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Human Physiology PB > Test 2 Chapter 9 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Test 2 Chapter 9 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Central
  2. Peripheral
  3. Blood
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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport-shortens distances (important for simple diffusion)
decreases distance by transporting things rapidly

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3
Q

What is Transported in cardiovascular system?

A 
Oxygen 
Carbon dioxide
Clotting
Heat
Immune fighting
Nutrients
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4
Q

Describe the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Central=heart=pump
  2. Peripheral=vasculature
  3. Blood-Conducting Medium
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5
Q

Physiologically we have 2 hearts..what are they?

Anatomically how many hearts?

A
  1. Right heart
  2. Left Heart

Anatomically 1 heart

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6
Q

What is the function of the Right Heart

Pumps blood where?

Why?

A

Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation

To pick up Oxygen and dump carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What is the function of the left heart?

Pumps blood where?

A

Pumps blood to Systemic Circulation

Delivers oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Compare the right and left heart

A 
Right Heart
Crescent moon shaped
Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation
Pressure: 25/7
Cardiac output 5L/min

Left Heart
-Cylindrical-to create higher pressures
-Tougher job works harder
**Pressure: 120/80**
Pumps blood to system
Cardiac output 5L/min
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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

5L/min (both sides of heart)

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10
Q

Where is blood pressure taken and what is it normally?

A

Left side of heart (120/80)

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11
Q

Anatomy of the Heart What are the 2 Chambers of the heart

A

Atria and Ventricles

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12
Q

Describe the 2 Atria

A

receiving chambers (blood enters)
Thin walled
Not pumping under high pressure

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13
Q

Describe the Ventricles

A

Pumping chambers
Pumps blood out (higher pressure)
Thicker walls

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14
Q

What keeps blood moving in the right direction?

A

4 Valves

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15
Q

What are the main valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valves-between atria and ventricles

Semilunar valves-3 cusps

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16
Q

What are the 2 Atrioventricular valves?

What do they do?

A

(Between atria and ventricles)

  1. Bicuspid (Mitral valve)
  2. Tricuspid

allows blood to move into ventricles but prevents flow back into the atria

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17
Q

Where are the 2 Atrioventricular valves found? And how many valves do they have?

A

Bicuspid aka Mitral= 2 valves-left hand side

Tricuspid-3 valves-right hand side

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18
Q

What valves are in the vessels leaving their respective ventricles?

And how many cusps do they have?

A

Semilunar valves

3 cusps

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19
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves and where are they?

A

Aortic (Semilunar)Valve-Left hand side in the aorta leaving the aorta

Pulmonic Valve-Right hand side-in the pulmonary aorta->going to pulmonary circulation

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20
Q

What holds the valves in place?

A

Fibrous Skeleton of the heart-

fibrous connective tissue

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21
Q

Which side of the heart has higher pressure?

Average BP is what and where is taken?

A

Left because it is systemic.

BP=120/80 taken on left side of heart

(Right-25/7)

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22
Q

What percent of the myocardium is contractile? Electrical?

A

99% contractile

1% electrical-behaves like nerve

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23
Q

What are the 5 parts of the conduction system?

A
  1. SinoAtrial SA Node
  2. AtrioVentricular AV Node
  3. Common AV Bundle (Bundle of HIS)
  4. Right & Left Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje FIbers
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24
Q

Where is the

SA Node

AV Node?

Bundle of HIS/Common AV Bundle

A

SA Node-Upper ceiling of Right Atrium (Roof)

Floor of right atrium (AV)

Splits into Right & Left Bundle Branches

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25
Q

Right & Left Bundle Branches

Purkinje Fibers

A

Split up into tiny branches that spread out across their respective ventricles

Spread out through ventricular myocardium
Distribute electrical stimuli throughout heart

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26
Q

What holds the valves in place?

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

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27
Q

What cavity is the heart found?

Encased in what sac?

