Chemistry & Cells. Flashcards
1
Q
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
A
Matter.
2
Q
Which sub-atomic particles are positive?
A
Protons.
3
Q
Which sub-atomic particles are negative?
A
Ions.
4
Q
Which sub-atomic particles are neutral?
A
Neutrons.
5
Q
If two atoms share electrons they form a ___ bond.
A
Covalent.
6
Q
A covalent bond is when:
A
Two atoms share electrons.
7
Q
Stored energy is called:
A
Potential energy.
8
Q
Energy in motion is called:
A
Kinetic energy.
9
Q
Cells are the ____ units of life.
A
Basic.
10
Q
Cells come from ____
A
Other cells.
11
Q
The powerhouse of the cell:
A
Mitochondria.
12
Q
The site of protein synthesis:
A
Ribosomes.
13
Q
Cellular structure that contains the DNA:
A
Nucleus.
14
Q
Maintains the shape of a cell.
A
Cytoskeleton.
15
Q
Double membrane structure that deprecated the nucleus from the rest of the cell:
A
Nuclear envelope.
16
Q
Membranous structure that synthesizes and modifies compounds. Functions in internal transport.
A
Endoplasmic reticulum.
17
Q
Processes material for secretion from the cell (produces vesicles)
A
Golgi apparatus.
18
Q
Cellular “garbage disposals” (contain digestive enzymes)
A
Lysosomes.
19
Q
What is the energy currency of a cell?
A
ATP.
20
Q
How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
A
38.
21
Q
The movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration is called:
A
Diffusion.
22
Q
A solution that is higher in concentration that living cells would be called:
A
Hypertonic.
23
Q
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane:
A
Osmosis.
24
Q
Structure that aids in motility of the cell:
A
Cytoskeleton.
25
Matter: anything that has __ and occupies ____.
Mass, space.
26
The four functions of the cell membrane:
Physically separate the intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.
Regulate exchange with environment.
Sensitivity to the environment.
Structural support of tissues.
27
If transport proteins assist a substance across a membrane without expending ATP, that would be called:
Facilitated diffusion.
28
Large holes that allow rRNAti exit the nucleus:
Nuclear pores.
29
During which state of mitosis is the DNA replicated?
Interphase - more specifically, the synthesis (S) stage of interphase.
30
How many RNA bases are used to code for one amino acid?
Three.
31
What base is complimentary to C?
G.
32
What base is complimentary to A?
U.
33
What base is complimentary to G?
C.
34
What base is complimentary to T?
A.
35
Ribosomes are the site of _____.
Protein synthesis.
36
All biochemical reactions.
Metabolism.
37
The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.
Anabolism.
38
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O.
39
During which stage of respiration is the most ATP produced?
Electron transport chain.
40
What are the three major regions of a cell?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
41
The 13 most common elements found in the body are:
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, iron, iodine.
42
The chemical notation for oxygen:
O.
43
The chemical notation for Carbon:
C.
44
Chemical notation of hydrogen:
H.
45
The chemical notation for nitrogen?
N.
46
Notation of calcium:
Ca.
47
Notation of phosphorus:
P.
48
Notation of potassium:
K.
49
Notation of sodium:
Na.
50
Notation of chlorine:
Cl.
51
Notation of magnesium:
Mg.
52
Notation of sulfur:
S.
53
Notation of iron:
Fe.
54
Notation of Iodine:
I.
55
Pertaining to the cranium (top of the head)
Cranial.
56
Pertaining to the forehead.
Frontal.
57
Pertaining to the back of the head.
Occipital.
58
Pertaining to the ear.
Otic.
59
Pertaining to the head.
Cephalic.
60
Pertaining to the face.
Facial.
61
Pertaining to the eye socket.
Orbital.
62
Pertaining to the cheek.
Buccal.
63
Pertaining to the nose.
Nasal.
64
Pertaining to the mouth.
Oral.
65
Pertaining to the chin.
Mental.
66
Pertaining to the chest.
Thorax.
67
Pertaining to the breastbone.
Sternal.
68
Pertaining to the superficial chest area.
Pectoral.
