Test 2 - Chapters 1, 4 and 5. Flashcards
1
Q
The study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions.
A
Physiology.
2
Q
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts.
A
Anatomy.
3
Q
What are the six levels of the organizational hierarchy?
A
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
4
Q
Which organ systems function in protection?
A
Integumentary, skeletal, lymphatic.
5
Q
Which organ systems function in movement?
A
Skeletal and muscular.
6
Q
Which organ systems function in control?
A
Nervous and endocrine.
7
Q
What are the components of a feedback system?
A
Variable, receptor, control center, set point, effector and response.
8
Q
Describe homeostasis.
A
Homeostasis is the the systems in the body working together to maintain optimal conditions within the body based upon a set normal range.
9
Q
What are the nine abdominal regions?
A
Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, left and right lumbar, umbilical, left and right inguinal, hypogastric.
10
Q
Name the four abdominal quadrants:
A
Right upper, left upper, lower right, lower left.
11
Q
The body’s response is opposed to a stimulus:
A
Negative feedback.
12
Q
The body’s response increases stimulus.
A
Positive feedback.
13
Q
Give an example of negative feedback:
A
The body’s temperature.
14
Q
Give an example of positive feedback:
A
Child birth.
15
Q
What are the four main tissue types?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve.
16
Q
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
A
Protection, absorption, and secretion.
17
Q
What is the function of connective tissue?
A
Protection, support and binding.
18
Q
What is the function of muscle tissue?
A
Contraction and movement.
19
Q
What is the function of nervous tissue?
A
Transmission of signals and support of neurons.
20
Q
Organs of the integumentary system:
A
Skin.
21
Q
Organs of the skeletal system:
A
Bones. Example: femur and vertebrae.
22
Q
Organs of the muscular system:
A
Muscles. Example: biceps and triceps.
23
Q
Organs of the nervous system:
A
Brain, nerves and spinal cord.
24
Q
Organs of the endocrine system:
A
Pancreas and gonads.
25
Organs of the cardiovascular system:
Heart, blood vessels.
26
Organs of the lymphatic system:
Spleen, thymus.
27
Organs of the respiratory system:
Trachea, lungs.
28
Organs of the digestive system:
Mouth, stomach, small intestine.
29
Organs of the urinary system:
Kidneys, bladder.
30
Organs of the reproductive system:
Penis, vagina, ovaries, testes.
31
Which organ system functions of excrete wastes and regulate blood pH?
Urinary.
32
Name an organ that functions in two systems, and the two systems in which it functions.
Pancreas. Endocrine and digestive.
33
What organ system uses chemical signals that diffuse throughout the body?
Endocrine.
34
What are the 11 organ systems found in the body?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
35
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Protection.
36
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Protection and movement.
37
What is the function of the muscular system?
Movement.
38
What is the function of the nervous system?
Control.
39
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Control and homeostasis.
40
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Circulation.
41
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Protection.
42
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Exchange and homeostasis.
43
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
digestion and excretion.
44
What is the function of the urinary system?
Excretion and homeostasis.
45
What is the function of the reproductive system?
To produce and support offspring.
46
Which type of homeostasis involves a local tissue response to changes without nervous or endocrine action?
Intrinsic.
47
What are the two general mechanisms of homeostasis?
Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation.
48
What are the two major parts of the ventral body cavity?
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
49
What structure separates the two major parts of the ventral body cavity?
The diaphragm.
50
What organ is in the mediastinum?
The heart.
51
Name two organs in the upper right quadrant:
Liver, gallbladder.
52
Name two organs in the upper left quadrant:
Stomach, spleen.
53
Name two organs in the lower left quadrant:
Appendix, urinary bladder.
54
Name two organs in the left hypochondriac region.
The stomach and spleen.
55
What membrane surrounds the lungs?
Pleura.
56
What membrane covers the intestines?
Peritoneum.
57
What membrane lines the thoracic cavity?
Pleura.
58
Name an organ in the right hypochondriac region:
Liver.
59
Name an organ in the epigastric region:
Stomach.
60
Name an organ in the left hypochondriac region:
Spleen.
61
Name an organ in the umbilical region:
The large intestine.