A

Thoracic Cavity within mediastinum

Encased in pericardial sac

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28
Q

Describe the 2 layers of the pericardial sac

A

Outer Layer: tough fibrous layer

Inner layer:Serous layer->serous membrane produces lubricant

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29
Q

Heart is called?

What are the 3 layers?

A

Heart=Myocardium

  1. Endocardium
  2. Epicardium
  3. Myocardium
30
Q

Describe the layers of the heart

  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
A
  1. Serous membrane that attaches to the surface of the heart (outside)
  2. Heart muscle (middle)
  3. Epithelial tissue lining heart chambers (within the heart) (inside)
31
Q

How are the cardiac fibers connected?

A

Intercalated discs

32
Q

What are Intercalated Discs?

What are they made of?

What makes the myocardium a functional Syncytium?

A

Combination of 2 cell adhesion molecules

  1. Desmosomes
  2. Gap Junctions

presence of gap junctions

33
Q

What kind of action potential does the heart have

What happens during stimulation?

A

Prolonged Action potential

  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
    - Long plateau phase
34
Q

Depolarization is due to what?

What happens?

A

Due to Na channels

Stimulated->opens Na channels 
Na influx (fast)=depolariation
35
Q

Explain Repolarization

  1. Plateau phase?
  2. Repolarization
A

Na channels close. K Channels Open & close

Plateau Phase: Opening of SLOW CALCIUM CHANNELS (with K channels)->Ca Influx while K still rushes out of cell

Ca channels close->ANOTHER K channel open->K efflux =repolarization complete

36
Q

Length of normal Action Potential?

Myocardium AP?

Why is it this length?

A

2-3 ms

250 ms

Due to slow calcium channels that open up and keep it at the plateau phase .

37
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential length?

Cardiac Muscle twitch length?

A

Action Potential 250ms

Twitch 300ms

38
Q

Looking at the electrical activity of the heart is called?

What is the highly organized structure of ALL of the action potentials called?

A

Electrocardiography

EKG (Electrocardiogram)

39
Q

What are the 3 Myocardial Properties of an EKG?

A
  1. Automaticity or Autorhythmicity (pacemaker)
  2. Functional Syncytium
  3. Conduction System
40
Q

Explain Automaticity or Autorhythmicity of heart muscle

A

Conduction is myogenic->1% of fibers have ability to excite itself

SA Node functions as pace maker-spontaneously reaches threshold faster than other parts

41
Q

Explain the Functional Syncytium property of the heart?

A

2 Functional Syncytium

Fibrous skeleton separates atrial myocardial mass and ventricular myocardial mass.

Once one cell reaches threshold the other cells follow behind

SA node reaches fastest->AV node->branches-> Purkinje fibers

42
Q

Describe the Conduction System property of the heart

A
  1. Pacemaker=SA Node because it reaches threshold first and other cells follow behind it
  2. AV Node: Delays action potential impulse
  3. Common AV bundle0crosses fibrous skeleton of heart and relays info from atria to ventricles
  4. Right and Left Branches and Purkinje Fibers- spread impulse along the ventricular mass
43
Q

If AV node did not create a little delay what would happen?

A

Atria and ventricles would be going at the same time.

44
Q

Consistent pattern in impulse spread throughout the heart is characterized by an ?

A

EKG Electrocardiogram Pattern

45
Q

What are the 3 Electrical events of the EKG PATTERN?

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS Complex
  3. T-Wave
46
Q

P Wave

A

Atrial Depolarlization

(Causes atrial contraction that causes increase in atrial pressure, atrial pressure is still greater than ventricular pressure therefore the AV valves are still open and blood is still flowing from atria to ventricles

47
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization
(Atrial repolarization is hidden)

Impulse spreads across atria->slight delay in AV node->common AV bundle->Purkinje fibers->ventricular

48
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular Repolarization

Ventricles are repolarized

49
Q

EKG Intervals

A

PR-Interval

QRS INTERVAL

Q INTERVAL

50
Q

PR-Interval

Looking at function of?

A

Beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex

Indicates function of AV node-is AV node functioning properly

Time between Atria and ventricular events-AV NODE DELAY

51
Q

QRS Interval

Checks functioning of?

A

Duration of QRS Complex

Looks at the functioning of the Right and left bundle branches and purkinje fibers

Spreading impulse across ventricular mass

If not working correctly QRS interval gets longer

52
Q

QT Interval

A

QRS complex to end of T-Wave

Looking at entire ventricular event. Are they depolarizing and repolarizing normally?

53
Q

What is the electrical event?

What is the mechanical event

1 Action Potential leads to 1?

A

EKG

Heart beat/ twitch

54
Q

Systole

A

Contraction and emptying phase of cardiac cycle

55
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation and filling of cardiac cycle

56
Q

What happens during a cardiac twitch?

A

Calcium released from SR and slow calcium in the cell membrane from (ECF).
Calcium interacts with Troponin->changes shape>moves tropomyosin>exposes actin binding sites>crossbridges>powerstrokes

LONG ACTION POTENTIAL

57
Q

Action Potential length

Twitch Length

A

AP: 250 ms

Twitch 300ms

58
Q

Can the heart reach tetanus?

Why?

A

IMPOSSIBLE to reach tetanus

Due to250 ms AP. The fastest the heart could beat is 4x/second

59
Q

What are the 4 Cardiac Cycle (mechanical events)?

A
  1. Passive filling
  2. Atrial Contraction
  3. Ventricular Contraction
  4. Ventricular Relaxation
60
Q

Passive Filling phase?

A

Everything relaxed

Atrial Pressure> Ventricular Pressure

AV valves open blood flows from atria->ventricles

Ventricles fill up to 80% Passively

Creates 3rd heart sound

61
Q
  1. Atrial Contraction?
A

Depolarization.
Electrical activity of the heart which causes contraction to occur

P wave (atrial depolarization)->causes atrial contraction->increase in atrial pressure->
Atrial pressure>>ventricular pressure

AV valves still open, blood flowing from atria to ventricles.

When atria contract, remaining 20% of blood into ventricles

Turbulent flow noise =4th heart sound

AP»VP

62
Q
  1. Ventricular Contraction
A

QRS complex results in ventricular contraction

Ventricular pressure exceeds Atrial pressure causing AV valves close

AV VALVES CLOSING causes 1st heart sound LUB

Ventricular Pressure continues to increase until VP exceeds ARTERIAL PRESSURE.

Ventricular pressure» ARTERIAL Pressure Semilunar valves opening (separates ventricles from arteries)

Ejection Phase-pumping blood out into the body

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction: no blood comes or leaves but pressure increases

63
Q
  1. Ventricular Relaxation
A

T-Wave-ventricular relaxation

Ventricular Pressure decreases below ARTERIAL pressure

-Atrioventricular valves open back to passive filling

Semilunar valves close-2nd heart sound DUB

VP continues to drop (Isovolumetric relaxation)

VP drops below atrial pressure-AV Valves open back to passive filling

64
Q

1st heart sound

2nd heart sound

A

AV valves snapping shut LUB

Semilunar valves close DUB

65
Q

At the end of Atrial Contraction, Ventricle is?

A

As full as it is going to be-

Diastole

66
Q

What is End Diastolic Volume

A

At the end of Atrial contraction

Ventricle is as full as it will get

67
Q

End of Systole=End Systolic Volume

Heart is?

A

Heart is in ‘Empty stage’

68
Q

What is the Equation for Stroke Volume?

A

EDV-ESV= Stroke Volume

69
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood pumped out per beat

EDV-ESV=SV

70
Q

Ejection Fraction?

A

How much blood pumped out per beat.

(Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume) x 100%

About 55-60% of blood is pumped out per beat

Human Physiology PB (9 decks)

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