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Physiological Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

first-night phenomenon

A

the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory

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2
Q

K complex

A

a single large negative wave (upward deflection)

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3
Q

sleep spindle

A

a single large positive wave (downward deflection)

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4
Q

delta waves

A

the largest and slowest EEG waves

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5
Q

initial stage 1 EEG

A

the period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REM

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6
Q

emergent stage 1 EEG

A

all periods of stage 1 sleep EEG except initial stage 1; each is associated with REMs

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7
Q

REM sleep

A

the stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of core muscle tone, and emergent stage 1 EEG

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8
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-REM sleep; all stages of sleep that aren’t REM sleep

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9
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

stages 3 and 4 of sleep, which are characterized by the largest and slowest EEG waves

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10
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking

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11
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

the theory that dream content reflects the cerebral cortex’s inherent tendency to make sense of, and give form to, the random signals it receives from the brain stem during REM sleep

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12
Q

recuperation theories of sleep

A

theories based on the premise that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

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13
Q

adaptation theories of sleep

A

theories of sleep based on the premis that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy, rather than to fulfill some particular physiological need

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14
Q

executive function

A

a collection of cognitive abilities (e.g., planning, insightful thinking, and reference memory) that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

microsleeps

A

brief periods of sleep that occur in sleep-deprived subjects while they remain sitting or standing

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16
Q

carousel apparatus

A

an apparatus used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in laboratory rats

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17
Q

yoked control

A

the rat in the control condition when doing sleep deprivation tests with a carousel apparatus

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18
Q

default theory

A

theory that says it is difficult to stay continuously in NREM sleep, so the brain periodically switches to either wakefulness or REM sleep

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19
Q

circadian rhythms

A

diurnal (daily) cycles of body functions

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20
Q

nocturnal animals

A

animals that sleep for much of the day and stay awake at night

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21
Q

entrain

A

control the timing of

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22
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental cues, such as the light-dark cycle, that entrain circadian rhythms

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23
Q

free-running rhythms

A

circadian rhtthms that do not depend on environmental cues to keep them on a regular schedule

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24
Q

free-running period

A

the duration of one cycle of a free-running rhythm

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25
Q

biological clock

A

the internal clock that habitually runs a little slow unless it is entrained by time-related cues in the environment

26
Q

internal desynchronization

A

the cycling on different schedules of the free-running circadian rhythms of two different processes

27
Q

jet lag

A

the adverse effects on body function of the acceleration of zeitgebers during east-bound flights or their deceleration during west-bound flights

28
Q

phase advance

A

when circadian rhythms are accelerated during east-bound flights

29
Q

phase delay

A

when circaidna rhythms are decelerated during west-bound flights

30
Q

circadian clock

A

an internal timing mechanism that is capable of maintaining daily cycles of physiological functions, even where there are no temporal cues from the environment

31
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions

32
Q

melanopsin

A

photopgiment found in retinal cells that respond to changes in background illumination and play a role in synchronizing circadian rhythms

33
Q

tau

A

the first circadian gene to be identified in mammals

34
Q

cerveau isole preparation

A

an experimental preparation in which the forebrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain by a midcollicular transection

35
Q

desynchronized EEG

A

low amplitude, high-frequncy EEG

36
Q

encephale isole preparation

A

an experimental preparation in which the brain is separated from the rest of the nervous system by transection of the caudal brain stem

37
Q

hypnotic drugs

A

sleep-promoting drugs

38
Q

antihypnotic drugs

A

sleep-reducing drugs

39
Q

melatonin

A

a hormone that is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland and influences the circadian rhythm of sleep

40
Q

benzodiazepines

A

a class of GABA agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and antoconvulsent properties, drugs such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam

41
Q

insomnia

A

disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep

42
Q

5-hydroxytrypyophan (5-HTP)

A

the precursor of serotonin

43
Q

pineal gland

A

the endocrine gland that is the human body’s sole source of melatonin

44
Q

chronobiotic

A

a substance that influences the timing of internal biological rhythms

45
Q

hypersomnia

A

disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness

46
Q

iatrogenic

A

physician-created

47
Q

sleep restriction therapy

A

one of the most effective treatments for insomnia where the amount of time that an insomniac is allowed to spend in bed is substantially reduced and is gradually increased in small increments

48
Q

sleep apnea

A

a condition in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing

49
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

sleep apnea that results from obstruction of the respiratory passages by muscles spasms or atonia (lack of muscle tone) and of ten occurs in individuals who are vigorous snorers

50
Q

central sleep apnea

A

sleep apnea that results from the failure of the CNS to stimulate respiration

51
Q

periodic limb movement disorder

A

recurrent involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep; a major cause of insomnia

52
Q

restless legs syndrome

A

tension of uneasiness in the legs that is particularly prevalent at bedtime and is a major cause of insomnia

53
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in the hypersomnia category that is characterized by repeated, brief daytime sleep attack and cateplexy

54
Q

cateplexy

A

a disorder that is characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness and is often seen in cases of narcolepsy

55
Q

sleep paralysis

A

a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to move (paralysis) just as a person is falling asleep or waking up

56
Q

hypnagogic hallucination

A

dreamlike experiences that occur during wakefulness

57
Q

nucleus magnocellularis

A

the nucleus of the caudal reticular formation that promotes relaxation of the core muscles during REM sleep and during cateplectic attacks

58
Q

orexin

A

a neuropeptide that has been implicated in narcolepsy in dogs and in knockout mice

59
Q

polyphasic sleep cycles

A

sleep cycles that regularly involve more than one period of sleep er day

60
Q

monophasic sleep cycles

A

sleep cycles that regularly involve only one period of sleep per day, typically at night

61
Q

sleep inertia

A

the unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening

Physiological Psychology (8 decks)

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