62
Name an organ in the right lumbar region:
Large intestine.
63
Name an organ in the left lumbar region:
Large intestine.
64
Name an organ in the hypogastric region:
Bladder.
65
What are the three types of specialized cell junctions?
Tight junctions, adhering junctions, and gap junctions.
66
Describe tight junctions:
No leakage between cells, in which an isolated barrier is formed and plasma membranes are fused.
67
Describe adhering junctions:
Proteins connect the cytoskeleton to external structures.
68
Describe gap junctions:
Channels connect cytoplasm, allowing cells to function as a single unit.
69
What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissues?
Densely packed with cells, has an apical surface and basement membrane, avascular, and capable of regeneration.
70
What are the characteristics of connective tissues?
It connects the epithelium to the rest of the body, vascular, it contains specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substances.
71
An intercellular attachment that provides firm attachment between neighboring cells by interlocking their cytoskeletons.
Desmosome.
72
The thyroid gland releases its product directly into the bloodstream without any duct. what type of a gland is this?
An endocrine gland.
73
Salivary glands secrete their product through salivary ducts into an oral cavity. What type of gland is this?
An exocrine gland.
74
Ductless glands that empty into the bloodstream and produce hormones.
Endocrine glands.
75
Multi-cellular glands that have ducts.
Exocrine glands.
76
A gland that ruptures its cell body to release its product would be called a:
Holocrine gland.
77
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
An endocrine gland releases its product directly into the bloodstream and without any duct, meanwhile an exocrine gland is a multi-cellular duct that secrets its product through those ducts.
78
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Exchange.
79
A common location for simple squamous epithelium?
Lungs.
80
The function of simple cuboidal epithelium.
Secretion and absorption.
81
A common location for simple cuboidal epithelium?
Kidneys.
82
The function of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption and secretion.
83
A common location for simple columnar epithelium?
Small intestine.
84
The function of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?
Protection.
85
A common location for pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?
Trachea.
86
What is the function for stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection.
87
A common location for stratified squamous epithelium?
Skin.
88
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Glandular secretion.
89
What is a common location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Salivary glands.
90
The function of stratified columnar epithelium?
Protection and secretion.
91
A common location for stratified columnar epithelium?
Make urethra.
92
The function of transitional epithelium?
Flexible protection.
93
Common location for transitional epithelium?
Bladder.
94
Where are synovial membranes found?
Between joint capsules and joint cavities of synovial joints.
95
Serous secretions are best described as:
A thin, watery solution made of water and enzymes.
96
What type of cell is found in mesenchymal tissue?
Mesenchymal.
97
What is the matrix found in mesenchymal tissue?
Ground substance.
98
What type of cell is found in adipose connected tissue??
Adipocyte.
99
What is the matrix found in adipose connective tissue?
Adipose (fat) inside the cell.
100
What type of cell is found in reticular connective tissue?
Reticulocytes.
101
What is the matrix found in reticular connective tissue?
Reticular fibers.
102
What type of cell is found in areolar connective tissue?
Fibroblasts.
103
What is the matrix found in areolar connective tissue?
Collagen/elastin fibers.
104
What are the cell and matrix types found in dense irregular fibrous connective tissue?
Fibroblasts - fibers, mostly collagen.
105
What are the cell and matrix types found in dense regular fibrous tissue?
Fibroblasts - fibers, mostly collagen.
106
Cell and matrix type of dense elastic connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, elastic fibers.
107
The cell and matrix type of hyaline cartilage connective tissue?
Chondrocytes - ground substance, chondoitins form.
108
The cell and matrix type of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
Chondrocytes - proteoglycans for glucosamines.
109
The cell and matrix type of fibro-cartilage connective tissue.
Chondrocytes- protein/carbohydrate complex.
110
What type of cell and matrix are found inside of bone connective tissue?
Osteocytes- fibers embedded in calcium.
111
Cell and matrix of blood connective tissue.
Erythrocytes- plasma.
112
The unicellular exocrine glands found in the columnar epithelium are called:
Goblet cells.
113
What are goblet cells and where are they found?
Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands, found in the epithelium and used for the secretion of mucus.
