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Human Physiology PB > Test 2 Chapter 9 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Test 2 Chapter 9 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Central
  2. Peripheral
  3. Blood
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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport-shortens distances (important for simple diffusion)
decreases distance by transporting things rapidly

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3
Q

What is Transported in cardiovascular system?

A 
Oxygen 
Carbon dioxide
Clotting
Heat
Immune fighting
Nutrients
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4
Q

Describe the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Central=heart=pump
  2. Peripheral=vasculature
  3. Blood-Conducting Medium
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5
Q

Physiologically we have 2 hearts..what are they?

Anatomically how many hearts?

A
  1. Right heart
  2. Left Heart

Anatomically 1 heart

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6
Q

What is the function of the Right Heart

Pumps blood where?

Why?

A

Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation

To pick up Oxygen and dump carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What is the function of the left heart?

Pumps blood where?

A

Pumps blood to Systemic Circulation

Delivers oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Compare the right and left heart

A 
Right Heart
Crescent moon shaped
Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation
Pressure: 25/7
Cardiac output 5L/min

Left Heart
-Cylindrical-to create higher pressures
-Tougher job works harder
**Pressure: 120/80**
Pumps blood to system
Cardiac output 5L/min
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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

5L/min (both sides of heart)

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10
Q

Where is blood pressure taken and what is it normally?

A

Left side of heart (120/80)

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11
Q

Anatomy of the Heart What are the 2 Chambers of the heart

A

Atria and Ventricles

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12
Q

Describe the 2 Atria

A

receiving chambers (blood enters)
Thin walled
Not pumping under high pressure

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13
Q

Describe the Ventricles

A

Pumping chambers
Pumps blood out (higher pressure)
Thicker walls

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14
Q

What keeps blood moving in the right direction?

A

4 Valves

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15
Q

What are the main valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valves-between atria and ventricles

Semilunar valves-3 cusps

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16
Q

What are the 2 Atrioventricular valves?

What do they do?

A

(Between atria and ventricles)

  1. Bicuspid (Mitral valve)
  2. Tricuspid

allows blood to move into ventricles but prevents flow back into the atria

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17
Q

Where are the 2 Atrioventricular valves found? And how many valves do they have?

A

Bicuspid aka Mitral= 2 valves-left hand side

Tricuspid-3 valves-right hand side

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18
Q

What valves are in the vessels leaving their respective ventricles?

And how many cusps do they have?

A

Semilunar valves

3 cusps

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19
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves and where are they?

A

Aortic (Semilunar)Valve-Left hand side in the aorta leaving the aorta

Pulmonic Valve-Right hand side-in the pulmonary aorta->going to pulmonary circulation

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20
Q

What holds the valves in place?

A

Fibrous Skeleton of the heart-

fibrous connective tissue

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21
Q

Which side of the heart has higher pressure?

Average BP is what and where is taken?

A

Left because it is systemic.

BP=120/80 taken on left side of heart

(Right-25/7)

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22
Q

What percent of the myocardium is contractile? Electrical?

A

99% contractile

1% electrical-behaves like nerve

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23
Q

What are the 5 parts of the conduction system?

A
  1. SinoAtrial SA Node
  2. AtrioVentricular AV Node
  3. Common AV Bundle (Bundle of HIS)
  4. Right & Left Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje FIbers
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24
Q

Where is the

SA Node

AV Node?

Bundle of HIS/Common AV Bundle

A

SA Node-Upper ceiling of Right Atrium (Roof)

Floor of right atrium (AV)

