of detection can deter individuals from committing crimes. A key part of modern criminal justice systems.

45
Q

Transparency of the law

A

The concept that trials, laws, and allegations should be public and codified to ensure fairness, promote public faith in the criminal justice system, and eliminate excuses based on ignorance of the law.

46
Q

Statute of Limitations

A

A legal time limit within which charges must be filed for a particular offense, with exceptions for serious crimes like indictable offenses in Canada.

47
Q

Positivism in Humanities

A

A logic of inquiry that applies scientific method to social phenomena to explain and predict behaviors, sometimes criticized for reducing causes of criminality to individual defects.

48
Q

Evolution and Criminality

A

Positivist criminology was influenced by Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory, focusing on studying physical differences between offenders and non-offenders to make assumptions about criminal behavior.

49
Q

Atavistic Anomalies

A

Characteristics considered evolutionary throwbacks, believed by Lombroso to be present in serious criminals with inherited defects.

50
Q

Behavior Quantification

A

The belief that behaviors can be measured and predicted, which was a flawed assumption in the context of criminality.

51
Q

Raphael Garofolo

A

Italian positivist scholar who viewed criminality as innate and biological, leading to skepticism about reforming offenders and advocating for eugenics.

52
Q

Positivist approaches

A

Approaches focused on understanding crime and criminals through objective realities and science, moving away from supernatural and philosophical explanations.

53
Q

MAOAG (Warrior Gene)

A

A gene linked to impulsivity and impulsive behavior, stimulating the fight or flight response and increasing the likelihood of engaging in impulsive actions.

54
Q

Neuropsychological Factors

A

Neuropsychological factors in criminology involve studying brain activity through methods like electroencephalographs, with findings showing criminals and geniuses may exhibit more abnormal brain activity compared to the general population.

55
Q

Purpose of Punishment in Positivist School

A

Advocates for individualized punishments based on inherent traits, suggesting harsher measures for individuals with uncontrollable predispositions to crime.

56
Q

Positivist School of Criminology

A

An approach that applies the scientific method to study crime and criminality, viewing human behavior as determined by psychological, biological, and social forces that constrain free will.

57
Q

Known as the father of the positivist school of criminology, believed in the Born Criminal Theory attributing criminal behavior to genetic misfits and biological determinism.

A

cesar lombroso

Criminology (7 decks)

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