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Physiological Psychology > Test 2 (Chapter 5) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapter 5) Flashcards

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1
Q

contrast x-ray techniques

A

x-ray techniques that involve the injection into one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs x-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue

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2
Q

cerebral angiography

A

a contrast x-ray technique for visualizing the cerebral circulatory system by infusing a radiotraslucent dye into a cerebral artery

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3
Q

computed tomography

A

a computer-assisted x-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body

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4
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

a procedure in which high-resolution images of the structures of the living brain are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emits when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field

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5
Q

spatial resolution

A

ability of a recording technique to detect differences in spatial location (e.g. to pinpoint a location in the brain)

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6
Q

positron emission tompgraphy (PET)

A

a technique for visualizing brain activity, usually by measuring the accumulation of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose or radioactive water in the various areas of the brain

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7
Q

2-deoxyglucose

A

a substance similar to glucose that is taken up by active neurons in the brain and accumulates in them because, unlike glucose, it cannot be metabolized

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8
Q

functional MRI

A

a magnetic resonance imaging technique for inferring brain activity by measuring increased oxygen flow into particular areas

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9
Q

BOLD signal

A

a blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal, which is recorded to fMRI and is related to the level of neural firing

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10
Q

magnetoencephalography

A

a technique for recording changed produced in magnetic fields of the surface of the scalp by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity

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11
Q

temporal resolution

A

ability of a recording technique to detect differences in time (i.e. to pinpoint when an event occurred)

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12
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a technique for disrupting the activity in an area of a the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull; the effect of the disruption on cognition is assessed to clarify the function of the affected area of cortex

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13
Q

electroencephalography

A

a technique for recording the gross electrical activity of the brain through disc-shaped electrodes, which in humans are usually taped to the surface of the scalp

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

regular, 8- to 12-per-second, high-amplitude EEG waves that typically occur during relaxed wakefulness and just before falling asleep

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15
Q

event-related potentials

A

the EEG waves that regularly accompany certain psychological events

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16
Q

sensory evoked potential

A

a change in the electrical activity of the brain (e.g., in the cortical EEG) that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus

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17
Q

signal averaging

A

a method of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by reducing background noise

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18
Q

average evoked potentials

A

the various waves in the averaging signal

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19
Q

P300 Wave

A

the positive waves that occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for a subject

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20
Q

far-field potentials

A

EEG signals recorded in attenuated form at the scalp because they originate far away- for example, in the brain stem

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21
Q

electromyography

A

a procedure for measuring muscle tension by recording the gross electrical discharged of muscles

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22
Q

electrooculography

A

a technique for recording eye movements through electrodes places around the eye

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23
Q

skin conductance level

A

the steady level of skin conductance associated with a particular situation

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24
Q

skin conduction response

A

the transient change in skin conductance associated with a particular situation

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25
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a recording of the electrical signals associated with the heartbeats

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26
Q

hypertension

A

chronically high blood pressure

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27
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

a crude device composed of a hollow cuff, a rubber bulb for inflating it, and a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cuff

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28
Q

plethysmography

A

any technique for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a part of the body

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29
Q

stereotaxic surgery

A

-

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30
Q

stereotaxic atlas

A

a series of maps representing the three-dimensional structure of the brain that is used to determine coordinates for stereotaxic surgery

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31
Q

bregma

A

the point on the surface of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect, commonly used as a reference point in stereotaxic surgery on rodents

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32
Q

stereotaxic instrument

A

a device for performing stereotexic surgery, composed of two parts: a head holder and an electrode holder

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33
Q

aspiration

A

a lesion technique in which tissue is drawn off by suction through the fire tip of a glass pipette

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34
Q

radio-frequency

A

high frequency

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35
Q

knife cut

A

sectioning used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract

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36
Q

cryogenic blockade

A

the temporary elimination of neural activity in an area of the brain by cooling the area with a cryoprobe

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37
Q

unilateral lesion

A

lesions restricted to one half of the brain

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38
Q

bilateral lesion

A

lesions involving both sides of the brain

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39
Q

bipolar electrode

A

two insulated wires wound tightly together and cut at the end

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40
Q

intracellular unit recording

A

records the membrane potential from one neuron as it fires

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41
Q

extracellular unit recording

A

records the electrical disturbance that is created each time an adjacent neuron fires

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42
Q

multiple-unit recording

A

a graph of the total number of recorded action potentials per unit of time; the electrode top picks up signals from many neurons

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43
Q

invasive EEG recording

A

recording EEG signals through large implanted electrodes in lab animals

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44
Q

intragastically

A

injected through a tube into the stomach

45
Q

intraperitoneally

A

injected into the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen

46
Q

intramuscularly

A

injected into a large muscle

47
Q

subcutaneously

A

injected into the fatty tissue beneath the skin

48
Q

intravenously

A

injected into a large surface vein

49
Q

cannula

A

a fine, hollow tube that is implanted in the body for the purpose of introducing or extracting substances

50
Q

neurotoxins

A

neural poisons

51
Q

autoradiography

A

the technique of photographically developing brain slices that have been exposed to a radioactivity labeled substance such as 2-DG so that regions of high uptake are visible

52
Q

cerebral dialysis

A

a method for recording changes in brain chemistry in behaving animals in which a fine tube with a short semipermeable section is implanted in the brain, and extracellular neurochemicals are continuously drawn off for analysis

53
Q

chromatograph

A

a device for measuring the chemical constituents of liquids or gases

54
Q

antigen

A

proteins on the surface of cells that identify them as native or foreign

55
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

a procedure for locating particular proteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies

56
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A

a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain; molecules that bind to the mRNA that directs the synthesis of the target protein are synthesized and labeled, and brain slices are exposed to them

57
Q

gene knockout techniques

A

procedures for creating organisms in which a particular gene has been replaced with another

58
Q

gene replacement techniques

A

procedures for creating organisms in which a particular gene has been replaced with another

59
Q

transgenic mice

A

mice into which the genetic material of another species has been introduced

60
Q

green fluorescent protein

A

a protein that is found in some species of jellyfish and that fluoresces when exposed to blue light; thus inserting GFP genes into neurons allows researchers to visualize the neurons

61
Q

brainbow

A

a neuroanatomical technique that involves inserting various mutations of the green fluorescent protein gene into neural tissue so that different neurons fluorescence in different colors

62
Q

behavioral paradigm

A

a single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon

63
Q

single test approach

A

give one test to patient to determine whether they have structural or functional brain damage

64
Q

standardized test battery approach

A

a test given in the same manner to all takers

65
Q

Halstead Reitan neuropsychological test battery

A

a set of tests that tend to be performed poorly by brain-damaged patients; the scores on each test are added together to form a single aggregate score

66
Q

customized test battery approach

A

neuropsychologist selects a common battery of tests and depending on the results, they then select a series of test customized to each patient in an effort to characterize in more detail the general symptoms revealed by the common battery

67
Q

intelligence quotient

A

IQ, a scored derived from one of he standardized tests designed to assess intelligence

68
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

a widely used test of general intelligence that includes 11 subsets

69
Q

digit span

A

the longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated 50% of the time- for most people, it is 7

70
Q

token test

A

a preliminary test for language related deficits that involves following verbal instructions to touch or move tokens of different shapes, sizes, and colors

71
Q

sodium amytal test

A

a test involving the anesthetization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then the other determine which hemisphere plays the dominant role in language

72
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

73
Q

contralateral

A

projecting from one side of the body to the other

74
Q

dichotic listening test

A

a test of language lateralization which two different sequences of three spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard

75
Q

short term memory

A

memories (e.g., recall of a phone number that are stored only until a person stops focusing on them- typically assessed with the digit-span test

76
Q

long term memory

A

memory for experiences that endured after the experiences are no longer to focus of attention

77
Q

anterograde

A

in deficits of memory, affecting the retention of things learned after the damage

78
Q

retrograde

A

in terms of deficits in memory, affecting the retention of things learned before the damage

79
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memories for general facts and knowledge

80
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memories for the particular events and experience’s of one’s life

81
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memories

82
Q

implicit memory

A

memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious recall or recognition

83
Q

repetition priming tests

A

tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them

84
Q

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A

a neuropsychological test that evaluated a patient’s ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules

85
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

a division of biopsychology that focuses on the use of functional brain imaging to study the neural bases of human cognition

86
Q

constituent cognitive processes

A

simple cognitive processes that combine to produce complex cognitive processes and that are assumed to be mediated by neural activity in particular parts of the brain

87
Q

paired image substraction technique

A

the use of PET or fMRI to locate constituent cognitive processes in the brain by producing an image of the difference in brain activity associated with two cognitive tasks that differ in terms of a single constituent cognitive processes

88
Q

default mode

A

the pattern of brain activity that is associated with relaxed wakefulness, when an individual is not focused on the external world

89
Q

default mode network

A

the network of brain structures that tend to be active when the brain is in default mode

90
Q

species-common behaviors

A

behaviors that are displayed in the same manner by virtually all like members of other species

91
Q

open-field test

A

a method for recording and scoring the general activity of an animal in a large, barren chamber

92
Q

thigmotaxic

A

tending to stay near the walls of an open space such as a test chamber

93
Q

colony-intrude paradigm

A

a paradigm for the study of aggressive and defensive behaviors in more rats; a small male intruder rat is placed in an established colony in order to study the aggressive responses of the colony’s alpha male and the defensive responses of the intruder

94
Q

elevated plus maze

A

an apparatus for recording defensiveness or anxiety in rats by assessing their tendency to avoid the two open arms of a plus sign shaped maze mounted some distance above the floor of a lab

95
Q

lordosis

A

the arched-back, rump up, tail to the side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission

96
Q

intromission

A

insertion of the penis into the vagina

97
Q

ejaculates

A

to eject sperm from the penis

98
Q

lordosis quotient

A

the proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis

99
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning paradigm

A

a paradigm in which the experimenter pairs an initially neutral stimulus (CS) with a stimulus (CS) that elicits a reflexive response (UCR); after several pairing, the neutral stimulus elicits a response (CR)

100
Q

operant conditioning paradigm

A

a paradigm in which the rate of a particular voluntary response is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment

101
Q

self-stimulation paradigm

A

a paradigm in which animals press a level to administer reinforcing electrical stimulation to their own brains

102
Q

conditions taste aversion

A

an avoidance response developed by animals to the taste of food whose consumption has been followed by illness

103
Q

neophobia

A

afraid of new things

104
Q

temporal contiguity

A

occurs when two stimuli are experienced close together in time and as a result an association may be formed (i.e. rats become ill after eating with conditioned taste aversion)

105
Q

principle of equipotentiality

A

the view that conditioning proceeds in basically the same manner regardless of the particular stimuli and responses under investigation

106
Q

radial arm maze

A

a maze in which several arms radiates out from a centrol starting chamber, commonly used to study spatial learning in rats

107
Q

Morris Water maze

A

a pool of milky water that has a goal platform invisible just beneath its surface and is used to study the ability of rats and to learn spatial locations

108
Q

conditioned defensive burying

A

the burial of a source of aversion stimulation by rodents

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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