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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

exteroceptive sensory systems

A

the five sesnroy systems that interpret stimuli from outside the body: vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste

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2
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

an area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system

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3
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

areas od sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of one sensory system or from other areas of sensory cortex of the same system

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4
Q

association cortex

A

any area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system

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5
Q

hierarchical organization

A

organization into a series of levels that can be ranked with respect to one another; for example, primary cortex, secondary cortex, and association cortex perform progressively more detailed analysis

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6
Q

sensation

A

the process of detecting the presence of stimuli

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7
Q

perception

A

the higher-order process of integrating recognizing, and interpreting complex patterns of sensations

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8
Q

functional segregation

A

organization into different areas, of each of which performs a different function; for example, in sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus

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9
Q

parallel systems

A

systems in which info flows through the components over multiple pathways

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10
Q

parallel processing

A

the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network

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11
Q

binding problem

A

the problem that asks “How does the brain combine individual sensory attribute to produce integrated perceptions?”

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12
Q

amplitude

A

perception of loudness

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13
Q

frequency

A

perception of pitch

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14
Q

complexity

A

perception of timbre

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15
Q

loudness

A

amplitude of the molecular vibrations

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16
Q

pitch

A

frequency of the molecular vibrations

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17
Q

timbre

A

complexity of the molecular vibrations

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18
Q

fourier analysis

A

a mathematical procedure for breaking down a complex wave form (e.g., an EEG signal) into component sine waves of varying frequency

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19
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the highest frequency of which the various component frequencies of a sound are multiples

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20
Q

missing fundamental

A

the characteristic of pitch perception that says that the pitch of a complex sound may not be directly related to the frequency of any of he sound’s components

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21
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

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22
Q

ossicles

A

the three small bones of the middle ear; the malleus, the incus, and the stapes

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23
Q

malleus

A

the hammer; the first of the small bones of the middle ear

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24
Q

incus

A

the anvil; the second of the small bones in the middle ear

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25
Q

stapes

A

the stirrup the third of the small bones in the middle ear

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26
Q

oval window

A

the membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea

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27
Q

cochlea

A

the long, coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid and contains the organ of Corti and its auditory receptors

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28
Q

organ of Corti

A

the auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane

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29
Q

hair cells

A

the receptors of the auditory system

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30
Q

basilar membrane

A

the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded

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31
Q

tectorial membrane

A

the cochlear membrane that rests of the hair cells

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32
Q

auditory nerve

A

the branch of cranial nerve VII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane

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33
Q

retinotopic

A

organizaed according to a map of the retina, like the primary visual cortex

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34
Q

tonotopic

A

organized according to the frequency of sound, like the primary auditory cortex

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35
Q

semicircular canals

A

the receptive organs of the vestibular system

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36
Q

vestibular system

A

the senory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system

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37
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

the locations at which the axons of each auditory nerve synapse ipsilaterally

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38
Q

superior olives

A

medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization

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39
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

-

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40
Q

inferior colliculi

A

the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives

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41
Q

medial geniculate nuclei

A

the auditory thalamus nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex

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42
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

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43
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

where projection of sound ends; the part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory info; is located bilaterally within the lateral fissure

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44
Q

medial superior olives

A

neurons located in this structure respond to slight differences in the time of arrival of signals from the two ears

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45
Q

lateral superior olives

A

neurons in this location respond to slight differences in the amplitude of sounds from the two ears

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46
Q

core region

A

the three adjacent areas that comprise the primary auditory cortex

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47
Q

belt

A

the band that surrounds the core region

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48
Q

parabelt areas

A

areas of secondary cortex outside the belt

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49
Q

anterior auditory pathway

A

pathway more involved in identifying sounds (what)

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50
Q

posterior auditory pathway

A

pathway more involved in the location of sounds (where)

51
Q

conductive deafness

A

class of hearing impairments associated with damage to the ossicles

52
Q

nerve deafness

A

class of hearing impairments associated with damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve

53
Q

somatosensation

A

sensations from the body

54
Q

somatosensory system

A

the system that mediates bodily sensations

55
Q

exteroceptive system

A

system that senses external stimuli that are applied to the skin

56
Q

proprioceptive system

A

system that monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance

57
Q

interoceptive system

A

system that provides general information about conditions within the body

58
Q

mechanical stimuli

A

touch

59
Q

thermal stimuli

A

temperature

60
Q

nociceptive stimuli

A

pain

61
Q

free nerve endings

A

neuron endings that lack specialized structures on them and that detect cutaneous pain and changes in temperature

62
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

the largest and most deeply positioned cutaneous receptors, which are sensitive to sudden displacements of the skin

63
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

cutaneous receptors that adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation

64
Q

Rufini endings

A

cutaneous receptors that adapt slowly and respond to skin stretch

65
Q

stereognosis

A

the process of identifying objects by touch

66
Q

dermatome

A

an area of the bosy that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of one segment of the spinal cord

67
Q

dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

A

the division of the somatosensory system that ascends in the dorsal portion of the spinal white matter and carries signals related to touch and proprioception

68
Q

anterolateral system

A

the division of the somatosensory system that ascends in the anterolateral portion of spinal white matter and carries signals related to pain and temperature

69
Q

dorsal columns

A

the somatosensory tracts that ascend in to dorsal portion of the spinal cord white matter

70
Q

dorsal column nuclei

A

part of the pathway of the dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system (receives signals from the dorsal columns); the place where the neurons decussate

71
Q

decussate

A

cross over to the other side of the brain

72
Q

medial lemniscus

A

the somatosensory pathway between the dorsal column nuclei and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

73
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A

a thalamicc relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems

74
Q

primary somatosensory cortex (SI)

A

neurons from the ventral posterior nucleus project to this part of the brain; is arranged in a somatotopic manner; the greatest portion is dedicated to receiving input from the parts of the body we used to make tactile discriminations and little info from large areas of the body

75
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex (SII)

A

neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to this part of the brain; receives much of its info from SI; somatotopically organized; receives substantial info from both sides of the body

76
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

one of the three tracts of the anterolateral system

77
Q

spinoreticular tract

A

one of the three tracts of the anterolateral system

78
Q

spinotectal tract

A

one of the three tracts of the anterolateral system

79
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

when stimulated, patients report somatosensory sensations in various parts of their body (somatotopic)

80
Q

parafascicular nuclei

A

-

81
Q

somatotopic

A

organized according to a map of the surface of the body, like the primary somatosensory cortex

82
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

the somatotopic map that corresponds to the primary somatosensory cortex

83
Q

posterior parietal lobe

A

the location in the brain where much of the output of SI and SII goes to the association cortex of this structure; contains bimodal neurons

84
Q

bimodal neurons

A

neurons that respond to activation of two different sensory systems

85
Q

hemianopsia

A

a condition in which a scotoma covers half the visual field

86
Q

astereognosia

A

an inability to recognize objects by touch that is not attributable to a simple sensory deficit or to general intellectual impairment

87
Q

asomatognosia

A

a deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body that is typically produced by damage to the parietal lobe

88
Q

anosognosia

A

the common failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms

89
Q

contralateral neglect

A

a disturbance of the patient’s ability to respond to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to a site of brain damage, usually the left side of the body following damage to the right parietal lobe

90
Q

rubber hand illusion

A

the feeling that an extraneous object, usually a rubber hand, is actually part of one’s own body

91
Q

hemispherectomized

A

patients with one hemisphere removed

92
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

the cortex of the anterior cingulate gyrus, which is involved in the emotional reaction to painful stimulation

93
Q

gate-control theory

A

theory that suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either blocks pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain

94
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct which contains opiate receptors and activated a descending analgesia circuit

95
Q

endorphins

A

a class of endogeneous opioids

96
Q

raphe nuclei

A

a cluster of serotonergic nuclei in the core of the medulla

97
Q

neuropathic pain

A

severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable painful stimlulus

98
Q

flavor

A

the combines impression of taste and smell

99
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals released by an animal and elicit through their odor specific patterns of behavior in its conspecifics

100
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

the mucous membrane that lines the upper nasal passages and contains the olfactory receptor cells

101
Q

cribiform plate

A

the porous portion of the skull through which the acons of the olfactory receptor cells pass through

102
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

the first cranial nerves, whose output goes primarily to the amygdala and piriform cortex

103
Q

olfactory tracts

A

the place where the olfactory receptor cells synapse

104
Q

olfactory glumeruli

A

discrete clusters of neurons on the surface of the olfactory bulbs; each neuron in a particular cluster contains the same type of receptor protein

105
Q

chemotopic

A

organized according to a map of various odors, like the olfactory bulb

106
Q

piriform cortex

A

an area of medial temporal cortex that is adjacent to the amygdala and that receives direct olfactory input

107
Q

medial dorsal nuclei

A

the thalamic relay nuclei of the olfactory system

108
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

the cortexof the interior frontal lobes, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus

109
Q

taste buds

A

clusters of taste receptors found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity

110
Q

papillae

A

small protuberances on the tongue where taste buds are located

111
Q

solitary nucleus

A

the medullary relay nucleus of the gustatory system

112
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A

part of the thalamus where neurons from the solitary nucleus synapse

113
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

the part of the cortex hidden in the lateral fissue where the gustatory axons of the ventral posterior nucleus project

114
Q

secondary gustatory cortex

A

part of the cortex that is in the orbitofrontal cortex

115
Q

anosmia

A

the inability to smell

116
Q

aguesia

A

the inability to taste

117
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to focus on a small subset of the multitude of stimuli that are being received at any one time

118
Q

endogenous attention

A

attention focused by internal cognitive processes

119
Q

exogenous attention

A

attention focused by external events

120
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

the ability to unconsciously monitor the contents of one conversation while consciously focusing on another

121
Q

change blindness

A

the difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended-to parts of a visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image

122
Q

simultanagnosia

A

a disorder characterized by the inability to attend to more than one thing at a time

123
Q

top-down

A

a sort of neural mechanism that involves activation of lower cortical areas by higher cortical areas

124
Q

bottom-up

A

a sort of neural mechanism that involves activation of higher-cortical areas by lower cortical areas

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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