69
Pertaining to the breast.
Mammary.
70
Pertaining to the trunk below the diaphragm.
Abdominal.
71
Pertaining to the navel.
Umbilical.
72
Pertaining to the hips.
Coxal.
73
Pertaining to the genital religion.
Pubic.
74
Pertaining to the groin.
Inguinal.
75
Pertaining to the back.
Dorsal.
76
Pertaining to the shoulder blades.
Scapular.
77
Pertaining to the spinal column.
Vertebral.
78
Pertaining to the lower back.
Lumbar.
79
Pertaining to the shoulder.
Acrominal.
80
Pertaining to the arm pit.
Axillary.
81
Pertaining to the upper arm.
Brachial.
82
Pertaining to the elbow.
Cubital.
83
Pertaining to the anterior elbow.
Antecubital.
84
Pertaining to the forearm.
Antebrachial.
85
Pertaining to the wrist.
Carpal.
86
Pertaining to the hand.
Manual.
87
Pertaining to the palm of the hand.
Palmar.
88
Pertaining to the fingers.
Digital.
89
Pertaining to the buttock.
Gluteal.
90
Pertaining to the thigh.
Femoral.
91
Pertaining to the knee.
Patellar.
92
Pertaining to the back of the knee.
Popliteal.
93
Pertaining to the lower leg.
Crural.
94
Pertaining to the posterior lets (calf)
Sural.
95
Pertaining to the side of the leg.
Fibular.
96
Pertaining to the ankle.
Tarsal.
97
Pertaining to the foot.
Pedal.
98
Pertaining to the heel.
Calcaneal.
99
Pertaining to the sole.
Plantar.
100
Pertaining to the toes:
Digital.
101
Away from the head end and toward the lower part of the body.
Inferior.
102
Toward the front or belly side.
Anterior.
103
Toward the back.
Posterior.
104
Toward the midline, which is an imaginary line that extends vertically down the middle.
Medial.
105
Away from the midline.
Lateral.
106
Toward the surface of the body.
Superficial.
107
away from the surface of the body.
Internal.
108
Toward a structures origin or point of attachment to the trunk.
Proximal.
109
Away from a structures origin, or point of attachment to the trunk.
Distal.
110
Simple squamous epithelium is typically found in:
Kidneys.
111
Simple cuboidal epithelium is typically found in
Kidneys.
112
Simple columnar epithelium is typically found in:
Small intestines.
113
Pseudo stratified columnar is typically found in :
Trachea lining.
114
Stratified squamous epithelium is typically found in:
Skin.
115
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is typically found in:
Skin.
116
Stratified columnar epithelium is typically found in:
Rare in humans.
117
Transitional epithelium is typically found in:
Bladder.
118
Embryonic tissue is typically found in:
Embryo.
119
Adipose connective is typically found in:
Hypodermis.
120
Reticular connective tissue is found:
Spleen.
121
Areolar tissue is found
Hypodermis.
122
Dense, irregular fibrous connective tissue is found
Skin.
123
Dense, regular fibrous connective tissue is found:
Tendons.
124
Elastic connective tissue is found:
Aorta.
125
Hyaline cartilage connective tissue is found:
Trachea.
126
Elastic cartilage connective tissue is found:
External ear.
127
Fibro-cartilage connective tissue is found
Intervertebral disks.
128
Skeletal muscle is found
In the muscles.
129
Cardiac muscle is found
In the heart.
130
Smooth muscle tissue is found:
Attached to hair follicles.
131
Nervous tissue is found:
Brain.
132
Breakdown of organic substrates in the body.
Catabolism.
133
If an atom loses an electron it will form a ____ charged ion.
Positively.
134
Opposite charged tend to ____ each other.
Attract.
135
The loss or gain of an electron to form a bond.
Ionic.
136
In a polar bond, the electrons are shared _____
Equally.
137
In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared ______.
Unequally.
138
A reaction that releases energy would be called:
Exothermic.
139
Lowers activation energy.
Catalyst.
140
Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions.
Buffer.
141
Hydrogen bonds are important because they _____ water molecules.
Bond.
