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Anatomy & Phisiology I. > Chemistry & Cells. > Flashcards

Chemistry & Cells. Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

A

Matter.

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2
Q

Which sub-atomic particles are positive?

A

Protons.

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3
Q

Which sub-atomic particles are negative?

A

Ions.

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4
Q

Which sub-atomic particles are neutral?

A

Neutrons.

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5
Q

If two atoms share electrons they form a ___ bond.

A

Covalent.

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6
Q

A covalent bond is when:

A

Two atoms share electrons.

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7
Q

Stored energy is called:

A

Potential energy.

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8
Q

Energy in motion is called:

A

Kinetic energy.

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9
Q

Cells are the ____ units of life.

A

Basic.

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10
Q

Cells come from ____

A

Other cells.

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11
Q

The powerhouse of the cell:

A

Mitochondria.

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12
Q

The site of protein synthesis:

A

Ribosomes.

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13
Q

Cellular structure that contains the DNA:

A

Nucleus.

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14
Q

Maintains the shape of a cell.

A

Cytoskeleton.

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15
Q

Double membrane structure that deprecated the nucleus from the rest of the cell:

A

Nuclear envelope.

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16
Q

Membranous structure that synthesizes and modifies compounds. Functions in internal transport.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum.

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17
Q

Processes material for secretion from the cell (produces vesicles)

A

Golgi apparatus.

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18
Q

Cellular “garbage disposals” (contain digestive enzymes)

A

Lysosomes.

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19
Q

What is the energy currency of a cell?

A

ATP.

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20
Q

How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

A

38.

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21
Q

The movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration is called:

A

Diffusion.

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22
Q

A solution that is higher in concentration that living cells would be called:

A

Hypertonic.

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23
Q

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane:

A

Osmosis.

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24
Q

Structure that aids in motility of the cell:

A

Cytoskeleton.

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25
Q

Matter: anything that has __ and occupies ____.

A

Mass, space.

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26
Q

The four functions of the cell membrane:

A

Physically separate the intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.

Regulate exchange with environment.

Sensitivity to the environment.

Structural support of tissues.

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27
Q

If transport proteins assist a substance across a membrane without expending ATP, that would be called:

A

Facilitated diffusion.

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28
Q

Large holes that allow rRNAti exit the nucleus:

A

Nuclear pores.

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29
Q

During which state of mitosis is the DNA replicated?

A

Interphase - more specifically, the synthesis (S) stage of interphase.

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30
Q

How many RNA bases are used to code for one amino acid?

A

Three.

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31
Q

What base is complimentary to C?

A

G.

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32
Q

What base is complimentary to A?

A

U.

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33
Q

What base is complimentary to G?

A

C.

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34
Q

What base is complimentary to T?

A

A.

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35
Q

Ribosomes are the site of _____.

A

Protein synthesis.

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36
Q

All biochemical reactions.

A

Metabolism.

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37
Q

The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.

A

Anabolism.

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38
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O.

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39
Q

During which stage of respiration is the most ATP produced?

A

Electron transport chain.

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40
Q

What are the three major regions of a cell?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

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41
Q

The 13 most common elements found in the body are:

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, iron, iodine.

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42
Q

The chemical notation for oxygen:

A

O.

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43
Q

The chemical notation for Carbon:

A

C.

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44
Q

Chemical notation of hydrogen:

A

H.

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45
Q

The chemical notation for nitrogen?

A

N.

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46
Q

Notation of calcium:

A

Ca.

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47
Q

Notation of phosphorus:

A

P.

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48
Q

Notation of potassium:

A

K.

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49
Q

Notation of sodium:

A

Na.

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50
Q

Notation of chlorine:

A

Cl.

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51
Q

Notation of magnesium:

A

Mg.

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52
Q

Notation of sulfur:

A

S.

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53
Q

Notation of iron:

A

Fe.

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54
Q

Notation of Iodine:

A

I.

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55
Q

Pertaining to the cranium (top of the head)

A

Cranial.

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56
Q

Pertaining to the forehead.

A

Frontal.

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57
Q

Pertaining to the back of the head.

A

Occipital.

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58
Q

Pertaining to the ear.

A

Otic.

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59
Q

Pertaining to the head.

A

Cephalic.

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60
Q

Pertaining to the face.

A

Facial.

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61
Q

Pertaining to the eye socket.

A

Orbital.

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62
Q

Pertaining to the cheek.

A

Buccal.

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63
Q

Pertaining to the nose.

A

Nasal.

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64
Q

Pertaining to the mouth.

A

Oral.

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65
Q

Pertaining to the chin.

A

Mental.

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66
Q

Pertaining to the chest.

A

Thorax.

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67
Q

Pertaining to the breastbone.

A

Sternal.

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68
Q

Pertaining to the superficial chest area.

