Test 2 - Chapters 4-6 Flashcards
_________ is a physiological and emotional response to a real or perceived imminent threat to one’s well-being
Fear
_________ is a physiological and emotional response in anticipation of future threat (Hasn’t happened yet)
Anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Triggered by subjective (personal) ideas (sometimes), without evidence of objective threat.
Normal Anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Uncomfortable; with situational context.
Normal Anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Triggers adaptive responses.
Normal Anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Subsides as perceived uncertainty dissipates.
Normal Anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Triggered by subjective (personal) ideas, without evidence of objective threat.
Abnormal anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Uncomfortable; without situational context.
Abnormal anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Disproportionate and debilitating. (stop you in your tracks)
Abnormal anxiety
“Normal anxiety” vs. “Abnormal anxiety”
_________ Unrealistic or irrational by nature.
Persistent and impairing
Abnormal anxiety
_________ :
Group of disorders marked by excessive fear and anxiety
Free floating feelings of tension (not caused by anything in particular), apprehension, anxiety, worry and fear.
Anxiety Disorders
_________ :
Feelings may be persistent (constantly with you) or periodically experienced (often social situation or a phobia).
Not triggered by objective danger, but anxiety is severe and disruptive.
Anxiety Disorders
_________ an anxiety disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about numerous events and activities (no specific trigger).
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
an anxiety disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least _________ , about numerous events and activities (no specific trigger).
6 months
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Within a 6 month time period, _________ or more symptoms are experienced, some of which have been present more days than not for the past 6 months
three
Symptoms of _________ :
irritability, sleep disturbance, muscle tension, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, feeling “keyed up”, etc.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
_________ :
(Worried about most things most of the time)
(Does NOT generally avoid situations)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
_________ :
an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, irrational, and intense fear of an object or situation, often accompanied by avoidance of the triggering object or situation.
Phobias
_________ :
Fear is triggered by clearly discernible object or situation, containing no evidence of real or objective threat.
Phobias
Phobias:
Only experience when confronted with the _________
specific phobia
Symptoms of _________ :
palpitations, sweating, trembling, choking sensation, dizziness, nausea, hyper-ventilation, and increased tension
Phobias
_________ :
Intense, irrational fears triggered by specific objects or situations that are not objectively threatening
Specific Phobias
_________ :
an anxiety disorder characterized by intense bouts of fear and anxiety triggered by exposure to social or performance situations
Social Anxiety Disorder
_________ :
an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur
Agoraphobia
_________ :
The fear is recognized as excessive or unreasonable
Avoidance patterns and anxiety are sufficient to disrupt daily routine
Anxiety is distressing; it impairs occupational and social functioning
Social Anxiety Disorder
_________ :
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks (not triggered by anything specific)
Panic Disorder
_________ : periods of intense fear and discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, with four or more of the following symptoms
Panic attack
Symptoms of _________ : Sweating, pounding heart, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of choking, chest pain, nausea or abdominal discomfort, dizziness, chills or heat sensations, fear of losing control, fear of dying, etc…
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder:
an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks (not triggered by _________ )
anything specific
_________ :Presence of recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
The obsessions and/or compulsions are time-consuming (more than _________ a day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment
1 hour
_________ manifest in persistent and intrusive thoughts, impulses or images that invade a person’s consciousness
Obsessions
_________ manifest in repetitive or ritualistic behaviors or mental acts to prevent or reduce anxiety (e.g. hand washing, checking, counting)
Compulsions
_________ :
- an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder marked by a failure to resist collecting or saving items
- Attempts to discard cause distress
Hoarding disorder
_________ :
an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder marked by recurrent patterns of plucking hairs from scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, etc…
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling)
_________ :
- an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder marked by recurrent patterns of picking at the skin, causing sores or wounds
- Area of attack may include lips, fingers, arms, legs, etc…
Excoriation (skin-picking)
_________ :
- an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder in which perceived and/or imagined defects or flaws are consuming
- Concerns are exaggerated and creates significant distress
Body dysmorphic disorder
_________ :
Antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, biofeedback, and relaxation training.
Treatment
_________ :
unconscious, internal conflict
free-association and interpretation
Psychodynamic therapy
_________ :
recognize and replace behaviors.
Exposure and response prevention
Fear extinguished by repeated exposure.