114
What organs are made of nerve tissue?
Brain and spinal cord.
115
What tissue type is found in the superficial fascia?
Areolar and adipose.
116
What type of membrane lines the stomach?
Mucous.
117
Which specific membrane covers the heart?
Pericardium.
118
Which membrane is found in joint capsules?
Synovial membrane.
119
The longest cells in the body - they transfer information from place to place.
Neurons.
120
Cells of the central nervous system that support and protect neurons; also called glial cells.
Neuroglia.
121
Contrast neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons carry messages throughout the nervous system, while neuroglia cells protect and support neurons.
122
Which type of muscle is both striated and voluntary?
Skeletal.
123
Which type of muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary? Where is this type found?
Smooth muscle tissue, which can be found attached to hair follicles.
124
Which type of nervous cells actually conduct signals?
Neurons.
125
A mass of cells that lack the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.
Benign tumor.
126
A form of cancer characterized by rapid cell growth and the spread of cancer cells throughout the body.
Malignant.
127
The spread of cancer cells from one organ to another, leading to the establishment of secondary tumors.
Metastasis.
128
Stimulating cancer formation in affected tissues.
Carcinogenic.
129
These genes code for proteins that help regulate cell growth.
Proto-oncogenes.
130
Produces a protein that interferes with normal cell regulation.
Oncogene.
131
What tissue is the precursor for call other connective tissues?
Mesenchymal.
132
Single cells that function as a gland.
Unicellular glands.
133
One whose discharge secretion contains no part of the secreting cells.
Merocrine gland.
134
One whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells.
Apocrine gland.
135
One whose discharge contains the entire secreting cells.
Holocrine gland.
136
Compare and contrast merocrine, apocrine and holocrine glands.
While all three glands are used in secretion, merocrine secretions contain no part of secreting cells, apocrine secretions contain part of the secreting cells, and holocrine secretions contain the entire secreting cell.
137
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal or striated; smooth or non-striated, and cardiac.
138
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
Maintain a barrier.
139
What are the special functions of the integumentary system?
Retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products and regulate body temperature.
140
List the two primary layers of the skin.
Epidermis and dermis.
141
What is the tissue type found in the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
142
What tissue type is found in the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
143
Name the sub-layers of the dermis.
Papillary and reticular.
144
List the sub-layers of the epidermis:
Stratum hassle, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucid in, stratum corneum.
145
How does UV light affect melanin production?
It stimulates melinocytes, which increase melanin production.
146
What general factors affect skin color?
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
147
What medical conditions affect skin color?
Jaundice, albinism, carcinoma, malignant melanoma, cyanosis.
148
Describe the function of melanin.
Melanin is used to produce pigmentation of the skin.
149
Describe the function of keratin.
Keratin is the protein that connects epithelial cells from damage or stress.
150
Only the surface of the epidermis skin reddens and can be painful.
First degree.
151
Entire epidermis, accessory structures not affected, blistering and swelling.
Second degree.
152
Destroy epidermis, and the dermal sensory nerves are destroyed.
Third degree.
153
Describe how the skin helps regulate body temperature:
Heat transfer and thermoregulation.
154
What are the four mechanisms of heat transfer?
Radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction.
155
Objects warmer than the environment lose heat energy as infared radiation.
Radiation.
156
Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body.
Convection.
157
The direct transfer of energy through physical contact.
Conduction.
158
Describe the hypodermis in terms of tissues and function.
The hypodermis is often dominated by adipose tissue, and contexts the epidermis to the rest of the body.
159
Describe nails as they relate to the skin.
Nails are thick sheets of keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes.
160
Describe hair as it relates to the skin.
Hair is composed of dead karatonizrd cells produced in a specialized hair follicles
161
The portion that anchors the hair into the skin.
Hair root.
162
A complex structure composed of epithelial and connective tissues that forms a single hair.
Hair follicle.
163
The hair seen above the skins surface.
Hair shaft.
164
The expanded base of the hair follicle.
Hair bulb.
165
Consists of a layer of basal cells at the base of the hair bulb in contact with the hair papilla.
Hair matrix.
166
How does hair grow?
During the active phase, the hair grows continuously, before undergoing regression and transitioning into the testing phase. During the testing phase, the hair loses its attachment to the follicle and becomes a club hair. The hair remains at the phase until reactivation, when the club hair is shed and the hair matrix begins producing a replacement.
167
What is alopecia?
Terminal hairs are replaced with vellus hairs.
168
What is lanula?
The free region of the nail surface.
169
What are the five general functions of the skin?
Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolism, and blood reservoir.
170
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
171
Describe skin cancer.
The loss of control over cell division due to the mutations cause by overexposure to the UV radiation of sunlight.
172
What are the major dangers associated with burn?
Burns can damage the integrity of large areas of the skin, and compromise many essential functions.
173
How do we treat burns?
Replacement of lost fluids and electrolytes, providing sufficient nutrients to meet increased metabolic demands for thermoregulation and healing, preventing of infection by cleaning and covering the burn, assisting tissue repair.
174
How do arterioles alter based upon body temperature?
Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls relax, allowing increased blood flow through the artery.
175
What are lines of cleavage?
Bundles of collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles to resist the forces applied during normal movement.
176
What factors affect thinning hair and baldness?
Age, genes and stress.
177
What functions do the various skin glands perform?
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, sweat glands secrete wastes and assist in thermoregulation, and mucous glands secrete mucous
178
How does aging affect the skin?
Drying and thinning of the epidermis and dermis, slow skin repair, fewer melinocytes.
179
A condition that causes redness and often small, red, pus-filled bumps on the face.
Rosacea.
180
Yellowing of the skin and eyes in relation to liver problems.
Jaundice.
181
White patches over the skin due to a loss of mealocytes.
Vitiligo.
182
Emotional or excercise induced reddening of the skin.
Redness.
183
What is "normal" body temperature?
96-99 F.
184
What are the two different types of sweat glands and what are their functions?
Eccrine and apocrine - regulation of body temperature, and nervous sweat.
185
What are the two types of specialized sweat glands?
Ceruminous and mammary.
186
Which glands produce oil and what function does the oil perform?
Sebaceous glands - costs the hair share and surrounding epidermal surfaces. It lubricants the hair shaft, moisturizers the skin, and inhibits the growth of bacteria.
187
Produce keratin, a tough, fibrous protein.
Keratinocytes.
188
Describe the two types of hair and state where they are found on the body?
Vellus, or thin light peach fuzz, is found all over the body. Terminal hair is thicker and dark, can at times be curly, and is found in the pubic and axillary regions.
189
What layer of the epidermis is analogous to the hair matrix?
Stratum corneum.
190
The nail root appears over the surface of the nail as the:
Cuticle.
191
Is the exposed surface of both thick and thin skin. It normally contains 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells.
Stratum corneum.
192
In the thick skin of the palms and soles, it separates the stratum corneum from deeper layers.
Stratum lucidum.
193
Consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes. By the time cells reach this layer, most have stopped dividing and have started making large amounts of keratin.
Stratum granulosum.
194
Consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes. Also contains dendritic cells, which participate in the immune response by stimulating defense against microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis, and superficial skin cancers.
Stratum spinosum.
195
The basal layer of the epidermis. Hemidesmosomes attach the cells of this layer to the basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the areolar tissue.
Stratum basale.
196
What skin receptor is responsible for the sense of light touch?
Tactile corpuscles.
197
What are the four phases of tissue repair?
Inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferation phase, scarring phase.
198
Immediately after the injury mast cells in the region trigger an inflammatory response.
Inflammatory phase.
199
The blood clot or scab that forms at the surface temporarily restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts the entry of additional micro organisms into the area. The scabs are red due to the presence of trapped red blood cells.
Migratory phase.
200
One week after the injury the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells migrating over a meshwork produced by fibroblast activity. Phagocytic activity around the site has almost ended, in the blood clot is disintegrating.
Proliferation phase.
201
After several weeks, the scab has been shed, in the epidermis is complete. A shallow depression marks the injury site but fibroblasts in the dermis continue to create scar tissue that will gradually elevate the overlying epidermis.
Scarring phase.