A

Pectoral.

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69
Q

Pertaining to the breast.

A

Mammary.

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70
Q

Pertaining to the trunk below the diaphragm.

A

Abdominal.

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71
Q

Pertaining to the navel.

A

Umbilical.

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72
Q

Pertaining to the hips.

A

Coxal.

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73
Q

Pertaining to the genital religion.

A

Pubic.

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74
Q

Pertaining to the groin.

A

Inguinal.

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75
Q

Pertaining to the back.

A

Dorsal.

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76
Q

Pertaining to the shoulder blades.

A

Scapular.

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77
Q

Pertaining to the spinal column.

A

Vertebral.

78
Q

Pertaining to the lower back.

A

Lumbar.

79
Q

Pertaining to the shoulder.

A

Acrominal.

80
Q

Pertaining to the arm pit.

A

Axillary.

81
Q

Pertaining to the upper arm.

A

Brachial.

82
Q

Pertaining to the elbow.

A

Cubital.

83
Q

Pertaining to the anterior elbow.

A

Antecubital.

84
Q

Pertaining to the forearm.

A

Antebrachial.

85
Q

Pertaining to the wrist.

A

Carpal.

86
Q

Pertaining to the hand.

A

Manual.

87
Q

Pertaining to the palm of the hand.

A

Palmar.

88
Q

Pertaining to the fingers.

A

Digital.

89
Q

Pertaining to the buttock.

A

Gluteal.

90
Q

Pertaining to the thigh.

A

Femoral.

91
Q

Pertaining to the knee.

A

Patellar.

92
Q

Pertaining to the back of the knee.

A

Popliteal.

93
Q

Pertaining to the lower leg.

A

Crural.

94
Q

Pertaining to the posterior lets (calf)

A

Sural.

95
Q

Pertaining to the side of the leg.

A

Fibular.

96
Q

Pertaining to the ankle.

A

Tarsal.

97
Q

Pertaining to the foot.

A

Pedal.

98
Q

Pertaining to the heel.

A

Calcaneal.

99
Q

Pertaining to the sole.

A

Plantar.

100
Q

Pertaining to the toes:

A

Digital.

101
Q

Away from the head end and toward the lower part of the body.

A

Inferior.

102
Q

Toward the front or belly side.

A

Anterior.

103
Q

Toward the back.

A

Posterior.

104
Q

Toward the midline, which is an imaginary line that extends vertically down the middle.

A

Medial.

105
Q

Away from the midline.

A

Lateral.

106
Q

Toward the surface of the body.

A

Superficial.

107
Q

away from the surface of the body.

A

Internal.

108
Q

Toward a structures origin or point of attachment to the trunk.

A

Proximal.

109
Q

Away from a structures origin, or point of attachment to the trunk.

A

Distal.

110
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is typically found in:

A

Kidneys.

111
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is typically found in

A

Kidneys.

112
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is typically found in:

A

Small intestines.

113
Q

Pseudo stratified columnar is typically found in :

A

Trachea lining.

114
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is typically found in:

A

Skin.

115
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is typically found in:

A

Skin.

116
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium is typically found in:

A

Rare in humans.

117
Q

Transitional epithelium is typically found in:

A

Bladder.

118
Q

Embryonic tissue is typically found in:

A

Embryo.

119
Q

Adipose connective is typically found in:

A

Hypodermis.

120
Q

Reticular connective tissue is found:

A

Spleen.

121
Q

Areolar tissue is found

A

Hypodermis.

122
Q

Dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue is found

A

Skin.

123
Q

Dense, regular fibrous connective tissue is found:

A

Tendons.

124
Q

Elastic connective tissue is found:

A

Aorta.

125
Q

Hyaline cartilage connective tissue is found:

A

Trachea.

126
Q

Elastic cartilage connective tissue is found:

A

External ear.

127
Q

Fibro-cartilage connective tissue is found

A

Intervertebral disks.

128
Q

Skeletal muscle is found

A

In the muscles.

129
Q

Cardiac muscle is found

A

In the heart.

130
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is found:

A

Attached to hair follicles.

131
Q

Nervous tissue is found:

A

Brain.

132
Q

Breakdown of organic substrates in the body.

A

Catabolism.

133
Q

If an atom loses an electron it will form a ____ charged ion.

A

Positively.

134
Q

Opposite charged tend to ____ each other.

A

Attract.

135
Q

The loss or gain of an electron to form a bond.

A

Ionic.

136
Q

In a polar bond, the electrons are shared _____

A

Equally.

137
Q

In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared ______.

A

Unequally.

138
Q

A reaction that releases energy would be called:

A

Exothermic.

139
Q

Lowers activation energy.

A

Catalyst.

140
Q

Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions.

A

Buffer.

141
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important because they _____ water molecules.

