Chapter 7 Flashcards
exteroceptive sensory systems
the five sesnroy systems that interpret stimuli from outside the body: vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste
primary sensory cortex
an area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system
secondary sensory cortex
areas od sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of one sensory system or from other areas of sensory cortex of the same system
association cortex
any area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system
hierarchical organization
organization into a series of levels that can be ranked with respect to one another; for example, primary cortex, secondary cortex, and association cortex perform progressively more detailed analysis
sensation
the process of detecting the presence of stimuli
perception
the higher-order process of integrating recognizing, and interpreting complex patterns of sensations
functional segregation
organization into different areas, of each of which performs a different function; for example, in sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus
parallel systems
systems in which info flows through the components over multiple pathways
parallel processing
the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network
binding problem
the problem that asks “How does the brain combine individual sensory attribute to produce integrated perceptions?”
amplitude
perception of loudness
frequency
perception of pitch
complexity
perception of timbre
loudness
amplitude of the molecular vibrations
pitch
frequency of the molecular vibrations
timbre
complexity of the molecular vibrations
fourier analysis
a mathematical procedure for breaking down a complex wave form (e.g., an EEG signal) into component sine waves of varying frequency
fundamental frequency
the highest frequency of which the various component frequencies of a sound are multiples
missing fundamental
the characteristic of pitch perception that says that the pitch of a complex sound may not be directly related to the frequency of any of he sound’s components
tympanic membrane
the eardrum
ossicles
the three small bones of the middle ear; the malleus, the incus, and the stapes
malleus
the hammer; the first of the small bones of the middle ear
incus
the anvil; the second of the small bones in the middle ear
stapes
the stirrup the third of the small bones in the middle ear
oval window
the membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea
cochlea
the long, coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid and contains the organ of Corti and its auditory receptors
organ of Corti
the auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane
hair cells
the receptors of the auditory system
basilar membrane
the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded
tectorial membrane
the cochlear membrane that rests of the hair cells
auditory nerve
the branch of cranial nerve VII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane
retinotopic
organizaed according to a map of the retina, like the primary visual cortex
tonotopic
organized according to the frequency of sound, like the primary auditory cortex
semicircular canals
the receptive organs of the vestibular system
vestibular system
the senory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system
cochlear nuclei
the locations at which the axons of each auditory nerve synapse ipsilaterally
superior olives
medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization
lateral lemniscus
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inferior colliculi
the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives
medial geniculate nuclei
the auditory thalamus nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
primary auditory cortex
where projection of sound ends; the part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory info; is located bilaterally within the lateral fissure
medial superior olives
neurons located in this structure respond to slight differences in the time of arrival of signals from the two ears
lateral superior olives
neurons in this location respond to slight differences in the amplitude of sounds from the two ears
core region
the three adjacent areas that comprise the primary auditory cortex
belt
the band that surrounds the core region
parabelt areas
areas of secondary cortex outside the belt
anterior auditory pathway
pathway more involved in identifying sounds (what)