Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Criminology > test 2, crim classical school > Flashcards

test 2, crim classical school Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

A

Descriptive: Trying to describe social phenomena.
Prescriptive: Trying to provide instructions on what to do moving forward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ordeal

A

Ancient judicial practice to determine guilt or innocence by subjecting accused to painful experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theory

A

Theories within criminology are useful tools that help us understand the workings of the criminal justice system and the actors within it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prescriptive

A

Prescriptive criminological theory aims to provide instructions on how to respond to social phenomena, often involving policy development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Specific deterence

A

Type of deterrence aimed is to stop an individual offenders from committing crimes through a punishment specific to the individual.

Like a speeding ticket.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

General deterence

A

a deterance to stop the general population from comititng crimes by making punishment known. This would link with knowing the consequences that come with crime.

like the knowledge of jail or knowing that you get speeding tickets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Retribution

A

punishment who aims to balance the scales and restore equilibrium in society for committed crimes.

Doctor steals money from unwealthy patients. Works pro bono for them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The debate of:

Nature vs. Nurture

A

whether criminal traits are inherent (nature)
or shaped by environmental factors (nurture).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Criminology as a social science

A

Field that acknowledges challenges in determining cause and effect due to the complexity of human behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

Idea that individuals give up some freedoms to the state in exchange for protection and security.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Founders of Classical School

A

Chazayer Beccaria, Italian philosopher, and other theorists who view criminal behavior as natural result of self-interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Seductions of crime

A

The allure of criminal activities driven by excitement, thrill, showing off, seeking revenge, and gaining acceptance from certain social groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reformulation of ideas

A

Continuous reassessment and evaluation of theories over time to ensure relevance and accuracy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what criminological theory focuses on describing social phenomena rather than providing instructions on what to do moving forward.

A

Descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classical School of Criminology

A

Based on social contract theory from the Enlightenment era, giving the state a monopoly over violence and citizens’ protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Folkways vs. Morays

A

Folkways are minor cultural norms violations with informal consequences,
Morays are more severe breaches with formal punishments imposed within communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Routine activities theory

A

A theory that posits crime occurs when a suitable target is present, there is an absence of capable guardians, and the offender is motivated; often explaining the decision-making process before criminal acts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reoffender

To reoffend

A

To commit a new criminal offense after serving a previous sentence or being released from custody.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Presumption of Innocence

A

The idea that individuals are considered innocent until proven guilty, a key principle in the classical school of criminology for fairness in legal proceedings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Brutalization effect

A

The theory that severe punishment, such as capital punishment, may devalue human life and contribute to an increase in violent behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deterrence Mechanisms

A

Strategies or measures intended to prevent crime by imposing punishments or consequences to discourage individuals from committing illegal acts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Unemployment

A

The state of not having a job which can lead to desperation and underemployment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Choice Theory in Criminology

A

Theory that views criminals as rational decision-makers who weigh personal and situational factors before committing crimes; emphasizes the role of self-control in criminal behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Criminality

A

Refers to criminal behavior and activities that are illegal and punishable by law.

25
Q

Judeo Christian norms

A

Values or beliefs common to Judaism and Christianity that heavily influenced views on criminality in pre-18th century Western societies.

26
Q

Responsibilization

A

The concept of individuals taking responsibility for preventing their own victimization by implementing security measures, such as locks, alarms, and surveillance, to deter potential criminals.

27
Q

Short term gains vs. long term consequences

A

The problem of focusing on immediate benefits over considering the future outcomes of actions, leading to irrational decision-making and potential criminal behavior.

28
Q

Conjugation

A

Practice where defendants could establish innocence through character references from reputable people.

29
Q

Exception to Mandatory Minimums

A

Cases where mandatory minimum sentences may not be appropriate or just, leading to issues of unjust punishment or constitutionality.

30
Q

Deterrence

A

Deterrence aims to prevent crime by making individuals aware of consequences for their actions.

31
Q

Equality vs. Equity

A

Equality ensures everyone gets the same,
while equity takes into account individual circumstances.

32
Q

Death Penalty

A

A form of punishment involving the execution of a convicted criminal, often debated for its effectiveness in deterring crime.

33
Q

Transparency in Criminal Law

A

The principle that criminal laws should be open and accessible to all individuals, promoting awareness of legal boundaries and preventing unintentional criminality.

34
Q

Theory development

A

Process of analyzing data to come up with explanations for observed phenomena.

35
Q

Deterrence theory

A

Belief that crime can be controlled through punishment and the certainty of being caught.

36
Q

Criminologist

A

A person who studies crime and criminal behavior with the necessary credentials to be considered an expert in the field.

37
Q

Social Consensus

A

The agreement among members of society on what constitutes criminal behavior and how offenders should be treated.

38
Q

Interdisciplinary

A

Involving multiple disciplines or fields of study to address complex issues or topics.

39
Q

Temptation vs. Possession

A

Temptation linked to free will and devil’s influence in tempting individuals to commit crimes. Possession involved being controlled by evil spirits and was treated harshly.

40
Q

Punishments during the Dark Ages

A

Brutal public punishments like pillory, beheadings, drawing and quartering, aimed to shame and discipline individuals, reflecting the harsh approach to criminal justice at the time.

41
Q

Trepanation

A

Early form of neurosurgery to release evil spirits by drilling into the head.

42
Q

Punishment Should Fit the Crime

A

The belief that punishment should be proportionate to the social harm caused by the crime, advocated by classical criminologists like Bentham and Arbectoria.

43
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

An English philosopher associated with the classical school of criminology who believed in utilitarianism and maximizing happiness in society.

44
Q

Mandatory Minimum Sentences

A

This type of sentence mandates a minimum amount of time to be served in custody upon finding guilt.

45
Q

Classical School of Criminology

A

Historical criminological perspective that emphasizes the rationality of criminals and the need for severe punishment to deter crime.

46
Q

Enlightenment

A

Period of rationalization and pure reason, explaining the world without divine forces.

47
Q

Incapacitation Strategies

A

Approaches that aim to prevent crime by physically removing offenders from society through imprisonment or other means to eliminate their ability to commit crimes.

48
Q

Criminological Theory

A

An explanatory framework for the creation of laws, understanding criminal behavior, and analyzing trends in criminality.

49
Q

Experimental research

A

Research method that involves manipulating variables to study their effects on behavior or outcomes.

50
Q

Free will

A

Belief that individuals can make rational decisions based on their own volition and understanding of consequences.

51
Q

Operationalize

A

The process of defining abstract concepts in measurable terms for empirical observation and analysis.

52
Q

Good versus evil binaries

A

Historical and present belief in simplistic good versus evil narratives to explain criminality, often associated with demon possession and maintaining societal norms by blaming individuals.

53
Q

Supernatural explanations for criminality

A

Emphasis on evil spirits and possession as causes of criminal behavior, leading to extreme measures like torture to free individuals from perceived demonic influences.

54
Q

Judicial Discretion

A

Judges have the freedom to blend values to arrive at a just outcome within certain limits.

55
Q

Judicial System

A

Refers to the system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state; often viewed with deep distrust by the public.

56
Q

Mandatory Minimum Penalties

A

Set sentences established by law that judges must impose for certain crimes; often criticized as superficial window dressing with political utility.

57
Q

Methodological Approaches

A

Different research methods like survey research, longitudinal studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, aggregate data research, and experimental research play a crucial role in criminological theory.

58
Q

Deterrence

A

The use of punishment as a means to prevent crime by influencing individuals’ decisions through fear of consequences.

59
Q

Falsifiability

A

The principle that a theory must be testable and capable of being proven false through observation and replication.

Criminology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions