test 2 crim AI cards ch 9

Question 1

Limitations of Differential Association

Answer 1

Difficulties in measuring access to definitions towards criminality, explaining expressive reasons for crimes, and operationalizing key concepts like intensity and frequency of criminal association.

Question 2

according to social process theories and family interactions

when it comes to dynamics within a family that can impact behavior, how does family stress and deviant behavior in parents affect crimality in children?

Answer 2

increase the likelihood of criminal activity in children.

Question 3

Social Cohesion

Answer 3

The level of connectedness and solidarity among individuals in a group, promoting cooperation and mutual support.

Question 4

Differential Association Theory

Answer 4

crim behavior learned through interactions with intimate groups, and you acquires motives and techniques for crime.

Question 5

Prosocial Relationships

Positive and supportive relationships that increase likelihood of success in accordance with societal rules.

Question 6

Criminal Learning

Learning crime involves understanding techniques, attitudes, and motives for committing criminal acts.

Question 7

Legal Code Disregard

Criminals often exhibit a disregard for the legal code, leading to the creation of subcultures with alternative rules.

Question 8

Substance Abuse Study

Study on substance abuse and drug dealers exemplified how novice individuals are influenced and tutored by experienced ones, highlighting differential association theory in practice.

Question 9

Differential association theory

Theory that individuals engage in deviant behavior by being exposed to others engaging in such behavior, rather than seeking out reinforcement.

Question 10

Subterranean values

Behaviors that are condemned in public but may be practiced in private, allowing individuals to hold conflicting values and engage in deviant behavior intermittently.

Question 11

Denial of injury

Reframing an action as harmless by denying the wrongfulness of the act or minimizing its impact.

Question 12

Denial of the victim

Justifying actions by blaming the victim, suggesting they deserved it or were unworthy of sympathy.

Question 13

Denial of laws necessity

Rejecting the fairness or justice of a law to justify circumventing it, often citing commonality of the offense or perceived unjustness of the law.

Question 14

Differential Reinforcement Theory

Theory based on behavioral modeling where individuals imitate others they aspire to be, and behavior is reinforced through punishment and reward.

Question 15

Social Control Theory

Theory that examines why individuals obey societal rules and suggests that adherence to prosocial ties prevents crime and delinquency.

Question 16

Attachment

Refers to being sensitive to the interests of others or having empathy, associated with the development of a social conscience.

Question 17

Self Control Theory

Proposes that low self control is the main cause of criminality, characterized by impulsivity, immediate gratification, and insensitivity towards others.

Question 18

Differential Enforcement

The unequal application of laws and labels based on factors such as social status, privilege, and power, leading to disproportionate impact on marginalized or disadvantaged groups.

Question 19

Feedback loop

A situation where the reaction to deviance reinforces criminal behavior, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 20

Free Will

Concept that everyone has the potential to be criminal or law abiding citizens, associated with the Classical school of criminology.

Question 21

Social Process Theories

A set of theories suggesting that relationships can influence behavior, where dysfunctional or antisocial relationships may lead to deviant or criminal behavior.

Question 22

Youth Abuse

Physical violence in the home can lead to antisocial behavior, aggression, chronic anxiety, and lower likelihood of educational or employment success, increasing the risk of criminal behavior.

Question 23

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact

The pandemic can heighten family stressors like job loss and increased isolation, reducing safety measures such as access to schools and social outlets, potentially leading to increased violence and antisocial behavior.

Question 24

Bullying

The repetitive, intentional mistreatment of an individual or group, causing harm through physical, verbal, or psychological means.

Question 25

Intersectonality

The interconnected nature of social identities, such as race, class, and gender, creating unique experiences of discrimination and privilege.

Question 26

Social Learning Theories

Focus on how individuals acquire attitudes and behaviors through observation and imitation of others in their social environment.

Question 27

Differential Association

A theory that suggests criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others, particularly within intimate personal groups.

Question 28

Response to Cultural Values

Criminal behavior is motivated by the same cultural needs and values as noncriminal behavior according to differential association theory.

Question 29

Key Difference: Differential Association vs. Differential Reinforcement Theory

In Differential Association, criminal propensity is influenced by close personal groups, while Differential Reinforcement Theory can also be influenced by distant figures through imitation and reinforcement/punishment mechanisms.

Question 30

Neutralization theory

Theory that most offenders adhere to conventional values but drift in and out of criminal behavior, seeking to rationalize their actions to minimize feelings of guilt.

Question 31

Techniques of neutralization

Methods individuals use to rationalize their criminal behavior, such as denial of responsibility by claiming the actions were beyond their control.

