Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology PB > Test 2 Chapter 8 Muscules Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Test 2 Chapter 8 Muscules Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Muscle (Contraction) Actions

A

Muscle contracts=shortens

Muscles produce force to shorten themselves.

Perform actions in antagonistic pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 3 Categories of Muscle Actions? (Contractions)

A
  1. Isometric (same length)
  2. Isotonic (Same tone & Same tension)
  3. Isokinetic (artificial Action via machine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are muscles arranged in pairs?

A

Antagonistic relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Isometric actions (or contractions)

A

Muscle produces force to shorten but remains the same length

ISO=SAME. METRIC=LENGTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In Isometric actions what is muscle trying to do?

A

Muscle wants to produce force to shorten but unable to overcome resistance

***Tension=Resistance (forces are equal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Isotonic Action (contraction)?

A

“Same tone same tension”

Force>Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 phases of Isotonic Tension?

A
  1. Concentric Action

2. Eccentric Muscle Actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ISOTONIC Action is also known as ?

A

DYNAMIC ACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is concentric action?

A

Muscle in shortening phase:

**Muscle produces more force than resistance—>Muscle shortens and elbow flexes

Force»Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is eccentric action?

A

Resist body or decelerate body by recruiting muscle force less than resistance. (Resisting gravity)

(Contract elbow flexors—> produce slightly less force than resistance)

Trying to shorten itself but muscle lengthens

Muscle force less than resistance

RESIST LENGTHENING AND CONTROL MOVEMENT*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Isokinetic Action (contraction)?

How is it performed?

A
  • Same speed and same velocity
  • Machine allows muscle joint to move at constant velocity
  • Artificial environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 Sensory inputs (Proprioceptors) to the muscle that tells it how it is performing?

A
  1. Muscle spindles

2. Golgi Tendon Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

A Stretch receptor in the body of a muscle that detects changes in muscle length

-they are encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of Muscle Spindles?

A
  1. Types:
  2. Intrafusal fibers-inside muscle spindle
  3. Extrafusal fibers-outside muscle spindle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The frequency at which most muscles reach tetanus

A

25-30 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the modified muscle fibers inside the muscle spindle?

A

Intrafusal FIbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

First Class Lever

A

Lever where axis is in the middle of force & resistance. Body has a couple of these (head and neck muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Second class lever

A

Axis on end

Resistance in middle

Force arm on opposite side of axis

Mechanical advantage Ex: Tricep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Third Class lever

A

Axis on one end

Force arm short and in the middle

Resistance arm on opposite side of axis

Mechanical disadvantage due to short force arm

Does increase speed and rom of joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Another name for contractin

A

Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dynamic action what changes?

A

Tension changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

Stimulated by what kind of neuron

A

Outside of muscle spindle
Normal muscle fibers
-alpha motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

WHAT DO THEY RECEIVE?

A

(Actin and myosin inside)

(2 types Nuclear chain and nuclear bag fibers)

Receive afferent neurons and

Small (Gamma motor neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do extrafusal fibers and Intrafusal fibers need to be stimulated together?

A

Yes so they remain sensitive to stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are Characteristics of Muscle Spindles?

They are __ receptors

Coactivated with____, so they can _______
And remain___

Functions at all

A

Stretch Receptors

Remain active at all lengths

Gamma motor neurons (Intrafusal fibers) so at short lengths can still detect stretch and remain sensitive

Functions at all lengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the simplest movement in human function?

Explain

A

Myotatic (Stretch Reflex) monosynaptic reflex

-Afferent AP—>afferent neuron (muscle spindle)—>dorsal root—>1 synapse—>back down—>stimulates extrafusal fibers (alpha motor neuron) of muscle from where it came to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

(The 2nd proprioceptor)

  1. Located where?
A
  1. Located in the MUSCULOTENDINOUS JUNCTION (the point where muscle fibers end and tendon begins

and functions with muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

Detects what?

A

Detects stretch of the tendon (caused by tension) due to excessive stretch of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ stimulates what kind of interneuron?

How is it a protective reflex?

A

Inhibitory neuron which moves alpha motor neuron away from threshold and SHUTS DOWN MUSCLE

Detect excessive tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the Inverse Stretch Reflex aka AUTOGENIC Inhibition

A

Tendon stretched excessively

AP—>afferent neuron—>dorsal root—>spinal cord—>INHIBITORY INTERNEURON—>moves alpha motor neuron away from threshold—>shuts down muscle by inhibiting alpha motor neuron

Muscle stimulated actually inhibits itself

Initiated by Golgi Tendon Organ

31
Q

Oxidative Aerobic Metabolism

Process: Start with oxidative/Aerobic

A

Uses Oxidative Metabolism

Requires A lot of oxygen—>gives a lot of ATP

Glucose—>glycolysis—>TCA—>ETC—>ATP + H2O + CO2

32
Q

What are the 2 Anaerobic Energy Production (Accessory Energy Pathways)?