A

Bond.

142
Q

A reaction that breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments.

A

Decomposition.

143
Q

A reaction that assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules.

A

Synthesis.

144
Q

Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.

A

Exchange.

145
Q

A chemical reaction that requires more energy than it releases:

A

Endergonic.

146
Q

A chemical reaction that releases more energy than is needed is:

A

Exergonic.

147
Q

A simple sugar of one molecule.

A

Monosaccharide.

148
Q

Two monosaccharides joined together to form a more complex molecule.

A

Disaccharides.

149
Q

Many monosaccharides joined together.

A

Polysaccharides.

150
Q

The four main lipids:

A

Fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids.

151
Q

What is the function of a fatty acid?

A

Energy source.

152
Q

What is the function of a glyceride?

A

Energy source and energy storage, insulation, and physical protection.

153
Q

What is the primary function of a phospholipid?

A

Structural complaint of a cell membrane.

154
Q

The primary function of a glycolipid:

A

Structural component of a cell membrane.

155
Q

Proteins consisting of long chains of organic molecules.

A

Amino acids.

156
Q

_____ results from

The sequence of amino acids bonded together In a linear chain.

A

Primary structure.

157
Q

The initial coiling of a polypeptide.

A

Secondary structure.

158
Q

Complex coiling and folding of a polypeptide.

A

Tertiary structure.

159
Q

The forming of individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex.

A

Quaternary structure.

160
Q

A change in structure that deems a protein nonfunctional.

A

Denaturation.

161
Q

The reading of DNA to form proteins or other cellular functions.

A

RNA.

162
Q

The importing of extracellular substances through the formation of vesicles at the cell surface.

A

Endocytosis.

163
Q

A vesicles inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

A

Exocytosis

164
Q

The capacity to perform work.

A

Energy.

165
Q

The four important properties of water:

A

Lubrication, chemical reactant, high heat capacity and solubility.

166
Q

Soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current In solution.

A

Electrolyte.

167
Q

Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane.

A

Cilia.

168
Q

What human cells have flagella?

A

Sperm.

169
Q

Has the same microtubule structure as motile cilia, but are much longer and beat in wavelike fashion.

A

Flagella.

170
Q

Contrast flagella and cilia.

A

While both are meant for the propellant of fluid, Celia are short and therefore have a higher capita per cell, unlike flagella which are long and have a lower capita per cell. Another notable difference is that flagella is specifically and only found in male sperm.

171
Q

What is the difference between a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus.

A

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm, and the nucleolus synthesizes RNA.

172
Q

Compare and contrast; DNA, chromosomes, and chromatin.

A

DNA stores the instructions for protein synthesis, chromosomes are the tight coiling of DNA strands, and chromatin is loosely coiled DNA in a cell that is not dividing.

173
Q

an enzyme that creates DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

A

DNA polymerase.

174
Q

DNA is held together by:

A

Hydrogen bonds.

175
Q

Development of specific features of a cell.

A

Differentiation.

176
Q

What is a triplet codon?

A

A triplet codon is a set of three bases on an mRNA strand.

177
Q

RNA formed at transcription to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

A

mRNA.

178
Q

A type of RNA that helps devoid a messenger RNA sequence into a protein.

A

tRNA.

179
Q

The stringing together if amino acids to form a polypeptide.

A

rRNA.

180
Q

The formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using the information from an mRNA strand.

A

Translation.

181
Q

A cells ability to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste products.

A

Cellular respiration.

182
Q

The addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule.

A

Phosphorylation.

183
Q

An anaerobic process that breaks down a 6-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate through a series of enzymatic steps.

A

Glycolysis.

184
Q

The transformation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.

A

Krebs cycle.

185
Q

Describe carbohydrate metabolism in terms of the 3 major stages.

A

It beings in the process of glycolysis, when a six carbon molecule is broke down into 2 separate three carbon molecules, before the glucose molecules are then turned into pyruvate before entering the Krebs Cycle, where the pyruvate is transformed into Acetyl-CoA. Then the electron transport system takes place between the two membranes of the mitochondria in order to produce ATP.

186
Q

How are lipids metabolized?

A

Lipids are broken down into pieces that can either be converted to pyruvate or channeled directly into the citric acid cycle.

187
Q

What are the major by-products of lipid metabolism?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

188
Q

Where do lipids “enter” the carbohydrate pathway?

A

The liver.

189
Q

What are the major by-products of protein metabolism?

A

Amino acids.

190
Q

Where do proteins “enter” the carbohydrate pathway?

A

The liver.

191
Q

How are proteins metabolized?

A

Dietary proteins are broken down into individual amino acids, and these amino acids are further broken down into a-keto acids which can be recylced in the body for generation of energy.

Anatomy & Phisiology I. (6 decks)

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