Splits into Right & Left Bundle Branches

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25
Right & Left Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers
Split up into tiny branches that spread out across their respective ventricles Spread out through ventricular myocardium Distribute electrical stimuli throughout heart
26
What holds the valves in place?
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
27
What cavity is the heart found? Encased in what sac?
Thoracic Cavity within mediastinum Encased in pericardial sac
28
Describe the 2 layers of the pericardial sac
Outer Layer: tough fibrous layer Inner layer:Serous layer->serous membrane produces lubricant
29
Heart is called? What are the 3 layers?
Heart=Myocardium 1. Endocardium 2. Epicardium 3. Myocardium
30
Describe the layers of the heart 1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
1. Serous membrane that attaches to the surface of the heart (outside) 2. Heart muscle (middle) 3. Epithelial tissue lining heart chambers (within the heart) (inside)
31
How are the cardiac fibers connected?
Intercalated discs
32
What are Intercalated Discs? What are they made of? What makes the myocardium a functional Syncytium?
Combination of 2 cell adhesion molecules 1. Desmosomes 2. Gap Junctions presence of gap junctions
33
What kind of action potential does the heart have What happens during stimulation?
Prolonged Action potential 1. Depolarization 2. Repolarization - Long plateau phase
34
Depolarization is due to what? What happens?
Due to Na channels ``` Stimulated->opens Na channels Na influx (fast)=depolariation ```
35
Explain Repolarization 1. Plateau phase? 2. Repolarization
Na channels close. K Channels Open & close Plateau Phase: Opening of SLOW CALCIUM CHANNELS (with K channels)->Ca Influx while K still rushes out of cell Ca channels close->ANOTHER K channel open->K efflux =repolarization complete
36
Length of normal Action Potential? Myocardium AP? Why is it this length?
2-3 ms 250 ms Due to slow calcium channels that open up and keep it at the plateau phase .
37
Cardiac Muscle Action Potential length? Cardiac Muscle twitch length?
Action Potential 250ms Twitch 300ms
38
Looking at the electrical activity of the heart is called? What is the highly organized structure of ALL of the action potentials called?
Electrocardiography EKG (Electrocardiogram)
39
What are the 3 Myocardial Properties of an EKG?
1. Automaticity or Autorhythmicity (pacemaker) 2. Functional Syncytium 3. Conduction System
40
Explain Automaticity or Autorhythmicity of heart muscle
Conduction is myogenic->1% of fibers have ability to excite itself SA Node functions as pace maker-spontaneously reaches threshold faster than other parts
41
Explain the Functional Syncytium property of the heart?
2 Functional Syncytium Fibrous skeleton separates atrial myocardial mass and ventricular myocardial mass. Once one cell reaches threshold the other cells follow behind SA node reaches fastest->AV node->branches-> Purkinje fibers
42
Describe the Conduction System property of the heart
1. Pacemaker=SA Node because it reaches threshold first and other cells follow behind it 2. AV Node: Delays action potential impulse 3. Common AV bundle0crosses fibrous skeleton of heart and relays info from atria to ventricles 4. Right and Left Branches and Purkinje Fibers- spread impulse along the ventricular mass
43
If AV node did not create a little delay what would happen?
Atria and ventricles would be going at the same time.
44
Consistent pattern in impulse spread throughout the heart is characterized by an ?
EKG Electrocardiogram Pattern
45
What are the 3 Electrical events of the EKG PATTERN?
1. P wave 2. QRS Complex 3. T-Wave
46
P Wave
Atrial Depolarlization (Causes atrial contraction that causes increase in atrial pressure, atrial pressure is still greater than ventricular pressure therefore the AV valves are still open and blood is still flowing from atria to ventricles
47
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization (Atrial repolarization is hidden) Impulse spreads across atria->slight delay in AV node->common AV bundle->Purkinje fibers->ventricular
48
T Wave
Ventricular Repolarization Ventricles are repolarized
49
EKG Intervals
PR-Interval QRS INTERVAL Q INTERVAL
50
PR-Interval Looking at function of?
Beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex Indicates function of AV node-is AV node functioning properly Time between Atria and ventricular events-AV NODE DELAY
51
QRS Interval Checks functioning of?
Duration of QRS Complex Looks at the functioning of the Right and left bundle branches and purkinje fibers Spreading impulse across ventricular mass If not working correctly QRS interval gets longer
52
QT Interval
QRS complex to end of T-Wave Looking at entire ventricular event. Are they depolarizing and repolarizing normally?
53
What is the electrical event? What is the mechanical event 1 Action Potential leads to 1?
EKG Heart beat/ twitch
54
Systole
Contraction and emptying phase of cardiac cycle
55
Diastole
Relaxation and filling of cardiac cycle
56
What happens during a cardiac twitch?
Calcium released from SR and slow calcium in the cell membrane from (ECF). Calcium interacts with Troponin->changes shape>moves tropomyosin>exposes actin binding sites>crossbridges>powerstrokes LONG ACTION POTENTIAL
57
Action Potential length Twitch Length
AP: 250 ms Twitch 300ms
58
Can the heart reach tetanus? Why?
IMPOSSIBLE to reach tetanus Due to250 ms AP. The fastest the heart could beat is 4x/second
59
What are the 4 Cardiac Cycle (mechanical events)?
1. Passive filling 2. Atrial Contraction 3. Ventricular Contraction 4. Ventricular Relaxation
60
Passive Filling phase?
Everything relaxed Atrial Pressure> Ventricular Pressure AV valves open blood flows from atria->ventricles Ventricles fill up to 80% Passively Creates 3rd heart sound
61
2. Atrial Contraction?
Depolarization. Electrical activity of the heart which causes contraction to occur ``` P wave (atrial depolarization)->causes atrial contraction->increase in atrial pressure-> Atrial pressure>>ventricular pressure ``` AV valves still open, blood flowing from atria to ventricles. When atria contract, remaining 20% of blood into ventricles Turbulent flow noise =4th heart sound AP>>VP
62
3. Ventricular Contraction
QRS complex results in ventricular contraction Ventricular pressure exceeds Atrial pressure causing AV valves close AV VALVES CLOSING causes 1st heart sound LUB Ventricular Pressure continues to increase until VP exceeds ARTERIAL PRESSURE. Ventricular pressure>> ARTERIAL Pressure Semilunar valves opening (separates ventricles from arteries) Ejection Phase-pumping blood out into the body Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction: no blood comes or leaves but pressure increases
63
4. Ventricular Relaxation
T-Wave-ventricular relaxation Ventricular Pressure decreases below ARTERIAL pressure -Atrioventricular valves open back to passive filling Semilunar valves close-2nd heart sound DUB VP continues to drop (Isovolumetric relaxation) VP drops below atrial pressure-AV Valves open back to passive filling
64
1st heart sound 2nd heart sound
AV valves snapping shut LUB Semilunar valves close DUB
65
At the end of Atrial Contraction, Ventricle is?
As full as it is going to be- Diastole
66
What is End Diastolic Volume
At the end of Atrial contraction Ventricle is as full as it will get
67
End of Systole=End Systolic Volume Heart is?
Heart is in ‘Empty stage’
68
What is the Equation for Stroke Volume?
EDV-ESV= Stroke Volume
69
Stroke Volume (SV)
Amount of blood pumped out per beat EDV-ESV=SV
70
Ejection Fraction?
How much blood pumped out per beat. (Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume) x 100% About 55-60% of blood is pumped out per beat

Human Physiology PB (9 decks)

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