A

No oxygen or not enough oxygen available to meet energy demands

  1. Creatine Phosphate (Phosphocreatine)
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis-Lactic Acid System
33
Q

Creatine Phosphate or Phosphocreatine

A

High energy compound to put ATP back together in 1 step

1 step: Creatine Phosphate + Adenosine Di Phosphate—>Creatine + Adenosine Triphosphate

Muscle can produce work w/o oxygen at very high levels for a short period of time

34
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis aka ____

What accumulates?

Give an overview of anaerobic glycolysis

What happens to pH?

A

Lactic Acid System

Occurs when no oxygen is available allows us to perform glycolysis without being dependent on mitochondria & oxygen to run Electron transport chain

Limit 30-120 seconds at high speeds

Accumulates lactate and Hydrogen ions

Anaerobic glycolysis—>glucose->pyruvate—>lactate and; H

**pH drops

35
Q

What is Fatigue?

What are the 2 types?

A

When a muscle cannot sustain a given performance

  1. Peripheral Fatigue
  2. Central Fatigue
36
Q

Peripheral Fatigue

A

Occurs in periphery muscle and; primarily catabolism

Fails to function because can’t recycle ATP fast to keep up with demand—>force drops

MOST FATIGUE OCCURS HERE

37
Q

Central Fatigue

A

Nervous system is not stimulating muscle

(Can’t pinpoint why/how it happened)

No stimulation=no force produced

38
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  1. Speed (Twitch)
  2. Color
  3. Biochemical Properties
39
Q

What are the speeds of the following twitches?

Fast Twitch

Medium Twitch

Slow Twitch

A

Fast Twitch 60 ms

Medium 100 ms (Skeletal muscle)

Slow Twitch 120 ms

40
Q

Color is due to?

2 types?

A

Myoglobin levels which traps and; binds oxygen but is found in the muscle

Red Fiber

White Fiber

41
Q

Compare myoglobin levels in
Red Fibers

White Fibers

A

Red fibers: high myoglobin

White fibers: less myoglobin

42
Q

Biochemical properties what are the two types and explain them

A
  1. Oxidative—>Use oxygen more readily
  2. Glycolytic—>function better anaerobically with Creatine phosphate, lactic acid system
    (Anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid system or Phosphocreatine)
43
Q

What are the 2 Muscle Fiber Types?

A
  1. Type 1: Slow oxidative
  2. Type IIa: Fast oxidative
  3. Type IIb: Fast glycolysis
44
Q

What are the two Fast fibers?

A

Type IIa—fast oxidative

Type IIb: fast glycolytic

45
Q

Explain Type 1 muscle fiber

A

(Slow oxidative)

Slow, red, oxidative.

Cross bridges @ slow rates & lots of myoglobin

46
Q

Describe the Type IIa fiber

A

(Fast oxidative)

Fast, Red, Oxidative

Works best in both anaerobic and aerobic

47
Q

Describe Type IIb fibers

A

(Fast glycolytic)

Fast, white, glycolytic

48
Q

Characteristics of Smoot Muscle

What type of shape? Size?
Develops from?

Number of nuclei?

Presence of myofibrils?

Striated?

Presence of regulatory Proteins and organelles?

Has a bit of

Presence of ___ different than skeletal muscle

A

Threadlike, spindle shaped, much smaller

Develops from single myocyte cell

***SINGLE NUCLEUS

Has actin; myosin but LACKS MYOFIBRILS (so no STRIATIONS)

Lacks Troponin and T-Tubules

Little bit of:Tropomyosin and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Dense body: Smooth muscle is similar to Z-line in which actin connects to

49
Q

In Smooth muscle, a dense body is similar to what?

A

Z-line in which actin connects to

50
Q

What are the 3 (4) phases of contraction in Smooth Muscle?

A
  1. Activation
  2. Phosphorylation
  3. Latch Phenomenon
  4. Relaxation
51
Q

Explain Activation phase in contracting smooth muscle

A

-Myosin head is unloaded have to cock and load it
(skeletal muscle is already loaded)

Activation: calcium influx from extracellular fluid (different from Skeletal Muscle where Ca comes from Sarcoplasmic)

**Calcium interacts with Calmodulin—>results in Phosphorylation (loading of myosin head)—>signal transduction pathway

52
Q

Explain Phosphorylation:

A

Load myosin head—>forms cross bridge—>power stroke—>

(Phosphorylation of myosin head) which loads myosin head

(No tropomyosin)

53
Q

Explain Latch Phenomenon

A

Prolonged power stroke…Hangs on for a while

**Myosin head is attached for prolonged amount of time

54
Q

Explain Relaxation in Smooth Muscle

A

Pump calcium out of the cell into extracellular fluid space

55
Q

Compare Twitch Length in skeletal muscle to smooth muscle length

A

Skeletal Muscle Twitch length: 100ms

Smooth Muscle: 3000ms (3 seconds)
Hella slow

56
Q

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle

Negative: Twitch Time?

Positive:

Force Production?

Best length of functioning?

