test 2, crim ch9

Question 1

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact

Answer 1

The pandemic can heighten family stressors like job loss and increased isolation, reducing safety measures such as access to schools and social outlets, potentially leading to increased violence and antisocial behavior.

Question 2

Social Process Theories

Answer 2

Criminality as a function of socialization, influenced by relationships with family, peers, and authority figures.

Question 3

Family Interaction

Answer 3

The dynamics within a family that can impact behavior, where family stress and deviant behavior in parents can increase the likelihood of criminal activity in children.

Question 4

Free Will

Answer 4

Concept that everyone has the potential to be criminal or law abiding citizens, associated with the Classical school of criminology.

Question 5

Prosocial Relationships

Answer 5

Positive and supportive relationships that increase likelihood of success in accordance with societal rules.

Question 6

Social Process Theories

Answer 6

A set of theories suggesting that relationships can influence behavior, where dysfunctional or antisocial relationships may lead to deviant or criminal behavior.

Question 7

Youth Abuse

Answer 7

Physical violence in the home can lead to antisocial behavior, aggression, chronic anxiety, and lower likelihood of educational or employment success, increasing the risk of criminal behavior.

Question 8

According to the differential association theory in criminology, how is criminal behavior learned?

Answer 8

through interactions with those intimate personal groups who are close to us

Question 9

What are the consequences of labeling according to the text?

Answer 9

stigmitization leading to exclusion.

Question 10

what is labeling

Question 11

types of social process theories

Answer 11

social learning theory
differential association
differential reinforcement
nuterilization reinforcement
nuterilization theory
social control theories
labeling theory

Question 12

Social Learning Theories

Answer 12

Emphasize the role of learning and imitation in the development of criminal behavior.

Question 13

Factors that Influence Social Process Theories

Answer 13

family relationships
peer relationships
educational experiences
interactions with authority figures

Question 14

Differential Association Suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who have already learned such behavior.

Question 15

Differential Reinforcement Proposes that behavior is learned and maintained through reinforcement, such as rewards or punishment.

Question 16

Neutralization Theory Argues that individuals learn to neutralize or rationalize their criminal behavior through various techniques.

Question 17

Social Control Theories Focus on the ways in which society exercises control over individuals to prevent criminal behavior.

Question 18

Labeling Theory Suggests that individuals who are labeled as deviant or criminal are more likely to engage in such behavior.

Question 19

David Cotard’s Theory of Imitation
“Crime and the values and motivations that promote crime are the product of normal human learning processes.”

Question 20

Cotard’s theory suggests what?

Answer 20

that individuals learn to engage in crime in the same way they learn other behaviors, through observation and imitation of others.

Question 21

Differential association theory,

developed by who

Answer 21

proposes that individuals learn to engage in crime through interactions with intimate personal groups.

developed by Edwin Sutherland and Donald Creasy,

Question 22

Limitations of Differential Association Theory

Answer 22

Denies individuals of agency, suggesting that they are solely influenced by their environment and interactions with others.
Does not account for individuals who are motivated to engage in crime outside of social influence.

Question 23

theory proposes that individuals are labeled as deviant or criminal by society, and that this label can lead to further deviant behavior.

Answer 23

Labeling Theory
EDWARD LEMERT
Emile durkheim

labels can be internalized and lead to future deviant behavior.”

Question 24

if you cannot shed a label it leads to what status and consequences to self.

Answer 24

master status.
you see your self as a criminal. It takes over your self worth. You internalize the label.

Question 25

explain and contrast primary and secondary deviance

what consequences the labeling and from what deviance.

Answer 25

Primary is a first or lesser crime which is common place, hidden, rationalized, denied, and the person is not caught or labeled.

A secondary deviance is a second or multiple time offender which is a planned and or organized bahavior. Someone is caught labeled and this affects lifestyle opportunities and associates.

if one does not shed this label from secondary they become master status

Question 26

labeling is associated with what

Answer 26

recividism

Question 27

labeling consequences

dramatization of evil is what

Answer 27

the process where the reaction to deviance sets up a feedback loop that the individual internalizes. You start to spiral. A self fulfilling prophecy

Question 28

consequence of criminal labels

Answer 28

May lead to a criminogenic master status
* Becomes basis of personal identity
* Labelling is associated with recidivism

Question 29

what are the key concerns of labeling theory

Answer 29

1. The creation of the stigmatizing label. Negative labels stigmatize individuals as social deviants. Limit opportunities for conforming behaviour
2. The impact on self perception. Influences how others treat you. May increase commitment to deviance.

Question 30

labeling theory claims what?

Answer 30

Crime is not an inherent behaviour, rather it is a product of how we
respond to behaviour

Question 31

Negative social labels are __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ __ and, when applied to
individuals, it may cause permanent harm to those so labelled.

Answer 31

socially conctructed.
we apply these labels to individuals which has an impact on them long term. This creates deviance by influencing law production

Question 32

Powerful or influential social groups create deviance by doing what

Answer 32

influencing law
production

Question 33

These labels are produced and reinforced by ___ _ ___ ___ ____ ____ ___
(Becker, 1963) who work to have their ideas about deviance enshrined in
law.

Answer 33

moral entrepreneurs

Question 34

labeling theory problems

Problem: Laws are differentially enforced based on social status and
______________

Answer 34

social distance

Question 35

labels more likely applied to those without
power or privilege

Answer 35

differential enforcement

street crime receiving harsher punishments than white
collar crime

Question 36

according to labeling theiry problem

what groups are more likely to come into conflict with the law, be charged, convicted, and harshly punished

Answer 36

marganilized or disanvantaged groups

Question 37

whats self control theory is characterized by

bonus: according to who

Answer 37

a general theory of crime characterizised by
1a need for imediate gradification
2 An inability to consider the long-term consequences of one’s actions;
3 an insentivity towards others

Gottfredson and Hirschi:

Question 38

self control theory believes what

Answer 38

criminality is due to low self control.

Question 39

according to Gottfredson and Hirschi what causes low self control. At what age is this solidified.

Answer 39

poor childhood socialization.
At five years old self control becomes solidified and is a lifetime trait.

Question 40

who believes low self control claims to be cause of criminality)

Answer 40

Gottfredson and Hirschi

Question 41

according to Gottfredson and Hirschi what explains all types of crime.

Answer 41

low self control which is solidified at age of 5

Question 42

Argue that peers (family, friends, etc.) do or do not influence criminal
behaviour to the extent that learning theorists suggest.

Answer 42

do not

Question 43

Argue that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dictates if and when people with low self-control will engage in crime

Answer 43

opportunity

Question 44

social control or bond theory