Behavioral therapies
_________ :
modify thoughts by neutralizing, redirecting focus, or eliminating.
recognize and monitor disruptive thoughts and behaviors (accept and commit)
Cognitive therapies
Triggering _________ :
Job interviews
Wedding
Long-term problems, i.e. debt, poverty, conflict
Divorce
Stressors
Triggering _________ :
Graduation
Relocating
Funerals
Confronting challenges, school, relationships, etc.
Stressors
Triggering _________ :
Major assaults, e.g., rape Anger rape Sadistic rape Power rape Horrific accidents
Traumas
Triggering _________ :
Military combat; terrorism Horrific abuse; torture Physical Sexual Emotional Disquieting Attacks
Traumas
_________
a feeling of strain or pressure triggered by demands or stressors.
Associated fight-flight responses initiated when hypothalamus activates:
Autonomic nervous system
Endocrine system
Stress
_________ – positive pressures trigger associated reactions. (christmas, weddings, baby)
Eustress
_________ —negative pressures trigger associated reactions. (death of spouse, loss of job)
Distress
Responses to Stress:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Feeling upset Inability to concentrate Irritability Loss of self-confidence
Psychological
Responses to Stress:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Worry Difficulty making decisions Racing thoughts Absent-mindedness
Psychological
Responses to Stress:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Rapid pulse Pounding heart Increased respiration Tightened stomach
Physiological
Responses to Stress:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Tensing of arm and leg muscles Shortness of breath Gritting of teeth Muscle tension
Physiological
Responses to Stress:
_________ :
Deterioration in performance effectiveness
Smoking, use of alcohol or other drugs
Accident proneness
Behavioral
Responses to Stress:
_________ :
Nervous mannerisms (foot tapping, nail biting)
Increased or decreased eating
Increased or decreased sleeping
Behavioral
Stress:
Associated fight-flight responses initiated when hypothalamus activates:
_________ nervous system
_________ system
Autonomic
Endocrine
Associated fight-flight responses initiated when _________ activates:
Autonomic nervous system
Endocrine system
hypothalamus
_________ :
A trauma related condition triggered by exposure to one or more of these:
- Directly experience trauma
- Witness traumatic event
- Become aware of trauma affecting close family member
- Become aware of trauma affecting close friend
- Experience first-hand repeated or extreme -exposure to aversive details of trauma
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Diagnostic Criteria for _________ :
- Recurring memories of the traumatic event(s)
- Recurrent, distressing dreams related to traumatic event(s)
- Dissociative reactions, or flashbacks; re-living the event
- Negative cognition, e.g. self blame
- Estrangement from others; diminished interest in activities. Isolation
- Hyper-vigilance, aggressiveness, or self-destructive behavior
- Symptoms must persist for more than one month.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD :
- Recurring memories of the traumatic event(s)
- Recurrent, distressing dreams related to traumatic event(s)
- Dissociative reactions, or flashbacks; re-living the event
- Negative cognition, e.g. self blame
- Estrangement from others; diminished interest in activities. Isolation
- Hyper-vigilance, aggressiveness, or self-destructive behavior
- Symptoms must persist for more than _________
one month.
_________ :
a trauma related condition in which the event experienced (directly, indirectly or witnessed) triggers:
recurring memories, sense of numbness, flashbacks
nightmares, night terrors, work difficulties, etc.
Symptoms persist for at least 3 days and up to 1 month (beyond 1 month its upgraded to PTSD)
Acute Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder:
a trauma related condition in which the event experienced (directly, indirectly or witnessed) triggers:
recurring memories, sense of numbness, flashbacks
nightmares, night terrors, work difficulties, etc.
Symptoms persist for at least _________ and up to _________ (beyond 1 month its upgraded to PTSD)
- 3 days
- 1 month
_________ Disorders:
Brought on by stressors not traumatic events
Adjustment
_________ :
stress response syndromes triggered by common stressors or challenges
Adjustment Disorders
_________ :
clinically significant emotional, physical and behavioral symptoms disrupts normal functioning
Personal distress is apparent
Adjustment Disorders
_________ :
Occupational, academic, social functioning may be impaired.
Mildest clinical psychological reactions to stress.
Adjustment Disorders
_________ :
Symptoms onset within 3 months of stressor, and typically subside within 6 months
Adjustment Disorders
_________ :
Symptomatic responses to long-term stressors may persist indefinitely.