A

Slow Twitch=Big Negative (3000ms)

Positive: energy efficient (doesn’t require as much ATP as skeletal muscle)

Too slow for human movement but conserves energy

**moves food through stomach

Produces force equal to skeletal muscle

Works equally well at all lengths

57
Q

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres?

At What lengths does smooth muscle work well?

Presence of Length Tension Relationship?

A

No sarcomeres=no overlaps

All staggered out therefore…

WORKS well at all lengths

No length tension relationship because smooth muscle works EQUALLY WELL AT ALL LENGTHS

58
Q

What are the 2 types of smooth muscle & how are they classified (how are they turned on)?

A
  1. Multi-unit smooth muscle=neurogenic

2. Unitary-Visceral (single unit)=Myogenic

59
Q

Define Myogenic

What are the 2 myogenic ways of stimulation?

A

Myogenic stimulates itself and doesn’t require external stimulus

  1. Pacemaker Activity-results in pacemaker potential (regularly reaches threshold)
  2. Slow Wave Potential-results in slow wave potentials. Irregular and Dependent upon Na/K pump
60
Q

Characteristics of Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle

How are multi-unit smooth muscles excited?

Where are they located?

A

Similar to skeletal muscle in that it has UNITS

Units allow us to grade tension—>Fine TENSION Gradation

Neurogenic->excited or imitated by nerve cell

-More units—>more force

not the norm

Located in large arteries and bronchiole tubes in circulatory and respiratory system.

Best examples: Smooth muscle in eye which adjusts the lens via ANS (involuntary)

61
Q

Characteristics of Unitary or Visceral or Single Unit Smooth Muscle

What makes unitary smooth muscle unitary?

What does Unitary Mean?

How is it turned on/Excited?

A

Fibers are connected to each other Via gap junctions-makes it unitary

Meaning that once 1 fiber is stimulated all cells eventually become stimulated this is known as FUNCTINAL SYNCYTIUM

Myogenic

62
Q

What is Slow Wave activity?

Regular rate or irregular?

A

Slow wave potentials

-Speeding up and slowing down of Na/K pump

Pump speeds up- pushes membrane potential away from threshold

Pump slows down-pushes membrane potential toward threshold

**slows down enough and reaches threshold it produces action potential.

IRREGULAR Action Potentials* (off beat) due to Na/K pump

63
Q

Define Myogenic Activity(again)

Do Myogenic unitary muscle fibers receive ANS input?

A

Definition: stimulates itself..does not require external stimulus to initiate own contraction

Does not require ANS input but receives it to slow down or speed up properties

64
Q

Describe Pacemaker Potential

A

Ex: Cell membrane has leaky membrane (Na)—>gradually hyper-polarizes until it reaches threshold—>Action Potential

*stimulates self from within due to leaky cell membrane**

Regularly reaches threshold (AP reached on regular basis-heart)

65
Q

What is the most PLASTIC tissue in the body?

What does that mean?

A

Skeletal Muscle

It can adapt and change to its function.

Adapts to more work being placed on it or less work being placed on it

66
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Atrophy

67
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

How does it happen?

A

Muscle has to produce more force than normal—>Adapts to stress of force put on it

How does this happen?
-Increased actin and myosin in fiber which increases cross sectional area of Fiber.

Increases Size and Number of Myofibrils

68
Q

Hyperplasia

When does it happen?

A
  • Increased number of muscle fibers
  • under abnormal conditions due to steroid use, and taking growth hormone and supplements can induce hyperplasia

Don’t believe it really occurs

69
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle decreases in size
Ex: cast around muscle

Produces less force than used to

Don’t use it…Use it

70
Q

In hypertrophy, does the number of muscle fibers increase?

A

NO, because muscles and nerve cells are unable to reproduce!

Increases size and number of myofibrils (bundles of actin and myosin
100s-1000s of them in a myofiber)

71
Q

What does Aerobic & Anaerobic Muscle training do?

A

Teaches the muscle to adapt.

Can train muscle to function more aerobically—>enhances aerobic metabolism

Can train muscle to function more anaerobically—> adapts to perform more anaerobically

72
Q

What is a functional Syncytium?

What does it produce (what is the result of functional Syncytium?

A

Functionally, Unitary smooth muscles works as 1 big unit or cell.

Peristalsis (unitary wave)

73
Q

How are Myogenic Properties Influenced?

List 2 Autonomic ways

List 3 other ways

A
  1. Autonomic Input-can speed up or slow down 2. ANS: Can make twitch larger or smaller in smooth muscle
  2. Hormones (epinephrine-speed up)
  3. Metabolic factors (enhance/decrease) arterioles-contraction
  4. Stretch
  5. Leaky membranes to calcium (continuous leak->continuous state of tone (or continual contraction) due to calcium leak.
74
Q

Where is Unitary Smooth Muscle found?

A
  1. Hollow organs in the body

GI tract

Ureters

Uterus

Bladder

All are myogenic

Human Physiology PB (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions