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RTE1513 Rad Procedures 2 > Test 2 (bony thorax, skull, facial bones, sinuses) > Flashcards

Test 2 (bony thorax, skull, facial bones, sinuses) Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the bony thorax:

A

sternum, thoracic vertebrae and 12 pairs of ribs

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2
Q

list the 3 parts of the sternum:

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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3
Q

What is the most distal aspect of the sternum?

A

xiphoid process

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4
Q

list the numbers of the:
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs

A

true: 1-7
false: 8-12
floating: 11 and 12

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5
Q

false ribs 8-10 have costalcartilage that join together at the:

A

costocartilage of rib 7

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6
Q

What distinguishes a floating rib from a false rib?

A

floating ribs do not have costocartilage

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7
Q

Which part of the sternum do the second ribs articulate?

A

sternal angle

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8
Q

the 3rd-7th costocartilages connect directly to:

A

the body of the sternum

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9
Q

landmarks of bony thorax:

A

jugular notch: T2-3
sternal angle: T4-5
xiphoid: T9-10
inferior costal margin: L2-3

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10
Q

sternoclavicular, costovertebral, interchondral, costotransverse, and 2nd-7th sternocostal joints are all:

A

synovial, diarthrodial joints

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11
Q

1st-10th costochondral unions, and the first sternocostal joint are:

A

synarthrodial joints

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12
Q

why is a 15-20° RAO position best for the sternum?

A

places the sternum over the heart

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13
Q

What is the advantage of performing an orthostatic breathing technique for the RAO projection of the sternum?

A

blurs lung markings and ribs

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14
Q

for a hypersthenic pt in the RAO position of the sternum, it requires _______ rotation

for a asthenic pt in the RAO position, it requires _______ rotation

A

less; more

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15
Q

what following factors will best demonstrate the bilateral posterior, above-diaphragm ribs? below-diaphragm?

pt position:
respiration:
kVp range:
CR:

A

erect
inspiration
75-85
3-4” below jugular notch

prone
expiration
75-85
midway btw. xiphoid process and lower rib margin

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16
Q

what following factors will best demonstrate the bilateral anterior, above-diaphragm ribs?

pt position:
respiration:
kVp range:
CR:

A

erect
inspiration
75-85
at T7

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17
Q

what following factors will best demonstrate the unilateral posterior, above-diaphragm ribs? below diaphragm?

pt position:
respiration:
kVp range:
CR:

A

erect
deep inspiration
75-85
3-4” below jugular notch

supine
full expiration
75-85
midway btw. xiphoid process and lower rib margin

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18
Q

what following factors will best demonstrate the axillary ribs, above diaphragm? below diaphragm?

pt position:
respiration:
kVp range:
CR:

A

-both above & below: 45° oblique w/ posterior affected side toward IR and anterior side away
-on inspiration
-75-85
-posterior: at T7; anterior: 7-8” below T7

-“ “
-on expiration
-75-85
-midway btw xiphoid process and lower rib margin

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19
Q

list three chest pathologic conditions that may result from a rib injury and may require a PA and lat. chest projections to be included:

A

pneumothorax
hemothorax
pulmonary confusion

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20
Q

pathology (fractures) of the sternum is most commonly caused by:

A

blunt trauma

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21
Q

flail chest:

A

pulmonary injury caused by blunt trauma to two or more ribs

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22
Q

pectus carinatum (pigeon breast):
pectus excavatum (funnel chest):

A

-puffed up chest
-depressed chest

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23
Q

Which projection uses a 72” SID than the others for bony thorax and why?

A

lateral sternum; magnification

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24
Q

CR:
pt position:
respiration:

A

at level of T2-3 (3” distal to C7)
prone w/ arms up by head or down by side
on expiration

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25
Q

CR:
pt position:
respiration:

A

3” distal to vert. prom. and 1-2” lateral to MSP
prone/erect w/ 10-15° rotation of thorax
on expiration

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26
Q

Which bone is not part of the floor of the cranium?

A

occipital

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27
Q

list the 8 bones of the cranium:

A

frontal
R and L parietal
occipital
R and L temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid

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28
Q

*Which of the following positioning errors frequently results in a repeat exposure of a cranial position?

Rotation
Incorrect central ray placement
Flexion
Extension

A

rotation

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29
Q

structure found in the middle of the sphenoid bone that surrounds the pituitary gland:

Which structure of sphenoid bone allows for passage of optic nerve and is the actual opening into the orbit?

the sphenoid articulates with all other cranial bones:

A

sella turcica

optic foramen

true (all 7 others)

30
Q

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium shows the greater wings of the sphenoid are not superimposed. What type of positioning error is present on this radiograph?

A

rotation

31
Q

what are the sutures of the skull and what kind of classification of joints are they?

A

lambdoidal, sagittal, squamous, and coronal

synarthrodial (immovable)

32
Q

define mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic:

A

shape of avg head
short, broad head
long, narrow head

33
Q

Which of the following landmarks corresponds to the highest level of petrous ridge?

EAM
TEA
outer canthus
acanthion

A

TEA

34
Q

Which cranial bones makes up the nasal septum?

A

ethmoid and vomer

35
Q

What are the 5 common positioning errors for skull?

A

rotation
tilt
excessive neck flexion
excessive neck extension
incorrect CR angle

36
Q

A radiograph of a 15 degree caudad PA axial projection of the cranium shows the petrous ridges are at the level of the supra orbital margin. Without changing the CR angle how must the head position be modified during the repeat exposure to produce a more acceptable image?

A

Increase extension of skull (head back more)

37
Q

A radiograph of an AP axial (Towne method) for cranium should see left petrous portion of the temporal bone is wider than the right. What is the specific positioning error present on this radiograph?

A

rotation to the right

38
Q

A radiograph of an SMV projection of the cranium demonstrates mandibular condyles are projected into the petrous portion of the temporal bone. How must the position be altered during the repeat exposure to correct this error?

A

Extend skull further to place IOML parallel to IR

39
Q

what should not be included in a cranium projection?

A

mandible

40
Q

What pathology is seen by an SMV projection of the skull?

what sinuses are looked at for this pathology?

A

basal skull f/x

sphenoid sinuses

41
Q

Towne method/AP axial skull projection

CR angle and placement:
pt position:
anatomy best demonstrated:

A

30° caudad to OML; 37° to IOML
* 2.5” above glabella
erect/supine w/ chin depressed
cranium

42
Q

lateral skull projection

CR placement:
pt position:

A

2” sup. to EAM
head in true lat w/ side of interest closest to IR

43
Q

PA axial (caldwell) skull proj.

CR angle and placement:
anatomy demonstrated:

A

15° caudad; centered to exit at nasion
frontal bone, frontal and ethmoid sinuses, crista galli, petrous ridges

44
Q

PA skull proj.

part position:
CR placement:
anatomy demonstrated:

A

OML perp. to IR
centered to exit at glabella
frontal bone, crista galli, petrous ridges, dorsum sellae

45
Q

SMV skull proj.

part position:
CR placement:
anatomy demonstrated:

A

-IOML perp to IR
-1.5” inf. to mandibular symp./midway btw. gonions
-mandible, occipital bone, petrous ridges, hard palate, foramun magnum

46
Q

To prevent tilting of the skull for the lateral cranium, the _____ is perp to IR.

A

IPL

47
Q

AP axial proj. of mandible (Towne)

part position:
CR angle and placement:
anatomy demonstrated:

A

OML perp to IR or IOML perp w/ adjusted angle

35° caudad w/ OML, 42° (7° diff.) w/ IOML perp.
* 1” above glabella

ramus, condyloid process

48
Q

When doing an axiolateral oblique of the mandible, the pt should rotate their head about how much from the IPL?

when looking for ramus on the proj., how do you want the pt?

A

25° cephalad

true lateral w/ affected side against IR

49
Q

axiolateral oblique proj. of mandible

pt position to see general survey:
to see body:
to see mentum:
CR:

A

10-15° rotation
30° toward IR
45° rotaiton
CR to exit mandibular region of interest

50
Q

*which positioning line is parallel to the IR for the SMV projection of the skull

A

IOML

51
Q

which plane is placed parallel to the IR with a true lateral projection of the facial bones?

A

MSP

52
Q

lateral facial bones

part position:
CR:

A

-IPL perp to IR
-midway btw outer canthus and EAM (zygoma)

53
Q

Parietoacanthial (Waters) proj. for facial bones

part position:
CR placement:

A

MML perp. to IR, OML 37° angle
CR to exit at acanthion

54
Q

PA axial (caldwell) of facial bones

adjust the ____ perp to the IR and angle CR __________ and placed to exit at ________.

A

OML; 15° caudad; nasion

55
Q

mod. parietoacanthial (mod. waters) proj. for facial bones

part position:
CR placement:

A

-LML is perp to IR and OML forms 55° angle w/ IR
-centered to exit at acanthion

56
Q

which projection of the facial bones best demonstrates any possible air-fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses if the pt cannot stand or sit erect?

how long should the pt be erect to allow air fluid levels to calm down?

A

horiz. beam lat. (x-table)

minimum of 5 mins.

57
Q

lateral projection of sinuses

pt and part position:
CR placement:
anatomy:

A

-erect w/ head in true lat. w/ IPL perp. to IR
-CR midway btw outer canthus and EAM
-all four paranasal sinus groups

58
Q

Which projection best shows the sella turcica in profile?

A

lateral

59
Q

blowout fracture:

tripod fracture:

Le Fort fracture:

contrecoup fracture:

A

fracture of the orbit floor caused by object striking eyes straight on

fracture of zygoma in 3 places caused by a blow to the cheek

severe bilateral horizontal fracture of the maxillae

fracture to one side of a structure caused by impact on the opposite side

60
Q

Which routine projection is best for demonstrating the maxillary sinuses?

A

parietoacanthial (Waters)

61
Q

what is the angle between the OML and plane of IR with a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection?

this places the _________ perpendicular to the IR.

A

37°

MML

62
Q

which frontal projection of the facial bones best visualizes the region of the maxilla and orbits?

A

parietoacanthial (Waters)

63
Q

which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the IR for a modified parietoacanthial (mod waters) proj.

A

LML

64
Q

for the modified waters (mod parietoacanthial), how much angle is the OML in?

A

55°

65
Q

for a lateral sinus proj., place the ________ perpendicular to IR to ensure no tilt.

A

IPL

66
Q

A radiograph of lateral position for paranasal sinuses shows the greater wings of the sphenoid bone are not superimposed. What positioning error is present?

A

rotation

67
Q

A patient with possible facial fractures, including a possible blowout fracture to the right orbit was brought from the ER to the radiology department. What special facial bone projection should be included with a basic facial bone routine of a lateral parietoacanthial (waters), and PA axial (Caldwell)?

A

modified waters or PA axial with 30° caudad angle

68
Q

A patient with a clinical history of secondary osteomyelitis, comes to the radiology department. Which imaging modalities or procedures can be performed to demonstrate the extent of damage to the paranasal sinuses?

A

routine sinus series or CT of sinuses

69
Q

kVp range for sternum:

*above diaphragm ribs:
*below diaphragm ribs:

A

70-85
70-85
75-85

70
Q

kVp range for cranium and facial bones:

A

75-95

71
Q

kVp range for paranasal sinuses:

A

75-90

RTE1513 Rad Procedures 2 (12 decks)

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