Question 32

Appealing to higher loyalties

Justifying actions by appealing to loyalty to a group or authority figure above societal norms, seen in gang loyalty or extremist movements.

Question 33

Defense of necessity

Arguing that an action, though wrong, was necessary under the circumstances, such as stealing food to feed one’s children.

Question 34

Limitations of social bond theory

Criticism includes the assumption that delinquents are detached loners, while it’s argued that bonds may be through deviant peers or alternate codes of conduct.

Question 35

Moral Entrepreneurs

Interest groups with political power that define societal norms of right and wrong, influencing the creation of laws and the labeling of individuals as criminals.

Question 36

Moral Entrepreneurs

Individuals or groups who seek to influence social standards by promoting their own moral values through, for example, advocating for specific laws and policies.

Question 37

Primary deviance

Deviant acts that are not typically seen as part of someone’s general character or identity.

Question 38

Secondary deviance

Deviant acts that are a result of being labeled as a deviant by society.

Question 39

Social Process Theories

Criminality as a function of socialization, influenced by relationships with family, peers, and authority figures.

Question 40

Stigmatization

When individuals are marked or labeled as different in a negative way, leading to exclusion and discrimination.

Question 41

Labeling Theory

Suggests that the labels imposed on individuals by society can influence their self-identity and behavior, potentially leading to further criminal acts.

Question 43

Criminal Views

Developing criminal views is potent when exposed to close friends or peers with favorable attitudes towards criminal activities.

Question 44

Deviance

Deviance refers to deviating from normative expectations and can include actions like engaging in protests against unjust laws, which are considered deviant exercises

Question 45

Differential Reinforcement Theory

Developed by Ron Akers, this theory suggests that criminal deviance aligns with operant conditioning principles, where behavior is reinforced by rewards or punishments, leading to repetition or avoidance of behavior.

Question 46

Neutralization Theory

Theory explaining how individuals justify drifting into criminal behavior by neutralizing feelings of guilt.

Question 47

Commitment to conformity

Having a positive orientation to the rules of society and internalizing these rules.

Question 48

Labeling Theory

A sociological perspective focusing on how individuals are labeled by society as deviant or criminal, and how these labels affect their self-concept and behavior.

Question 49

Master status

When a person’s deviant label becomes their primary identity, overshadowing other aspects of their self.

Question 50

Dramatization of evil

A process where the reaction to deviance creates a feedback effect that the individual internalizes.=

Question 51

Benefits vs Consequences

Criminals are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior when they perceive benefits outweighing unfavorable consequences and lack counteracting prosocial influences.

Question 52

Class, Gender, and Race

Differential association theory can explain criminal behavior across different social classes, gender, and race.

Question 53

Differential Association
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A theory that focuses on the importance of learning criminal behavior, motives, attitudes, and techniques, particularly highlighting ties to deviant peers.

Question 54

Differential reinforcement theory

Theory that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior if they receive positive reinforcement from those they respect.

Question 55

Recidivism

The tendency for a previously convicted criminal to re-offend.

Question 56

Denial of responsibility

Denying responsibility for an action by blaming external factors such as the victim being inebriated.

Question 57

Condemnation of the condemners

Attempting to legitimize breaking laws by condemning the corrupt nature of society or existing laws.

Question 58

Angle of entitlement

Feeling entitled to the gains of criminal acts due to personal investment or position within a criminal organization.

Question 59

Involvement

Engaging in extracurricular activities and prosocial groups, which reduces time for antisocial behavior.

Question 60

Differential Association Theory

Theory that argues criminal behavior is learned through closed social groups where techniques and motivations for criminality are acquired.

Question 61

Belief

The extent to which an individual believes in conventional norms or society’s fairness, influencing adherence to prosocial behaviors.

Question 62

Childhood Socialization

Poor childhood socialization is attributed to the development of low self control, with parents being identified as primary influencers during infancy and adolescence.

Question 63

Routine Activities Theory

Theory stating that opportunity plays a critical role in whether individuals with low self control engage in crime, requiring a motivated criminal, a suitable target, and lack of capable guardians.

Question 64

Labeling Theory

Claims that crime is a result of societal responses and negative labels, emphasizing that crime is not inherent but socially constructed and can have lasting effects on individuals.

Question 65

Social Control

Methods and strategies used by individuals and groups to regulate behavior in society in line with their moral values.

Question 66

Primary Deviance
According to Lemert, minor deviant acts that go unnoticed or have little impact on one’s self-concept, often fleeting and not part of a consistent deviant pattern.

Question 67

Test strategies

Recommendations for students to be strategic in answering questions by process of elimination and critical thinking

Question 68

Stigma

Social disapproval or disgrace attached to a particular trait or behavior.