142
A reaction that breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments.
Decomposition.
143
A reaction that assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules.
Synthesis.
144
Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products.
Exchange.
145
A chemical reaction that requires more energy than it releases:
Endergonic.
146
A chemical reaction that releases more energy than is needed is:
Exergonic.
147
A simple sugar of one molecule.
Monosaccharide.
148
Two monosaccharides joined together to form a more complex molecule.
Disaccharides.
149
Many monosaccharides joined together.
Polysaccharides.
150
The four main lipids:
Fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids.
151
What is the function of a fatty acid?
Energy source.
152
What is the function of a glyceride?
Energy source and energy storage, insulation, and physical protection.
153
What is the primary function of a phospholipid?
Structural complaint of a cell membrane.
154
The primary function of a glycolipid:
Structural component of a cell membrane.
155
Proteins consisting of long chains of organic molecules.
Amino acids.
156
_____ results from
| The sequence of amino acids bonded together In a linear chain.
Primary structure.
157
The initial coiling of a polypeptide.
Secondary structure.
158
Complex coiling and folding of a polypeptide.
Tertiary structure.
159
The forming of individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex.
Quaternary structure.
160
A change in structure that deems a protein nonfunctional.
Denaturation.
161
The reading of DNA to form proteins or other cellular functions.
RNA.
162
The importing of extracellular substances through the formation of vesicles at the cell surface.
Endocytosis.
163
A vesicles inside the cell fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
164
The capacity to perform work.
Energy.
165
The four important properties of water:
Lubrication, chemical reactant, high heat capacity and solubility.
166
Soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct an electrical current In solution.
Electrolyte.
167
Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane.
Cilia.
168
What human cells have flagella?
Sperm.
169
Has the same microtubule structure as motile cilia, but are much longer and beat in wavelike fashion.
Flagella.
170
Contrast flagella and cilia.
While both are meant for the propellant of fluid, Celia are short and therefore have a higher capita per cell, unlike flagella which are long and have a lower capita per cell. Another notable difference is that flagella is specifically and only found in male sperm.
171
What is the difference between a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm, and the nucleolus synthesizes RNA.
172
Compare and contrast; DNA, chromosomes, and chromatin.
DNA stores the instructions for protein synthesis, chromosomes are the tight coiling of DNA strands, and chromatin is loosely coiled DNA in a cell that is not dividing.
173
an enzyme that creates DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
DNA polymerase.
174
DNA is held together by:
Hydrogen bonds.
175
Development of specific features of a cell.
Differentiation.
176
What is a triplet codon?
A triplet codon is a set of three bases on an mRNA strand.
177
RNA formed at transcription to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
mRNA.
178
A type of RNA that helps devoid a messenger RNA sequence into a protein.
tRNA.
179
The stringing together if amino acids to form a polypeptide.
rRNA.
180
The formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using the information from an mRNA strand.
Translation.
181
A cells ability to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste products.
Cellular respiration.
182
The addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule.
Phosphorylation.
183
An anaerobic process that breaks down a 6-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate through a series of enzymatic steps.
Glycolysis.
184
The transformation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Krebs cycle.
185
Describe carbohydrate metabolism in terms of the 3 major stages.
It beings in the process of glycolysis, when a six carbon molecule is broke down into 2 separate three carbon molecules, before the glucose molecules are then turned into pyruvate before entering the Krebs Cycle, where the pyruvate is transformed into Acetyl-CoA. Then the electron transport system takes place between the two membranes of the mitochondria in order to produce ATP.
186
How are lipids metabolized?
Lipids are broken down into pieces that can either be converted to pyruvate or channeled directly into the citric acid cycle.
187
What are the major by-products of lipid metabolism?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
188
Where do lipids "enter" the carbohydrate pathway?
The liver.
189
What are the major by-products of protein metabolism?
Amino acids.
190
Where do proteins "enter" the carbohydrate pathway?
The liver.
191
How are proteins metabolized?
Dietary proteins are broken down into individual amino acids, and these amino acids are further broken down into a-keto acids which can be recylced in the body for generation of energy.