Adjustment Disorders
Adjustment disorder with _________
Adjustment disorder with _________
- anxiety
- depressed mood
Adjustment disorder with _________ anxiety and _________ mood
- mixed
- depressed
Adjustment disorder with _________ of conduct
Adjustment disorder with _________ disturbance of _________ and conduct
- disturbance
- mixed
- emotions
Dissociative Identity Disorder ( _________ Disorder)
Multiple Personality
_________ :
Disruption of identity, characterized by two or more distinct personality states or by an experience of possession. (two or more distinct personality states in one person)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
_________ or more distinct personality states in one person
two
_________ :
Recurrent gaps in recall of everyday events, personal history and/or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
99% have had history of severe physical or sexual abuse by the age of 9.
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
_________ :
Causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
Not a normal part of broadly accepted cultural or religious practices
Symptoms not attributable to a substance or medical condition
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
_________ :
“Switching” may be triggered by stressors
Each identity has unique thoughts, feelings, and actions, not consolidated into one state of consciousness.
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
Manifestations of Sub-personalities:
_________ :
No awareness of one another (not aware of the other personality)
Mutually amnestic
Manifestations of Sub-personalities:
_________ :
Sub-personalities well aware of the rest
Mutually cognizant
Manifestations of Sub-personalities:
_________ :
Awareness between sub-personalities is not reciprocal (i.e., Rachel may be aware of Sara, but Sara is not aware of Rachel)
One-way amnestic
_________ :
trauma related disorder marked by loss of autobiographical information; causes significant distress or impairment.
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Amnesia:
trauma related disorder marked by loss of autobiographical information; causes significant _________ or _________ .
- distress
- impairment
_________ :
loss of memory for experiences during a particular time frame or time period. (i.e. Ages 13-15 or while in war)
Localized amnesia
_________ :
loss of memory for specific events or “specific happenings” (small piece such as friend getting shot in war)
Selective amnesia
_________ :
inability to recall personal history, identity, and pertinent information.
Generalized amnesia
_________ :
inability to form new memories after trauma, up to and including present; may also forget memories in the past
Continuous amnesia
Continuous amnesia—
inability to form _________ memories after trauma, up to and including present; may also _________ memories in the past
- new
- forget
Generalized amnesia—
inability to recall _________ history, _________ , and pertinent information.
- personal
- identity
Selective amnesia—
loss of memory for specific events or “_________ ” (small piece such as friend getting shot in war)
specific happenings
Localized amnesia—
loss of memory for experiences during a particular _________ or time period. (i.e. Ages 13-15 or while in war)
time frame
_________ :
an extreme version of dissociative amnesia with sudden and unexpected departure. (Fugue = To take flight)
Dissociative Fugue
_________ :
Departure time may range from brief (hours or days) to complex (weeks or months).
Inability to recall one’s past, with significant distress.
Usually, unobtrusive wandering.
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Fugue:
an extreme version of dissociative _________ with sudden and unexpected _________ . (Fugue = To take flight)
- amnesia
- departure
_________ :
Confusion about identity & assumption of a new identity.
Usually only a one time thing - Don’t remember the fugue state after they remember who they really are.
Dissociative Fugue
-Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder-
_________ = (Person / body)
Depersonalization
-Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder-
_________ = (Environment)
Derealization
_________ :
a trauma related disorder marked by persistent or recurrent episodes of feeling estranged from one’s self
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
_________ :
Intermittent feelings of detachment from self (parts of your body do not feel like their own, even thought they know the body part is their own)
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
_________ :
Feeling as if one is living in a dream state
Sensation of being an outside observer of one’s body and/or one’s mental processes.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
_________ :
strategic efforts to expose unconscious memories.
Psychoanalytic therapy—
_________ :
hypnotic trance induced; client is guided to recall forgotten information.
Hypnotherapy—
_________ :
“truth serums” or barbiturates:
used to reduce inhibitions, induce a state of calm to facilitate recall of memories
Medical interventions—
-Mood Disorders-
Episodic, come and go) (Mood = _________
Affect
_________ :
A group of conditions marked by disturbance in affect or feelings, sufficient to impair functioning.
Mood Disorders
_________ Disorder
always down or normal never up
Major Depressive
Major Depressive Disorder :
- The presence of a major depressive _________
- _________ presence of manic or hypomanic episode
- episode
- No
_________ :
condition in which functioning is severely disrupted by intense bouts of depression marked by five or more or these symptoms during the same 2 week period:
Major Depressive Episode (MDE)
Major Depressive Episode (MDE) :
condition in which functioning is severely disrupted by intense bouts of depression marked by _________ or more or these symptoms during the same _________ period:
- five
- 2 week
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
_________ depression but lasts _________
- Milder
- longer
_________ :
Chronic form of depression, less disabling pattern
Depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) :
Chronic form of depression, less disabling pattern
Depressed mood for most of the day for at least _________ (1 year for children and adolescents)
2 years
_________ :
Presence of 2 or more of the following symptoms:
Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Feelings of hopelessness
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) :
_________ :
During the 2 years, the individual has not been without symptoms for more than 2 months at a time
No history of manic or hypomanic episode
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) :
_________ :
Commonly referred to as Postpartum Depression
A clinical reaction marked by feelings of intense sadness, agitation, anger, and dejection
Peripartum Onset
_________ :
Symptoms may include severe anxiety, panic attacks, crying spells, insomnia, disinterest in new born
Symptoms typically onset either during pregnancy or within 4 weeks following delivery
Peripartum Onset
_________ :
Presentation of symptoms may be:
Psychotic: disturbance in perceptual ties to reality; delusions/hallucination present.
Non-psychotic: no evidence of delusions or hallucinations
Peripartum Onset
_________ :
a condition in which increased levels of melatonin in the brain trigger fatigue, low energy, loss of enthusiasm, reduced motivation, hypersomnia, failure to complete tasks, weight gain, crave carbs, etc…
Symptom onset during fall & winter months
Symptoms remit in spring
Seasonal Affective Disorder
_________ :
Symptom onset during fall & winter months
Symptoms remit in spring
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder :
a _________ prior to menstrual cycle, _________ or more or these symptoms manifest:
- week
- five
_________ :
Mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful, increased sensitivity to rejection
Feelings of depression or hopelessness.
Irritability, anger, and interpersonal conflict.
Decreased interest in activities, reduced energy, etc.
Poor concentration, appetite changes
Swollen breasts, headaches, weight gain, bloating etc.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
_________ :
Diagnosed between 6-18 years of age
Severe and recurrent temper outbursts (verbal or behavioral) that are disproportionate to the situation
Outbursts occur 3 or more times per week, for at least 1 year
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
_________ :
Persistent irritable or angry mood is displayed between outbursts
Symptoms are present in at least two settings (home, school, with peers)
Symptoms do not include psychotic features
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
_________ :
all marked by the experience of two feeling states :
Despair (depression)
Elevation (mania)
Bipolar conditions
_________ :
distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week.
Manic episode
_________ :
Presence of manic episode, or history of manic episode
Bipolar I
_________ :
Presence or history of hypomanic episode(s)
NO history of a manic episode
Bipolar II
-Main difference between Bipolar I & II - is the bipolar II only reaches _________ episode-
hypomanic
_________ :
A condition marked by chronic feelings of low grade or mild depression
Cyclothymic Disorder
_________ :
Symptoms include numerous periods of hypomania
Perceptual ties to reality not impaired
Symptoms persist minimally for 2 years, and may begin in adolescence
Cyclothymic Disorder
_________ :
low activity of serotonin and norepinephrine; and elevated melatonin.
Depression
_________ :
abnormal blood flow in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
Depression
_________ :
irregular levels of serotonin (low levels) and norepinephrine (high levels); irregular activity of sodium (ions);
Bipolar
_________ :
smaller basil ganglia and cerebellum; and irregular activity in amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex.
Bipolar
- Medical treatments -
_________ :
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -increase norepinephrine levels [Monoamine -main function is to break down norepinephrine]
Depression
- Medical treatments -
_________ :
- Tricyclics
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Depression
- Medical treatments -
_________ :
- Electroconvulsive shock therapy
- Vagus nerve stimulation—small pulse generator implanted under skin in chest, up neck and attached to vagus nerve.
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Depression
- Medical treatments -
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Mood stabilizers- -Lithium -Depakote -Tegretol
Bipolar
