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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system

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4
Q

gonads

A

the testes and the ovaries

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5
Q

testes

A

the male gonads

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6
Q

ovaries

A

the female gonads

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7
Q

copulation

A

sexual intercourse

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8
Q

sperm cells

A

cells produced in the testes

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9
Q

ova

A

produced in the ovaries

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10
Q

sex chromosomes

A

the pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex: XX for a female and XY for a male

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11
Q

X chromosomes

A

the large sex chromosones; females have two, males have one

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12
Q

Y chromosome

A

half of the sex chromosomes in males

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13
Q

amino acid derivative hormones

A

hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from amino acids

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14
Q

peptide hormones

A

hormones that are short chains of amino acids

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15
Q

protein hormones

A

hormones that are long chains of amino acids

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16
Q

steroid hormones

A

hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

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17
Q

estrogens

A

the class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries

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18
Q

androgens

A

the class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone

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19
Q

testosterone

A

the most common androgen

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20
Q

estradiol

A

the most common estrogen

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21
Q

progestins

A

the class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone

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22
Q

progesterone

A

a progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts fpr pregnancy

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23
Q

adrenal cortex

A

the outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoics in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts

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24
Q

master gland

A

aka the pituitary gland

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25
Q

tropic hormones

A

the primary function is the influence the release of hormones from other glands

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26
Q

gonadotropin

A

the pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads

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27
Q

posterior pituitary

A

the part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons

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28
Q

pituitary stalk

A

the structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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29
Q

anterior pituitary

A

the part of the pituitary gland that releases trpic hormones

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30
Q

menstrual cycle

A

the hormone-regulated cycle in women of follicle growth, egg release, buildup of the uterus lining, and menstruation

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31
Q

vasopressin

A

one of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus also called antidiuretic hormone

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32
Q

oxytocin

A

one of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in femals stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejaculation of milk during suckling

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33
Q

paraventricular nuclei

A

hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary

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34
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized

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35
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

neurons that release hormones into general circulation

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36
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

aka vasopressin

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37
Q

hypothalamopituitary portal system

A

the vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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38
Q

portal vein

A

a vein that connects one capillary network with another

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39
Q

releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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40
Q

release inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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41
Q

thyotropin releasing hormone

A

the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyrptropin from the anterior pituitary

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42
Q

thyrotropin

A

the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland

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43
Q

thyroid gland

A

one of the largest endocrine glands that releases hormones

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44
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

the hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of two gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary

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45
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

the gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of ovarian follicles

46
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

the gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle

47
Q

pancreas

A

organ that releases insulin

48
Q

pulsatile hormone release

A

the typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day

49
Q

dimorphic

A

two common standards- for humans, female and male

50
Q

primordial gonads

A

the pair of gonadal structures that each fetus has in the early stages of development, regardless of its genetic sex

51
Q

sry gene

A

a gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the release of sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of testes

52
Q

sry protein

A

a protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis

53
Q

wolffian system

A

the embryonic precursor of the male reproductive ducts

54
Q

mullerian system

A

the embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts

55
Q

seminal vesicles

A

hold to fluid in which sperm cells are ejaculated

56
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm cells travel through these to the seminal vesicles

57
Q

uterus

A

the upper part of the vagina, the womb

58
Q

vagina

A

female sex organ that facilitates sexual intercourse and childbirth

59
Q

fallopian tubes

A

tubes through which ova travel from the ovaries to the uterus, where they can be fertilized (aka oviducts)

60
Q

mullerian-inhibiting substance

A

the testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts (the mullerian system) to degenerate and the testes to descend

61
Q

scrotum

A

the sac that holds the male testes outside the body cavity

62
Q

ovarietomy

A

the removal of the ovaries

63
Q

orchidectomy

A

the removal of the testes

64
Q

gonadectomy

A

the surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries); castration

65
Q

castration

A

aka gonadectomy; surgical removal of the gonads

66
Q

genitals

A

the external reproductive organs

67
Q

bipotential precursor

A

both male and female genitals develop from the same precursor

68
Q

glans

A

grow into the head of the penis for the male or the clitoris for the female

69
Q

penis

A

grows out of the glands, the male sex organ

70
Q

clitoris

A

grows out of the gland; female sex organ that is a visible button-like portion near the front junction of the labia minora

71
Q

urethral folds

A

fuse in the male or enlarge to become the labia minora in the female

72
Q

labia minora

A

the inner lips, or two flaps of skin on either side of the vaginal opening

73
Q

lateral bodies

A

form the shaft of the penis in the male or the hood of the clitoris in the female

74
Q

labioscrotal swellings

A

form the scrotum in the male or the labia majora in the female

75
Q

labia majora

A

the two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downwind, the outer lips of the vagina

76
Q

puberty

A

the transitional period between childhood and adulthood during which fertility is achieved, the adolescent growth spurt occurs, and the secondary sex characteristics develop

77
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

body features, other than the reproductive organs, that distinguish men from women

78
Q

growth hormone

A

the anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt

79
Q

androstenedione

A

the adrenal androgen that triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in human females

80
Q

axillary hair

A

underarm hair

81
Q

sexual dimorphisms

A

instances where a behavior (or a structure) comes in two distinctive classes (male or female) into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned

82
Q

perinatal

A

around the time of birth

83
Q

aromatase

A

an enzyme that promotes the conversions of testosterone to estradiol

84
Q

aromatization

A

the chemical process by which testosteron is converted to estradiol

85
Q

aromatization hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosteron through a process called aromatization

86
Q

alpha fetoprotein

A

a protein that is present in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it

87
Q

masculinizes

A

enhances or produces male characteristics

88
Q

defeminizes

A

suppresses or disrupts female characteristics

89
Q

proceptive behaviors

A

behaviors that solicit the sexual advances of members of the other sex

90
Q

androgenic insensitivity syndrome

A

the developmental disorder of genetic males in which a mutation to the androgen receptor gene renders the androgen receptors defective and causes the development of a female body

91
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

a sexual developmental disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculinize the bodies of genetic females

92
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

a congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to the excessive release of adrenal androgens

93
Q

replacement injections

A

injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it

94
Q

impotent

A

unable to achieve a penile erection

95
Q

sterility

A

inability to reproduce

96
Q

dihydrotestosterone

A

a nonaromatizable androgen, restores the copulatory behavior of castrated male primates (but not in male rodents)

97
Q

estrus

A

the portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility

98
Q

estrous cycle

A

the cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals

99
Q

anabolic steroids

A

steroid drugs that are similar to testosteron and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects

100
Q

testicular atrophy

A

wasting away of the testes

101
Q

gynecomastia

A

breast growth in men

102
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive growth of body hair

103
Q

medial preoptic area

A

the area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexxual behavior

104
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

the nucleus in the medial preoptic area of rats that is larger in male than in females

105
Q

lateral tegmental field

A

the medial preoptic area appears to control male sexual behavior via a tract that projects to this area of the midbrain

106
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

a hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior

107
Q

progesterone receptors

108
Q

sexual identity

A

the sex (male or female) that a person feels himself or herself to be

109
Q

fraternal birth order effect

A

the finding that the probability of a man’s being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has

110
Q

maternal immune hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that mothers become progressively more immune to some masculinizing hormone in their male fetuses; proposed to explain fraternal birth order effect

111
Q

transsexualism

A

a disorder of sexual identity in which the individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex

112
Q

surgical sexual reassignment

A

surgery to change one’s sex

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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