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Physiological Psychology > Test 2 (Chapter 4) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapter 4) Flashcards

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0
Q

Microelectrodes

A

Extremely fine recording electrodes, which are used for intracellular recording

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1
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

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2
Q

Resting potential

A

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about -70 mV

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3
Q

Ions

A

Positively or negatively charged particles

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4
Q

Concentration gradients

A

-

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5
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

-

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6
Q

Ion channels

A

Pores in neural membranes through which specific ions pass

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7
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Active transport mechanisms that pump Na+ ions out of neurons and K+ ions in

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8
Q

Transporters

A

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane

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9
Q

Depolarize

A

To decrease the resting membrane potential

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10
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

To increase the resting membrane potential

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11
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded post-synaptic depolarizations, which increase the likelihood that an action potential will be generated

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12
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded post-synaptic hyperpolarizations, which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated

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13
Q

Graded responses

A

Responses whose magnitude is indicative of the magnitude of the stimuli that induce them

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

The conical structure at the junction between the axon and cell body

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15
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV

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16
Q

Action potential

A

A massive momentary reversal of a neurons membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV

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17
Q

All or none responses

A

Responses that are not graded, that either occur to their full extent or not at all

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18
Q

Integration

A

Adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal

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19
Q

Spatial summation

A

The integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neurons membrane

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20
Q

Temporal summation

A

The integration of neural signals that occur at different times at the same synapse

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21
Q

Voltage-activated ion channels

A

Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

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22
Q

Rising phase

A

-

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23
Q

Repolarization

A

-

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24
Q

Absolute refractor period

A

A brief period (typically 1 to 2 milliseconds) after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron

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25
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A period after the absolute refractory period during which a higher than normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire

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26
Q

Nondecremental

A

-

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27
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction opposite to the normal direction; conduction from axon terminals back toward the cell body

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28
Q

Orthodromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction in the normal direction- from the cell body toward the terminal buttons

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29
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between adjacent myelin segments on an axon

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30
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Conduction of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon

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31
Q

Hodgkin-Huxley Model

A

-

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32
Q

Axodendritic synapses

A

-

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33
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the site of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain

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34
Q

Axosomatic synapses

A

-

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35
Q

Dendrite deistic synapses

A

-

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36
Q

Axoaxonic spines

A

-

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37
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

-

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38
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

-

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39
Q

Directed synapses

A

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of Neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity

40
Q

Non directed synapses

A

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are not close together

41
Q

String of beads synapses

A

-

42
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Short amino acid chains comprising between 3 and 36 amino acids

43
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small, spherical membranes that store neurotransmitter molecules and release them into the synaptic cleft

44
Q

Golgi complex

A

Structure in the cell bodies and terminal buttons of neurons that package Neurotransmitters and other molecules in vesicles

45
Q

Coexistence

A

The presence of more than one neurotransmitter in the same neuron

46
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of releasing a neurotransmitter

47
Q

Voltage activated calcium channels

A

-

48
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that are specialized to receive chemical, mechanical, or radiant signals from the environment; also proteins that contain binding sites for particular Neurotransmitters

49
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds to another molecule;

50
Q

Receptor subtypes

A

The different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind

51
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Receptors that are associated with ligand activated ion channels

52
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins

53
Q

G proteins

A

Proteins that are located inside neurons (and some other cells) and are attached to metabotropic receptors in the cell membrane

54
Q

Second messenger

A

A chemical synthesized in a neuron in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor in its cell membrane

55
Q

Autoreceptors

A

A type of metabotropic receptor located on the presynaptic membrane and sensitive to a neurons own neurotransmitter

56
Q

Reuptake

A

The drawing back into the terminal button of neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse; the more common of the two mechanisms for deactivating a released neurotransmitter

57
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

The breakdown of chemicals by enzymes- one of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters

58
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them

59
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a choline molecule

60
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

The enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter acetylcholine

61
Q

Gap junctions

A

Narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels containing cytoplasm through which electrical signals and small molecules can pass readily

62
Q

Amino acid Neurotransmitters

A

A class of small-molecules Neurotransmitters, which included the amino acids glutamate and GABA

63
Q

Glutamate

A

The brainsost prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia

64
Q

Aspartate

A

An amino acid transmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat

65
Q

Glycine

A

An amino acid neurotransmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat

66
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

The amino acid Neurotransmitter that is synthesized from glutamate; the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system

67
Q

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

A

Small-molecule Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from monoamines and comprise two classes: catecholamines and indolamines

68
Q

Dopamine

A

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters; dopaminergic neurons are damaged in Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters

70
Q

Norepinephrine

A

One of the three catecholamine Neurotransmitters

71
Q

Serotonin

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter; the only member of this class of monoamines Neurotransmitters found in the mammalian nervous system

72
Q

Catecholamines

A

The three monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

73
Q

Indolamines

A

The class of monoamine Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from tryptophan; serotonin is the only member of this class found in the mammalian nervous system

74
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a choline molecule

75
Q

Soluble gas Neurotransmitters

A

A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that included nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

76
Q

Nitric oxide

A

A soluble gas neurotransmitter

77
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

A soluble gas neurotransmitter

78
Q

Retrograde transmission

A

-

79
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that are chemical similar to the active components of marijuana

80
Q

Anandamide

A

The first endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized

81
Q

Neuropeptides transmitters

A

Peptides that function as Neurotransmitters, of which about 100 have been identified

82
Q

Pituitary peptides

A

One if the five classes of neuropeptides transmitters

It consists of those first identified as hormones released by the pituitary

83
Q

Hypothalamic peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters

It consists of those first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus

84
Q

Brain gut peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters

Consists of those first discovered in the gut

85
Q

Opioid peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters

It consists of those with a structure similar to the active ingredients of opium

86
Q

Miscellaneous peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters

It consists of those that don’t for into the other four classes

87
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

88
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

89
Q

Receptor blockers

A

Antagonistic drugs that bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and block the access of the usual neurotransmitter

90
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

-

91
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

-

92
Q

Atropine

A

A receptor blockers that exerts an antagonistic effects at muscarinic receptors

93
Q

Botox

A

Botulinum toxin, which blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and is used cosmetically to treat wrinkles

94
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit

95
Q

Endogenous

A

Naturally occurring in the body

96
Q

Enkephalins

A

The first class of endogenous opioids to be discovered

97
Q

Endorphins

A

A class of endogenous opioids

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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